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Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1157. The minister, the kingdom, the fortress, the treasury, and the army are five other (constituent elements of the circle); for, these are mentioned in connexion with each (of the first twelve; thus the whole circle consists), briefly (speaking, of) seventytwo (constituent parts). 158. Let (the king) consider as hostile his immediate neighbour and the partisan of (such a) foe, as friendly the immediate neighbour of his foe, and as neutral (the king) beyond those two. 159. Let him overcome all of them by means of the (four) expedients, conciliation and the rest, (employed) either singly or conjointly, (or) by bravery and policy (alone). 160, Let him constantly think of the six measures of royal policy (guma, viz.) alliance, war, marching, halting, dividing the army, and seeking protection. 161. Having carefully considered the business (in hand), let him resort to sitting quiet or marching, kinds, ‘ natural,’ ‘ artificial’ (i.e. one who has a particular reason for his enmity), and ‘an immediate neighbour’ (see below, verse 158). 156. ‘The eight other constituents’ are according to Kamandaki VIII, 16-17, (a) in front beyond the foe’s territory, 1. a friend, 2. the foe’s friend, 3. the friend’s friend, 4. the foe’s friend’s friend; (b) in the rear, x. he who attacks in the rear (parshnigraha), 2. he who restrains the latter (Akranda), 3, 4. the supporters of these two. All the commentators except Medh. quote Kamandaki more or less ‘correctly, Kamandaki VIII, 24 states that this doctrine, with respect to the constituent parts of the system of states which requires the attention of each king, is peculiar to the Manavas, 160-161. Vi. III, 39; Yaga. I, 345-346. [25] R 242 _ LAWS OF MANU. VII, 162. alliance or war, dividing his forces or seeking protection (as the case may require). 162, But the king must know that there are two kinds of alliances and of wars, (likewise two) of both marching and sitting quiet, and two (occasions for) seeking protection. 163. An alliance which yields present and future advantages, one must know to be of two descriptions, (viz.) that when one marches together (with an ally) and the contrary (when the allies act separately). 164. War is declared to be of two kinds, (viz.) that which is undertaken in season or out of season, by oneself and for one’s own purposes, and (that waged to avenge) an injury done to a friend. 165. Marching (to attack) is said to be twofold, (viz. that undertaken) by one alone when an urgent matter has suddenly arisen, and (that undertaken) by one allied with a friend.
2165. Marching (to attack) is said to be twofold, (viz. that undertaken) by one alone when an urgent matter has suddenly arisen, and (that undertaken) by one allied with a friend. 163. Medh. proposes besides the explanation given above another, ‘ An alliance one must know to be of two kinds, (viz.) that where (the allies) share the danger and the fruits of the expedition and the contrary’ (yanaphalasahitau gakkhavah samanaphalabhagitaya na 4a tvayaham uttambhantyo yatnato lipsite tatas tava bh4go bhavishyati). Nar. thinks that the adjective tadatvayatisamyuktaf, too, refers to two different cases, and means ‘which yields either immediate or future advantages.’ Nand. adopts the latter view as well as Medh.’s second explanation of the first part of the verse. 164. Regarding the expression ‘in season,’ see below, verse 182. Medh. takes ‘out of season’ with the second clause, ‘and (that waged) out of season (in order to avenge) an injury done to a friend.’ He also mentions a var. lect. mitren4pakr’te (which Gov. has adopted), with the following explanation, ‘and that waged out of season when the enemy has been weakened by an ally.’ Gov. agrees with this latter view except that he takes akdle with the first clause. The other commentators give the explanation adopted in the translation. VIL, 170. _ THE KING. 243 166. Sitting quiet is stated to be of two kinds, (viz. that incumbent) on one who has gradually been weakened by fate or in consequence of former acts, and (that) in favour of a friend. 167. If the army stops (in one place) and its master (in another) in order to effect some purpose, that is called by those acquainted with the virtues of the measures of royal policy, the twofold division of the forces. 168. Seeking refuge is declared to be of two kinds, (first) for the purpose of attaining an advantage when one is harassed by enemies, (secondly) in order to become known among the virtuous (as the protégé of a powerful king). 169. When (the king) knows (that) at some future time his superiority (is) certain, and (that) at the time present (he will suffer) little injury, then let him have recourse to peaceful measures. 170. But when he thinks all his subjects to be 166. Pdrvakrttena, ‘in consequence of former acts,’ i.e. ‘in consequence of acts committed in a former existence, or in consequence of former imprudence’ (Medh., Gov., Kull.). Nand. and Ragh. give only the second explanation; Nar. says ‘by an enemy whom he formerly made.’
3Pdrvakrttena, ‘in consequence of former acts,’ i.e. ‘in consequence of acts committed in a former existence, or in consequence of former imprudence’ (Medh., Gov., Kull.). Nand. and Ragh. give only the second explanation; Nar. says ‘by an enemy whom he formerly made.’ 167. The text really mentions only one method of ‘division.’ Hence Medh. thinks that, in order to obtain the two kinds required, it must be understood that the measure may be resorted to either for one’s own sake or for the sake of somebody else. Nar. makes the two methods out by supposing that in the one case the army stops in front of the enemy under the command of a general, while the king’ marches with a portion of his forces, and that in the other case the contrary takes place. Gov., after giving the explanation adopted in the translation, quotes Kémandaki, Nitiséra XI, 24, where a different meaning, ‘duplicity,’ is attributed to the term dvaidhibh4va. Nand.’s whole explanation consists of this quotation. 170. Tread with all the commentators and K., prahrish/4 instead of prakrish/a (editions). R 2 244 LAWS OF MANU. VIN, 171. exceedingly contented, and (that he) himself (is) most exalted (in power), then let him make war. 171. When he knows his own army to be cheerful in disposition and strong, and (that) of his enemy the reverse, then let him march against his foe. 172. But if he is very weak in chariots and beasts of burden and in troops, then let him carefully sit quiet, gradually conciliating his foes. 173. When the king knows the enemy to be stronger in every respect, then let him divide his army and thus achieve his purpose. 174. But when he is very easily assailable by the forces of the enemy, then let him quickly seek refuge with a righteous, powerful king. 175. That (prince) who will coerce both his (disloyal) subjects and the army of the foe, let him ever serve with every effort like a Guru. 176. When, even in that (condition), he sees (that) evil is caused by (such) protection, let him without hesitation have recourse to war. 177. By all (the four) expedients a politic prince must arrange (matters so) that neither friends, nor neutrals, nor foes are superior to himself. 178. Let him fully consider the future and the immediate results of all undertakings, and the good and bad sides of all past (actions). 179. He who knows the good and the evil (which will result from his acts) in the future, is quick in forming resolutions for the present, and understands the consequences of past (actions), will not be conquered. 176. I read with Gov. and K. sa yuddham instead of suyuddham (Medh., Kull., Ragh., Nand.), ‘let him fight bravely.’ VII, 183. THE KING. 245 180, Let him arrange everything in such a manner that no ally, no neutral or foe may injure him; that is the sum of political wisdom. 181. But if the king undertakes an expedition against a hostile kingdom, then let him gradually advance, in the following manner, against his foe’s capital.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1157. The minister, the kingdom, the fortress, the treasury, and the army are five other (constituent elements of the circle); for, these are mentioned in connexion with each (of the first twelve; thus the whole circle consists), briefly (speaking, of) seventytwo (constituent parts). 158. Let (the king) consider as hostile his immediate neighbour and the partisan of (such a) foe, as friendly the immediate neighbour of his foe, and as neutral (the king) beyond those two. 159. Let him overcome all of them by means of the (four) expedients, conciliation and the rest, (employed) either singly or conjointly, (or) by bravery and policy (alone). 160, Let him constantly think of the six measures of royal policy (guma, viz.) alliance, war, marching, halting, dividing the army, and seeking protection. 161. Having carefully considered the business (in hand), let him resort to sitting quiet or marching, kinds, ‘ natural,’ ‘ artificial’ (i.e. one who has a particular reason for his enmity), and ‘an immediate neighbour’ (see below, verse 158). 156. ‘The eight other constituents’ are according to Kamandaki VIII, 16-17, (a) in front beyond the foe’s territory, 1. a friend, 2. the foe’s friend, 3. the friend’s friend, 4. the foe’s friend’s friend; (b) in the rear, x. he who attacks in the rear (parshnigraha), 2. he who restrains the latter (Akranda), 3, 4. the supporters of these two. All the commentators except Medh. quote Kamandaki more or less ‘correctly, Kamandaki VIII, 24 states that this doctrine, with respect to the constituent parts of the system of states which requires the attention of each king, is peculiar to the Manavas, 160-161. Vi. III, 39; Yaga. I, 345-346. [25] R 242 _ LAWS OF MANU. VII, 162. alliance or war, dividing his forces or seeking protection (as the case may require). 162, But the king must know that there are two kinds of alliances and of wars, (likewise two) of both marching and sitting quiet, and two (occasions for) seeking protection. 163. An alliance which yields present and future advantages, one must know to be of two descriptions, (viz.) that when one marches together (with an ally) and the contrary (when the allies act separately). 164. War is declared to be of two kinds, (viz.) that which is undertaken in season or out of season, by oneself and for one’s own purposes, and (that waged to avenge) an injury done to a friend. 165. Marching (to attack) is said to be twofold, (viz. that undertaken) by one alone when an urgent matter has suddenly arisen, and (that undertaken) by one allied with a friend.
2165. Marching (to attack) is said to be twofold, (viz. that undertaken) by one alone when an urgent matter has suddenly arisen, and (that undertaken) by one allied with a friend. 163. Medh. proposes besides the explanation given above another, ‘ An alliance one must know to be of two kinds, (viz.) that where (the allies) share the danger and the fruits of the expedition and the contrary’ (yanaphalasahitau gakkhavah samanaphalabhagitaya na 4a tvayaham uttambhantyo yatnato lipsite tatas tava bh4go bhavishyati). Nar. thinks that the adjective tadatvayatisamyuktaf, too, refers to two different cases, and means ‘which yields either immediate or future advantages.’ Nand. adopts the latter view as well as Medh.’s second explanation of the first part of the verse. 164. Regarding the expression ‘in season,’ see below, verse 182. Medh. takes ‘out of season’ with the second clause, ‘and (that waged) out of season (in order to avenge) an injury done to a friend.’ He also mentions a var. lect. mitren4pakr’te (which Gov. has adopted), with the following explanation, ‘and that waged out of season when the enemy has been weakened by an ally.’ Gov. agrees with this latter view except that he takes akdle with the first clause. The other commentators give the explanation adopted in the translation. VIL, 170. _ THE KING. 243 166. Sitting quiet is stated to be of two kinds, (viz. that incumbent) on one who has gradually been weakened by fate or in consequence of former acts, and (that) in favour of a friend. 167. If the army stops (in one place) and its master (in another) in order to effect some purpose, that is called by those acquainted with the virtues of the measures of royal policy, the twofold division of the forces. 168. Seeking refuge is declared to be of two kinds, (first) for the purpose of attaining an advantage when one is harassed by enemies, (secondly) in order to become known among the virtuous (as the protégé of a powerful king). 169. When (the king) knows (that) at some future time his superiority (is) certain, and (that) at the time present (he will suffer) little injury, then let him have recourse to peaceful measures. 170. But when he thinks all his subjects to be 166. Pdrvakrttena, ‘in consequence of former acts,’ i.e. ‘in consequence of acts committed in a former existence, or in consequence of former imprudence’ (Medh., Gov., Kull.). Nand. and Ragh. give only the second explanation; Nar. says ‘by an enemy whom he formerly made.’
3Pdrvakrttena, ‘in consequence of former acts,’ i.e. ‘in consequence of acts committed in a former existence, or in consequence of former imprudence’ (Medh., Gov., Kull.). Nand. and Ragh. give only the second explanation; Nar. says ‘by an enemy whom he formerly made.’ 167. The text really mentions only one method of ‘division.’ Hence Medh. thinks that, in order to obtain the two kinds required, it must be understood that the measure may be resorted to either for one’s own sake or for the sake of somebody else. Nar. makes the two methods out by supposing that in the one case the army stops in front of the enemy under the command of a general, while the king’ marches with a portion of his forces, and that in the other case the contrary takes place. Gov., after giving the explanation adopted in the translation, quotes Kémandaki, Nitiséra XI, 24, where a different meaning, ‘duplicity,’ is attributed to the term dvaidhibh4va. Nand.’s whole explanation consists of this quotation. 170. Tread with all the commentators and K., prahrish/4 instead of prakrish/a (editions). R 2 244 LAWS OF MANU. VIN, 171. exceedingly contented, and (that he) himself (is) most exalted (in power), then let him make war. 171. When he knows his own army to be cheerful in disposition and strong, and (that) of his enemy the reverse, then let him march against his foe. 172. But if he is very weak in chariots and beasts of burden and in troops, then let him carefully sit quiet, gradually conciliating his foes. 173. When the king knows the enemy to be stronger in every respect, then let him divide his army and thus achieve his purpose. 174. But when he is very easily assailable by the forces of the enemy, then let him quickly seek refuge with a righteous, powerful king. 175. That (prince) who will coerce both his (disloyal) subjects and the army of the foe, let him ever serve with every effort like a Guru. 176. When, even in that (condition), he sees (that) evil is caused by (such) protection, let him without hesitation have recourse to war. 177. By all (the four) expedients a politic prince must arrange (matters so) that neither friends, nor neutrals, nor foes are superior to himself. 178. Let him fully consider the future and the immediate results of all undertakings, and the good and bad sides of all past (actions). 179. He who knows the good and the evil (which will result from his acts) in the future, is quick in forming resolutions for the present, and understands the consequences of past (actions), will not be conquered. 176. I read with Gov. and K. sa yuddham instead of suyuddham (Medh., Kull., Ragh., Nand.), ‘let him fight bravely.’ VII, 183. THE KING. 245 180, Let him arrange everything in such a manner that no ally, no neutral or foe may injure him; that is the sum of political wisdom. 181. But if the king undertakes an expedition against a hostile kingdom, then let him gradually advance, in the following manner, against his foe’s capital.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
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