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Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1245 180, Let him arrange everything in such a manner that no ally, no neutral or foe may injure him; that is the sum of political wisdom. 181. But if the king undertakes an expedition against a hostile kingdom, then let him gradually advance, in the following manner, against his foe’s capital. 182. Let the king undertake his march in the fine month Margasirsha, or towards the months of Phalguna and aitra, according to the (condition of his) army. 183. Even at other times, when he has a certain prospect of victory, or when a disaster has befallen his foe, he may advance to attack him. 184. But having duly arranged (all affairs) in his original (kingdom) and what relates to the expedition, having secured a basis (for his operations) and having duly dispatched his spies ; 185. Having cleared the three kinds of roads, and (having made) his sixfold army (efficient), let him leisurely proceed in the manner prescribed for warfare against the enemy's capital. 182. Vi. III, 40; Yagi. I, 347. ‘Fine,’ i.e.‘when fodder and grain are abundant and the roads dry’ (Gov., Kull., Ragh.). MArgasirsha, i.e. November~December ; Ph4lguna, i.e. February— March; Xaitra, i.e. March-April. 184. ‘Having secured a basis (for his operations),’ i.e. ‘having won over the servants of his foe who may be at enmity with their master’ (Medh., Gov., Kull., Ragh.), or ‘having established a camp in the country which he intends to attack’ (N4r.). 185. ‘The three kinds of roads,’ i. e. ‘through the open country, through marshy ground or such as is cut by watercourses, and through forests’ (gangalanipa/vika), (Medh., Gov., Kull. Ragh., Nand.). Né&r. gives the same explanation, but adds that the proper interpretation is ‘through villages, forests, and hills.’ ‘The sixfold army,’ i.e. consisting of ‘elephants, horses, chariots, infantry, the 246 LAWS OF MANU. VIT, 186. 186. Let him be very much on his guard against a friend who secretly serves the enemy and against (deserters) who return (from the enemy’s camp); for such (men are) the most dangerous foes. 187, Let him march on his road, arraying (his troops) like a staff (i.e. in an oblong), or like a waggon (i.e. in a wedge), or like a boar (i.e. in a rhombus), or like a Makara (i.e. in two triangles, with the apices joined), or like a pin (i.e. in a long line), or like a Garuda (i.e. in a rhomboid with far-extended wings). 188. From whatever (side) he apprehends danger, in that (direction) let him extend his troops, and let him always himself encamp in an array, shaped like a lotus. 189. Let him allot to the commander-in-chief, to the (subordinate) general, (and to the superior officers) places in all directions, and let him turn his front in that direction whence he fears danger.
2189. Let him allot to the commander-in-chief, to the (subordinate) general, (and to the superior officers) places in all directions, and let him turn his front in that direction whence he fears danger. general, and workmen’ (Medh., Gov., Kull., Ragh.). Medh. adds that some name as the fifth component ‘the treasury,’ and that others explain the term by ‘the sixfold division, mentioned by Kamandi,’ Nitisdra XVI, 6. The latter view is adopted by Nand. Nar. enumerates besides elephants, horses, chariots, and infantry, the riders on elephants and sdstropandyakas (?). 187. The details regarding the various ways of arranging the troops are found in the Kamandaki, Nitisfra XIX. 188. My translation of the last clause follows Gov., Nar., and R&gh. Medh. says that the king shall leave the town with his army in the lotus-array, and Kull. speaks of a ‘feigned encampment’ (kapasanivesanam kury4t). The lotus-array is stated to be ‘ equally extended on all sides and perfectly circular, the centre being occupied by the king.’ 189. Medh. remarks that, as the subordinate general and the commander-in-chief are only two persons, they cannot possibly be stationed ‘in all directions,’ as the text prescribes, and that hence their servants (i.e. the superior officers) must also be intended. VI, 195. THE KING. 247 190. On all sides let him place troops of soldiers, on whom he can rely, with whom signals have been arranged, who are expert both in sustaining a charge and in charging, fearless and loyal. 191. Let him make a small number of soldiers fight in close order, at his pleasure let him extend a large number in loose ranks; or let him make them fight, arranging (a small number) in the needlearray, (and a large number) in the thunderbolt-array. 192. On even ground let him fight with chariots and horses, in water-bound places with boats and elephants, on (ground) covered with trees and shrubs with bows, on hilly ground with swords, targets, (and other) weapons. 193. (Men born in) Kurukshetra, Matsyas, Pa#- AAlas, and those born in Sfrasena, let him cause to fight in the van of the battle, as well as (others who are) tall and light. 194. After arranging his troops, he should encourage them (by an address) and carefully inspect them; he should also mark the behaviour (of the soldiers) when they engage the enemy. 195. When he has shut up his foe (in a town), let him sit encamped, harass his kingdom, and continually spoil his grass, food, fuel, and water. 190. Nar. explains gulm4n, ‘troops of soldiers,’ by gulmadesasthan, ‘(soldiers) standing in thickets’ (?). 192. Sthale, ‘on hilly ground’ (nimnonnate, R4gh.), means according to Medh., Gov., and Kull.‘on ground free from stones, trees, creepers, thorns, pits, and the like.’
3190. Nar. explains gulm4n, ‘troops of soldiers,’ by gulmadesasthan, ‘(soldiers) standing in thickets’ (?). 192. Sthale, ‘on hilly ground’ (nimnonnate, R4gh.), means according to Medh., Gov., and Kull.‘on ground free from stones, trees, creepers, thorns, pits, and the like.’ 193. Kurukshetra, i.e. the neighbourhood of Delhi; Matsyas, i.e. the inhabitants of Bairffa or Vairaéa, north of Jepur (Bhogapure, Medh.); Pavalas, i.e. the inhabitants of Kanyakubga (Kanog); Sfrasenas, i.e. the inhabitants of the country near Mathura (Ahit/atra, Gov.). 248 LAWS OF MANU. VII, 196. 196. Likewise let him destroy the tanks, ramparts, and ditches, and let him assail the (foe unawgres) and alarm him at night. . 197. Let him instigate to rebellion those who are open to such instigations, let him be informed of his (foe’s) doings, and, when fate is propitious, let him fight without fear, trying to conquer. 198. He should (however) try to conquer his foes by conciliation, by (well-applied) gifts, and by creating dissension, used either separately or conjointly, never by fighting, (if it can be avoided.) 199. For when two (princes) fight, victory and defeat in the battle are, as experience teaches, uncertain ; let him therefore avoid an engagement. 200. (But) if even those three before-mentioned expedients fail, then let him, duly exerting himself, fight in such a manner that he may completely conquer his enemies. 201. When he has gained victory, let him duly worship the gods and honour righteous Brahmazas, let him grant exemptions, and let him cause promises of safety to be proclaimed. 201-205. Vi. III, 47-49; Yaga. I, 342, 348-351. 201. ‘The gods,’ i.e. of the conquered country. Parihardan, ‘exemptions,’ i. e. ‘from taxes and dues for a year or two’ (Medh., Nand.), means according to Gov. ‘gifts to Srotriyas and others’ (srotriyadigatavasyaddneshu mayaitad anugfdtam ity evam); according to Kull. ‘gifts to gods and Brahmamas;’ according to Nar. ‘ Agraharas or villages presented to Brahmamas;’ according to Ragh. ‘gifts of clothes and ornaments to the inhabitants.’ The term parihara occurs very frequently in the inscriptions (see e.g. Arch. Reports of Western India, vol. iv, p. 104 seq.), and means, as the details adduced there show, ‘exemption from taxes and payments as well as other immunities.’ These pariharas were regularly attached to all grants to Brahmamas or temples. In our passage a general temporary remission of the taxes is probably intended. VII, 207. THE KING. —aag 202. But having fully ascertained the wishes of all the (conquered), let him place there a relative of the (vanquished ruler on the throne), and let him impose his conditions. 203. Let him make authoritative the lawful (customs) of the (inhabitants), just as they are stated (to be), and let him honour the (new king) and his chief servants with precious gifts.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1245 180, Let him arrange everything in such a manner that no ally, no neutral or foe may injure him; that is the sum of political wisdom. 181. But if the king undertakes an expedition against a hostile kingdom, then let him gradually advance, in the following manner, against his foe’s capital. 182. Let the king undertake his march in the fine month Margasirsha, or towards the months of Phalguna and aitra, according to the (condition of his) army. 183. Even at other times, when he has a certain prospect of victory, or when a disaster has befallen his foe, he may advance to attack him. 184. But having duly arranged (all affairs) in his original (kingdom) and what relates to the expedition, having secured a basis (for his operations) and having duly dispatched his spies ; 185. Having cleared the three kinds of roads, and (having made) his sixfold army (efficient), let him leisurely proceed in the manner prescribed for warfare against the enemy's capital. 182. Vi. III, 40; Yagi. I, 347. ‘Fine,’ i.e.‘when fodder and grain are abundant and the roads dry’ (Gov., Kull., Ragh.). MArgasirsha, i.e. November~December ; Ph4lguna, i.e. February— March; Xaitra, i.e. March-April. 184. ‘Having secured a basis (for his operations),’ i.e. ‘having won over the servants of his foe who may be at enmity with their master’ (Medh., Gov., Kull., Ragh.), or ‘having established a camp in the country which he intends to attack’ (N4r.). 185. ‘The three kinds of roads,’ i. e. ‘through the open country, through marshy ground or such as is cut by watercourses, and through forests’ (gangalanipa/vika), (Medh., Gov., Kull. Ragh., Nand.). Né&r. gives the same explanation, but adds that the proper interpretation is ‘through villages, forests, and hills.’ ‘The sixfold army,’ i.e. consisting of ‘elephants, horses, chariots, infantry, the 246 LAWS OF MANU. VIT, 186. 186. Let him be very much on his guard against a friend who secretly serves the enemy and against (deserters) who return (from the enemy’s camp); for such (men are) the most dangerous foes. 187, Let him march on his road, arraying (his troops) like a staff (i.e. in an oblong), or like a waggon (i.e. in a wedge), or like a boar (i.e. in a rhombus), or like a Makara (i.e. in two triangles, with the apices joined), or like a pin (i.e. in a long line), or like a Garuda (i.e. in a rhomboid with far-extended wings). 188. From whatever (side) he apprehends danger, in that (direction) let him extend his troops, and let him always himself encamp in an array, shaped like a lotus. 189. Let him allot to the commander-in-chief, to the (subordinate) general, (and to the superior officers) places in all directions, and let him turn his front in that direction whence he fears danger.
2189. Let him allot to the commander-in-chief, to the (subordinate) general, (and to the superior officers) places in all directions, and let him turn his front in that direction whence he fears danger. general, and workmen’ (Medh., Gov., Kull., Ragh.). Medh. adds that some name as the fifth component ‘the treasury,’ and that others explain the term by ‘the sixfold division, mentioned by Kamandi,’ Nitisdra XVI, 6. The latter view is adopted by Nand. Nar. enumerates besides elephants, horses, chariots, and infantry, the riders on elephants and sdstropandyakas (?). 187. The details regarding the various ways of arranging the troops are found in the Kamandaki, Nitisfra XIX. 188. My translation of the last clause follows Gov., Nar., and R&gh. Medh. says that the king shall leave the town with his army in the lotus-array, and Kull. speaks of a ‘feigned encampment’ (kapasanivesanam kury4t). The lotus-array is stated to be ‘ equally extended on all sides and perfectly circular, the centre being occupied by the king.’ 189. Medh. remarks that, as the subordinate general and the commander-in-chief are only two persons, they cannot possibly be stationed ‘in all directions,’ as the text prescribes, and that hence their servants (i.e. the superior officers) must also be intended. VI, 195. THE KING. 247 190. On all sides let him place troops of soldiers, on whom he can rely, with whom signals have been arranged, who are expert both in sustaining a charge and in charging, fearless and loyal. 191. Let him make a small number of soldiers fight in close order, at his pleasure let him extend a large number in loose ranks; or let him make them fight, arranging (a small number) in the needlearray, (and a large number) in the thunderbolt-array. 192. On even ground let him fight with chariots and horses, in water-bound places with boats and elephants, on (ground) covered with trees and shrubs with bows, on hilly ground with swords, targets, (and other) weapons. 193. (Men born in) Kurukshetra, Matsyas, Pa#- AAlas, and those born in Sfrasena, let him cause to fight in the van of the battle, as well as (others who are) tall and light. 194. After arranging his troops, he should encourage them (by an address) and carefully inspect them; he should also mark the behaviour (of the soldiers) when they engage the enemy. 195. When he has shut up his foe (in a town), let him sit encamped, harass his kingdom, and continually spoil his grass, food, fuel, and water. 190. Nar. explains gulm4n, ‘troops of soldiers,’ by gulmadesasthan, ‘(soldiers) standing in thickets’ (?). 192. Sthale, ‘on hilly ground’ (nimnonnate, R4gh.), means according to Medh., Gov., and Kull.‘on ground free from stones, trees, creepers, thorns, pits, and the like.’
3190. Nar. explains gulm4n, ‘troops of soldiers,’ by gulmadesasthan, ‘(soldiers) standing in thickets’ (?). 192. Sthale, ‘on hilly ground’ (nimnonnate, R4gh.), means according to Medh., Gov., and Kull.‘on ground free from stones, trees, creepers, thorns, pits, and the like.’ 193. Kurukshetra, i.e. the neighbourhood of Delhi; Matsyas, i.e. the inhabitants of Bairffa or Vairaéa, north of Jepur (Bhogapure, Medh.); Pavalas, i.e. the inhabitants of Kanyakubga (Kanog); Sfrasenas, i.e. the inhabitants of the country near Mathura (Ahit/atra, Gov.). 248 LAWS OF MANU. VII, 196. 196. Likewise let him destroy the tanks, ramparts, and ditches, and let him assail the (foe unawgres) and alarm him at night. . 197. Let him instigate to rebellion those who are open to such instigations, let him be informed of his (foe’s) doings, and, when fate is propitious, let him fight without fear, trying to conquer. 198. He should (however) try to conquer his foes by conciliation, by (well-applied) gifts, and by creating dissension, used either separately or conjointly, never by fighting, (if it can be avoided.) 199. For when two (princes) fight, victory and defeat in the battle are, as experience teaches, uncertain ; let him therefore avoid an engagement. 200. (But) if even those three before-mentioned expedients fail, then let him, duly exerting himself, fight in such a manner that he may completely conquer his enemies. 201. When he has gained victory, let him duly worship the gods and honour righteous Brahmazas, let him grant exemptions, and let him cause promises of safety to be proclaimed. 201-205. Vi. III, 47-49; Yaga. I, 342, 348-351. 201. ‘The gods,’ i.e. of the conquered country. Parihardan, ‘exemptions,’ i. e. ‘from taxes and dues for a year or two’ (Medh., Nand.), means according to Gov. ‘gifts to Srotriyas and others’ (srotriyadigatavasyaddneshu mayaitad anugfdtam ity evam); according to Kull. ‘gifts to gods and Brahmamas;’ according to Nar. ‘ Agraharas or villages presented to Brahmamas;’ according to Ragh. ‘gifts of clothes and ornaments to the inhabitants.’ The term parihara occurs very frequently in the inscriptions (see e.g. Arch. Reports of Western India, vol. iv, p. 104 seq.), and means, as the details adduced there show, ‘exemption from taxes and payments as well as other immunities.’ These pariharas were regularly attached to all grants to Brahmamas or temples. In our passage a general temporary remission of the taxes is probably intended. VII, 207. THE KING. —aag 202. But having fully ascertained the wishes of all the (conquered), let him place there a relative of the (vanquished ruler on the throne), and let him impose his conditions. 203. Let him make authoritative the lawful (customs) of the (inhabitants), just as they are stated (to be), and let him honour the (new king) and his chief servants with precious gifts.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
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