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Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1§8 -uu- I, 2, 9. daksham dadhAte apasam (or § 2). I, 6, 10. indram maho vd ragasah. I, 27, 63 30, 21; 41, 93 90, 5; III, 24, 5; V, 19, 2; 70, 13 70, 4; 82, 8; VIII, 2, 27; 2, 315 16,93 55, 43 67,19; 81,5; 81, 8; IX, 47, 2. But although with regard to the Gayatra, and I may add, the Anushtubha pAdas, the evidence as to the variety Traishfubha and Of their vvittas is such that it can hardly be Gagata Pédas. resisted, a much more determined stand has been made in defence of the vritta of the Traishtubha and Gagata pddas. Here Professor Kuhn and those who follow him maintain that the rule is absolute, that the former must end in u-v, the latter in U—vU-, and that the eighth syllable, immediately preceding these syllables, ought, if possible, to be long. Nor can I deny that Professor Kuhn has brought forward powerful arguments in support of his theory, and that his emendations of the Vedic text recommend themselves by their great ingenuity and simplicity. If his theory could be carried out, I should readily admit that we should gain something. We should have throughout the Veda a perfectly uniform metre, and wherever we found any violation of it, we should be justified in resorting to conjectural criticism. The only question is at what price this strict uniformity can be obtained. If, for instance, in order to have the regular vrittas at the end of Traishtubha and GAgata lines, we were obliged to repeal all rules of prosody, to allow almost every short vowel to be used as long, and eyery long vowel to be used as short, whether long by nature or by position, we should have gained very little, we PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. evil should have robbed Peter to pay Paul, we should have removed no difficulty, but only ignored the causes which created it. Now, if we examine the process by which Professor Kuhn establishes the regularity of the vrttas or final syllables of Traishtubha and Gagata p4das, we find, in addition to the rules laid down before, and in which he is supported, as we saw, to a great extent by the Pratisakhya and P4zini, viz. the anceps nature of e and o, and of a long final vowel before a vowel, the following exceptions or metrical licences, without which that metrical uniformity at which he aims, could not be obtained : Prosodial 1. The vowel o in the body of a word is to Licences. be treated as optionally short : II, 39, 3. prati vastor usrd (see Trishz. § 5). Here the o of vasto/ is supposed to be short, although it is the Guaa of u, and therefore very different from the final e of sarve or Aste, or the final o of sarvo for sarvas or mano for manas*. It should be remarked that in Greek, too, the final diphthongs corresponding to the e of sarve and Aste are treated as short, as far as the accent is concerned. Hence &moixot, rénrerat, and even yvapuat, nom. plur. In Latin, too, the old terminations of the nom. sing. o and u, instead of the later us, are short. (Neue, Formenlehre, § 23 seq.) . VI, 53, 15. gopa ama.
2Hence &moixot, rénrerat, and even yvapuat, nom. plur. In Latin, too, the old terminations of the nom. sing. o and u, instead of the later us, are short. (Neue, Formenlehre, § 23 seq.) . VI, 53, 15. gopa ama. Here the o of gopa is treated as short, in order to get v-—v-— instead of -—v-, which is perfectly legitimate at the end of an Ushzih. 2. The long f and Q are treated as short, not only before vowels, which is legitimate, but also before consonants. VII, 62, 4. dyavabhdmi adite trasithdm nak (see Trishz. § 5). The forms isiya and rasiya in VII, 32, 18, occur at the end of octosyllabic or Gayatra padas, and are therefore * A very strong divergence of opinion is expressed on this point by Professor Bollensen. He says: ‘O und E erst spater in die Schrifttafel aufgenommen, bewahren ihre Linge durch das ganze indische Schriftenthum bis ins Apabbramsa hinab. Selbstverstandlich kann kurz o und e im Veda erst recht nicht zugelassen werden.’ Zeitschrift der D. M. G., vol. xxii, p. 574. CVill VEDIC HYMNS. perfectly legitimate, yet Professor Kuhn would change them too, into istya and rasiya. In VII, 28, 4, even mayt is treated as mAyi (see Trish¢. § 5); and in VII, 68, 1, vitam as vitam. If, in explanation of this shortening of vitam, vihi is quoted, which is identified with vihi, this can hardly be considered as an argument, for vihi occurs where no short syllable is required, IV, 48, 1; II, 26, 2; and where, therefore, the shortening of the vowel cannot be attributed to metrical reasons. 3. Final m followed by an initial consonant is allowed to make no position, and even in the middle of a word a nasal followed by a liquid is supposed to make positio debilis. Several of the instances, however, given in support, are from Gayatra padas, where Professor Kuhn, in some of his later articles, has himself allowed greater latitude ; others admit of different scanning, as for instance, I, 117, 8. mahak kshomasya asvind kanvaya. Here, even if we considered the dispondeus as illegitimate, we might scan kanvaya, for this scanning occurs in other places, while to treat the first a as short before xv seems tantamount to surrendering all rules of prosody. 4. Final n before semivowels, mutes, and double n before vowels make no position*. Ex. III, 49, 1. yasmin visva (Trish¢. § 5); 1,174, 5. yasmi# #4kan ; I, 186, 4. sasmin(n) dhan >. 5. Final Visarga before sibilants makes no position*® Ex. IV, 21, 10. satya samr4¢ (Trish¢. § 5). Even in I, 63, 4. * Professor Kuhn has afterwards (Beitrage, vol. iv, p. 207) modified this view, and instead of allowing a final nasal vowel followed by a mute to make positio debilis, he thinks that the nasal should in most cases be omitted altogether.
3IV, 21, 10. satya samr4¢ (Trish¢. § 5). Even in I, 63, 4. * Professor Kuhn has afterwards (Beitrage, vol. iv, p. 207) modified this view, and instead of allowing a final nasal vowel followed by a mute to make positio debilis, he thinks that the nasal should in most cases be omitted altogether. > Here a distinction should be made, I think, between an n before a consonant, and a final n following a short vowel, which, according to the rules of Sandhi, is doubled, if a vowel follows. In the latter case, the vowel before the n remains, no doubt, short in many cases, or, more correctly, the doubling of the n does not take place, e.g. I, 63, 4; 186, 4. In other places, the doubling seems preferable, e.g. I, 33, 11, though Professor Kuhn would remove it altogether. Kuhn, Beitrige, vol. iii, p. 125. © Here, too, according to later researches, Professor Kuhn would rather omit the final sibilant altogether, loc. cit. vol. iv, p. 207. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. cix kodik sakhd (probably a Gagata), and V, 82, 4. sdvié saubhagam (a Gay. § 7), the long i is treated as short, and the short a of sakha is lengthened, because an aspirate follows. 6. S before mutes makes no position. Ex. VI, 66, 11. ugr4 aspridhran (Trish?. § 3). 7. S before makes no position. Ex. visvaskandrik, &c. 8. Mutes before s make no position. Ex. rakshas, according to Professor Kuhn, in the seventh Mandala only, but see I, 12, 5; kutsa, &c. vw Y¥ - g. Mutes before r or v make no position. Ex. susipra, dirghasrut. 10. Sibilants before y make no position. Ex. dasyin. 11. R followed by mutes or sibilants makes no position. Ex. Ayur givase, khardif, varshishtham. 12. Words like smaddishfin, &c. retain their vowel short before two following consonants. We now proceed to consider a number of prosodial rules which Professor Kuhn proposes to repeal in order to have a long syllable where the MSS. supply a short : 1. The vowel 7 is to be pronounced as long, or rather as ar. Ex. I, 12,9. tasmai pavaka mrilaya is to be read mardaya ; V, 33, 10. _Samvaranasya risheh is to be read arshek. But why not samvaranasya rishek (i.e. siarsheh) ? 2. The a privativum may be lengthened. Ex. agarak, amritah. 3. Short vowels before liquids may be long. Ex. narah, tarutA, tarati, marut4m, harivah, arushi, dadhur iha, suvita (p- 471). 4 Short vowels before nasals may be lengthened. Ex. ganAn, sanitar, tands, upa nah. 5. Short vowels before the ma of the superlative may be lengthened. Ex. nritama. 6. The short a in the roots sam and yam, and in am (the termination of the accusative) may be lengthened. cx VEDIC HYMNS. vvue 7. The group ava is to be pronounced aua. Ex. avase becomes auase; savitd becomes sauita; nava becomes naua. 8. The group aya is to be changed into aia or ea. Ex. wv ve nayasi becomes naiasi. g. The group va is to be changed into ua, and this ua to be treated as a kind of diphthong and therefore long. Ex. kamvatamak becomes kamuatama#; varunak becomes Garunah,
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1§8 -uu- I, 2, 9. daksham dadhAte apasam (or § 2). I, 6, 10. indram maho vd ragasah. I, 27, 63 30, 21; 41, 93 90, 5; III, 24, 5; V, 19, 2; 70, 13 70, 4; 82, 8; VIII, 2, 27; 2, 315 16,93 55, 43 67,19; 81,5; 81, 8; IX, 47, 2. But although with regard to the Gayatra, and I may add, the Anushtubha pAdas, the evidence as to the variety Traishfubha and Of their vvittas is such that it can hardly be Gagata Pédas. resisted, a much more determined stand has been made in defence of the vritta of the Traishtubha and Gagata pddas. Here Professor Kuhn and those who follow him maintain that the rule is absolute, that the former must end in u-v, the latter in U—vU-, and that the eighth syllable, immediately preceding these syllables, ought, if possible, to be long. Nor can I deny that Professor Kuhn has brought forward powerful arguments in support of his theory, and that his emendations of the Vedic text recommend themselves by their great ingenuity and simplicity. If his theory could be carried out, I should readily admit that we should gain something. We should have throughout the Veda a perfectly uniform metre, and wherever we found any violation of it, we should be justified in resorting to conjectural criticism. The only question is at what price this strict uniformity can be obtained. If, for instance, in order to have the regular vrittas at the end of Traishtubha and GAgata lines, we were obliged to repeal all rules of prosody, to allow almost every short vowel to be used as long, and eyery long vowel to be used as short, whether long by nature or by position, we should have gained very little, we PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. evil should have robbed Peter to pay Paul, we should have removed no difficulty, but only ignored the causes which created it. Now, if we examine the process by which Professor Kuhn establishes the regularity of the vrttas or final syllables of Traishtubha and Gagata p4das, we find, in addition to the rules laid down before, and in which he is supported, as we saw, to a great extent by the Pratisakhya and P4zini, viz. the anceps nature of e and o, and of a long final vowel before a vowel, the following exceptions or metrical licences, without which that metrical uniformity at which he aims, could not be obtained : Prosodial 1. The vowel o in the body of a word is to Licences. be treated as optionally short : II, 39, 3. prati vastor usrd (see Trishz. § 5). Here the o of vasto/ is supposed to be short, although it is the Guaa of u, and therefore very different from the final e of sarve or Aste, or the final o of sarvo for sarvas or mano for manas*. It should be remarked that in Greek, too, the final diphthongs corresponding to the e of sarve and Aste are treated as short, as far as the accent is concerned. Hence &moixot, rénrerat, and even yvapuat, nom. plur. In Latin, too, the old terminations of the nom. sing. o and u, instead of the later us, are short. (Neue, Formenlehre, § 23 seq.) . VI, 53, 15. gopa ama.
2Hence &moixot, rénrerat, and even yvapuat, nom. plur. In Latin, too, the old terminations of the nom. sing. o and u, instead of the later us, are short. (Neue, Formenlehre, § 23 seq.) . VI, 53, 15. gopa ama. Here the o of gopa is treated as short, in order to get v-—v-— instead of -—v-, which is perfectly legitimate at the end of an Ushzih. 2. The long f and Q are treated as short, not only before vowels, which is legitimate, but also before consonants. VII, 62, 4. dyavabhdmi adite trasithdm nak (see Trishz. § 5). The forms isiya and rasiya in VII, 32, 18, occur at the end of octosyllabic or Gayatra padas, and are therefore * A very strong divergence of opinion is expressed on this point by Professor Bollensen. He says: ‘O und E erst spater in die Schrifttafel aufgenommen, bewahren ihre Linge durch das ganze indische Schriftenthum bis ins Apabbramsa hinab. Selbstverstandlich kann kurz o und e im Veda erst recht nicht zugelassen werden.’ Zeitschrift der D. M. G., vol. xxii, p. 574. CVill VEDIC HYMNS. perfectly legitimate, yet Professor Kuhn would change them too, into istya and rasiya. In VII, 28, 4, even mayt is treated as mAyi (see Trish¢. § 5); and in VII, 68, 1, vitam as vitam. If, in explanation of this shortening of vitam, vihi is quoted, which is identified with vihi, this can hardly be considered as an argument, for vihi occurs where no short syllable is required, IV, 48, 1; II, 26, 2; and where, therefore, the shortening of the vowel cannot be attributed to metrical reasons. 3. Final m followed by an initial consonant is allowed to make no position, and even in the middle of a word a nasal followed by a liquid is supposed to make positio debilis. Several of the instances, however, given in support, are from Gayatra padas, where Professor Kuhn, in some of his later articles, has himself allowed greater latitude ; others admit of different scanning, as for instance, I, 117, 8. mahak kshomasya asvind kanvaya. Here, even if we considered the dispondeus as illegitimate, we might scan kanvaya, for this scanning occurs in other places, while to treat the first a as short before xv seems tantamount to surrendering all rules of prosody. 4. Final n before semivowels, mutes, and double n before vowels make no position*. Ex. III, 49, 1. yasmin visva (Trish¢. § 5); 1,174, 5. yasmi# #4kan ; I, 186, 4. sasmin(n) dhan >. 5. Final Visarga before sibilants makes no position*® Ex. IV, 21, 10. satya samr4¢ (Trish¢. § 5). Even in I, 63, 4. * Professor Kuhn has afterwards (Beitrage, vol. iv, p. 207) modified this view, and instead of allowing a final nasal vowel followed by a mute to make positio debilis, he thinks that the nasal should in most cases be omitted altogether.
3IV, 21, 10. satya samr4¢ (Trish¢. § 5). Even in I, 63, 4. * Professor Kuhn has afterwards (Beitrage, vol. iv, p. 207) modified this view, and instead of allowing a final nasal vowel followed by a mute to make positio debilis, he thinks that the nasal should in most cases be omitted altogether. > Here a distinction should be made, I think, between an n before a consonant, and a final n following a short vowel, which, according to the rules of Sandhi, is doubled, if a vowel follows. In the latter case, the vowel before the n remains, no doubt, short in many cases, or, more correctly, the doubling of the n does not take place, e.g. I, 63, 4; 186, 4. In other places, the doubling seems preferable, e.g. I, 33, 11, though Professor Kuhn would remove it altogether. Kuhn, Beitrige, vol. iii, p. 125. © Here, too, according to later researches, Professor Kuhn would rather omit the final sibilant altogether, loc. cit. vol. iv, p. 207. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. cix kodik sakhd (probably a Gagata), and V, 82, 4. sdvié saubhagam (a Gay. § 7), the long i is treated as short, and the short a of sakha is lengthened, because an aspirate follows. 6. S before mutes makes no position. Ex. VI, 66, 11. ugr4 aspridhran (Trish?. § 3). 7. S before makes no position. Ex. visvaskandrik, &c. 8. Mutes before s make no position. Ex. rakshas, according to Professor Kuhn, in the seventh Mandala only, but see I, 12, 5; kutsa, &c. vw Y¥ - g. Mutes before r or v make no position. Ex. susipra, dirghasrut. 10. Sibilants before y make no position. Ex. dasyin. 11. R followed by mutes or sibilants makes no position. Ex. Ayur givase, khardif, varshishtham. 12. Words like smaddishfin, &c. retain their vowel short before two following consonants. We now proceed to consider a number of prosodial rules which Professor Kuhn proposes to repeal in order to have a long syllable where the MSS. supply a short : 1. The vowel 7 is to be pronounced as long, or rather as ar. Ex. I, 12,9. tasmai pavaka mrilaya is to be read mardaya ; V, 33, 10. _Samvaranasya risheh is to be read arshek. But why not samvaranasya rishek (i.e. siarsheh) ? 2. The a privativum may be lengthened. Ex. agarak, amritah. 3. Short vowels before liquids may be long. Ex. narah, tarutA, tarati, marut4m, harivah, arushi, dadhur iha, suvita (p- 471). 4 Short vowels before nasals may be lengthened. Ex. ganAn, sanitar, tands, upa nah. 5. Short vowels before the ma of the superlative may be lengthened. Ex. nritama. 6. The short a in the roots sam and yam, and in am (the termination of the accusative) may be lengthened. cx VEDIC HYMNS. vvue 7. The group ava is to be pronounced aua. Ex. avase becomes auase; savitd becomes sauita; nava becomes naua. 8. The group aya is to be changed into aia or ea. Ex. wv ve nayasi becomes naiasi. g. The group va is to be changed into ua, and this ua to be treated as a kind of diphthong and therefore long. Ex. kamvatamak becomes kamuatama#; varunak becomes Garunah,
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
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