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Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
157. Forgetting the Veda, reviling the Vedas, giving false evidence, slaying a friend, eating forbidden food, or (swallowing substances) unfit for food, are six (offences) equal to drinking Sura. 58. Stealing a deposit, or men, a horse, and silver, land, diamonds and (other) gems, is declared to be equal to stealing the gold (of a Brahmama).. 59. Carnal intercourse with sisters by the same mother, with (unmarried) maidens, with females of 55-71. Ap. I, 21, 7-19; Gaut. XXI, 1-12; Vas. I, 19-23; Baudh. II, 2, 1-8; 12-13; 15-16; Vi. XXXIV, 1; XXXV- XXXVIII, 6; XXXIX-XLII; Y4ga. WI, 227-242. 55. See above, IX, 235. 56. Guros Aélikanirbandha4, ‘falsely accusing one’s teacher’ (Medh., Gov., Kull.), may also mean according to Medh, ‘ wrongfully going to law with the teacher.’ NaAr. and Nand. explain it by ‘ persevering in doing what is disagreeable to the teacher.’ 57. Garhitanadya, ‘forbidden food and (substances) unfit for food’ (Gov., Kull, Ragh.), means according to Medh. ‘forbidden food and such which one has resolved not to eat;’ according to Nar. and Nand. ‘food blemished by the contact with impure men or things, and such as is by its nature unfit for eating, e. g. garlic.’ 59. The commentators point out that, though the crimes enumerated in verses 56-59 are stated to be equal to mortal sins, the penances are not always the same, but frequently less heavy. 442 LAWS OF MANU. XI, 60. the lowest castes, with the wives of a friend, or of a son, they declare to be equal to the violation of a Guru’s bed. 60. Slaying kine, sacrificing for those who are unworthy to sacrifice, adultery, selling oneself, casting off one’s teacher, mother, father, or son, giving up the (daily) study of the Veda, and neglecting the (sacred domestic) fire, 61. Allowing one’s younger brother to marry first, marrying before one’s elder brother, giving a daughter to, or sacrificing for, (either brother), 62. Defiling a damsel, usury, breaking a vow, selling a tank, a garden, one’s wife, or child, 63. Living as a VrAtya, casting off a relative, teaching (the Veda) for wages, learning (the Veda) from a paid teacher, and selling goods which one ought not to sell, 64. Superintending mines (or factories) of any 60. ‘Selling oneself, i.e. ‘for money into slavery’ (Medh.), ‘refers to Aryans only’ (N&r.). Medh. mentions another reading, paradéryam avikraya#, ‘adultery and the sale of forbidden merchandise. Medh. and N§&r. say, ‘forgetting the sacred texts required for the daily private recitation ;’ and Medh. adds that, as the same offence has been mentioned above, verse 57, ‘forgetting the Veda,’ may be either reckoned as equal to a Mahapataka or as an Upap4taka crime. Nér. refers the term ‘the fire’ to the three sacred Srauta fires. 62. ‘Breaking a vow,’ i.e. ‘any vow voluntarily undertaken’ (Medh., Nar.), means according to Gov., Kull., and RAgh. ‘ breaking the vow of studentship.’
2Nér. refers the term ‘the fire’ to the three sacred Srauta fires. 62. ‘Breaking a vow,’ i.e. ‘any vow voluntarily undertaken’ (Medh., Nar.), means according to Gov., Kull., and RAgh. ‘ breaking the vow of studentship.’ 63. ‘Living as a Vratya,’ see above, X, 20. ‘Casting off a relative,’ i. e. ‘not supporting him in distress, though one possesses money enough to do so’(Medh.). Medh. takes bandhava in the sense of ‘maternal relatives,’ and understands that it includes the mother, sisters, maternal uncles, &c., while the other commentators take it in a wider sense. 64. Mahdyantrapravartana, ‘executing great mechanical works,’ XI, 67. CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENCES, 443 sort, executing great mechanical works, injuring (living) plants, subsisting on (the earnings of) one’s wife, sorcery (by means of sacrifices), and working (magic by means of) roots, (and so forth), 65. Cutting down green trees for firewood, doing acts for one’s own advantage only, eating prohibited food, 66. Neglecting to kindle the sacred fires, theft, non-payment of (the three) debts, studying bad books, and practising (the arts of) dancing and singing, 67. Stealing grain, base metals, or cattle, inter- e. g. ‘constructing dams across rivers in order to stop the water’ (Medh., Gov., Kull., Ragh., K.), means according to Nar. ‘making machines for killing great animals such as boars,’ according to Nand. ‘ (making) great machines such as sugar-mills.’ Stry4giva, ‘subsisting on (the earnings of) one’s wife, i.e. by making her go into service (Nar., Nand.), or by forcing her to become a harlot’ (Kull.), means according to Medh. ‘subsisting on (the separate property of) one’s wife,’ according to RAgh. ‘living on (the money obtained by selling one’s wife.’ Nand. reads himsraushadhistryup4giva4, ‘subsisting on (money earned by the sale of) noxious herbs or on (the earnings of) one’s wife.’ 65. ‘ Doing acts for one’s own advantage only,’ i.e. ‘ cooking only for oneself, and so forth’ (Medh., N4r., Kull., Nand., Ragh.) ; see above, III,118. By ninditénna, ‘ forbidden food, Medh. understands the same kinds, mentioned above, verse 57; Kull., ‘forbidden food such as garlic;’ N&r., Ragh., and Nand., ‘food given by persons from whom it must not be accepted, e. g. by a king, a gambler, &c.’ Medh. and Kull. state expressly that, if such food be eaten once and unintentionally, the offence is an Upapataka, but in worse cases equal to a Mah4pataka. 66. ‘ Theft,’ i.e. ‘of valuable objects’ (Kull.), ‘excepting gold and the other articles specially mentioned’ (Medh., R4gh.), e. g. ‘of clothes’ (N4r.). Regarding the three debts, see Vas. XI, 45. ‘Bad books,’ i.e.‘those of the A4rvakas, Nirgranthas (Gainas,’ Medh.), or ‘of heretics in general’ (N4r.). 67. ‘Cattle,’ i.e. other than cows; see above, verse 60. 444 LAWS OF MANU. XI, 68.
3g. ‘of clothes’ (N4r.). Regarding the three debts, see Vas. XI, 45. ‘Bad books,’ i.e.‘those of the A4rvakas, Nirgranthas (Gainas,’ Medh.), or ‘of heretics in general’ (N4r.). 67. ‘Cattle,’ i.e. other than cows; see above, verse 60. 444 LAWS OF MANU. XI, 68. course with women who drink spirituous liquor, slaying women, Sddras, Vaisyas, or Kshatriyas, and atheism, (are all) minor offences, causing loss of caste (UpapAtaka). 68. Giving pain to a Braéhmaza (by a blow), smelling at things which ought not to be smelt at, or at spirituous liquor, cheating, and an unnatural offence with a man, are declared to cause the loss of caste (GAtibhramsa). 69. Killing a donkey, a horse, a camel, a deer, an elephant, a goat, a sheep, a fish, a snake, or a buffalo, must be known to degrade (the offender) to a mixed caste (Samkarikarama). 70. Accepting presents from blamed men, trading, serving Sddras, and speaking a falsehood, make (the offender) unworthy to receive gifts (Ap4tra). 71. Killing insects, small or large, or birds, eating anything kept close to spirituous liquors, stealing fruit, firewood, or flowers, (are offences) which make impure (Malavaha). 72. Learn (now) completely those penances, by means of which all the several offences mentioned (can) be expiated. 73. For his purification the slayer of a Brahmaza shall make a hut in the forest and dwell (in it) 68. ‘ Things which ought not to be smelt at,’ e. g. ‘ garlic, onions, ordure, &c.’ (Medh., Gov., Kull., Nar.). yo. ‘Blamed men,’ i.e. those from whom no gifts must be accepted ; see above, IV, 84 seq. 73-87. Ap. I, 24, 10-25; 25, 11-12; 28, 21-29, 1; Gaut. XXII, 2-10; Vas. XX, 25-28; Baudh. II,1, 2-6; Vi. XXV, 6; L, 1-6, 15; Yaga. III, 243-250. 73. According to Kull., Nar., and R4gh. this penance is to be performed in case the homicide was committed unintentionally. XI, 77. PENANCES FOR MURDER. 445 during twelve years, subsisting on alms and making the skull of a dead man his flag ; 74. Or let him, of his own free will, become (in a battle) the target of archers who know (his purpose); or he may thrice throw himself headlong into a blazing fire; 75. Or he may offer a horse-sacrifice, a Svargit, a Gosava, an Abhigit, a Visvagit, a Trivvzt, or an Agnishdéut ; 76. Or, in order to remove (the guilt of) slaying a Braéhmaza, he may walk one hundred yoganas, reciting one of the Vedas, eating little, and controlling his organs ; 77. Or he may present to a Brahmazma, learned in
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
157. Forgetting the Veda, reviling the Vedas, giving false evidence, slaying a friend, eating forbidden food, or (swallowing substances) unfit for food, are six (offences) equal to drinking Sura. 58. Stealing a deposit, or men, a horse, and silver, land, diamonds and (other) gems, is declared to be equal to stealing the gold (of a Brahmama).. 59. Carnal intercourse with sisters by the same mother, with (unmarried) maidens, with females of 55-71. Ap. I, 21, 7-19; Gaut. XXI, 1-12; Vas. I, 19-23; Baudh. II, 2, 1-8; 12-13; 15-16; Vi. XXXIV, 1; XXXV- XXXVIII, 6; XXXIX-XLII; Y4ga. WI, 227-242. 55. See above, IX, 235. 56. Guros Aélikanirbandha4, ‘falsely accusing one’s teacher’ (Medh., Gov., Kull.), may also mean according to Medh, ‘ wrongfully going to law with the teacher.’ NaAr. and Nand. explain it by ‘ persevering in doing what is disagreeable to the teacher.’ 57. Garhitanadya, ‘forbidden food and (substances) unfit for food’ (Gov., Kull, Ragh.), means according to Medh. ‘forbidden food and such which one has resolved not to eat;’ according to Nar. and Nand. ‘food blemished by the contact with impure men or things, and such as is by its nature unfit for eating, e. g. garlic.’ 59. The commentators point out that, though the crimes enumerated in verses 56-59 are stated to be equal to mortal sins, the penances are not always the same, but frequently less heavy. 442 LAWS OF MANU. XI, 60. the lowest castes, with the wives of a friend, or of a son, they declare to be equal to the violation of a Guru’s bed. 60. Slaying kine, sacrificing for those who are unworthy to sacrifice, adultery, selling oneself, casting off one’s teacher, mother, father, or son, giving up the (daily) study of the Veda, and neglecting the (sacred domestic) fire, 61. Allowing one’s younger brother to marry first, marrying before one’s elder brother, giving a daughter to, or sacrificing for, (either brother), 62. Defiling a damsel, usury, breaking a vow, selling a tank, a garden, one’s wife, or child, 63. Living as a VrAtya, casting off a relative, teaching (the Veda) for wages, learning (the Veda) from a paid teacher, and selling goods which one ought not to sell, 64. Superintending mines (or factories) of any 60. ‘Selling oneself, i.e. ‘for money into slavery’ (Medh.), ‘refers to Aryans only’ (N&r.). Medh. mentions another reading, paradéryam avikraya#, ‘adultery and the sale of forbidden merchandise. Medh. and N§&r. say, ‘forgetting the sacred texts required for the daily private recitation ;’ and Medh. adds that, as the same offence has been mentioned above, verse 57, ‘forgetting the Veda,’ may be either reckoned as equal to a Mahapataka or as an Upap4taka crime. Nér. refers the term ‘the fire’ to the three sacred Srauta fires. 62. ‘Breaking a vow,’ i.e. ‘any vow voluntarily undertaken’ (Medh., Nar.), means according to Gov., Kull., and RAgh. ‘ breaking the vow of studentship.’
2Nér. refers the term ‘the fire’ to the three sacred Srauta fires. 62. ‘Breaking a vow,’ i.e. ‘any vow voluntarily undertaken’ (Medh., Nar.), means according to Gov., Kull., and RAgh. ‘ breaking the vow of studentship.’ 63. ‘Living as a Vratya,’ see above, X, 20. ‘Casting off a relative,’ i. e. ‘not supporting him in distress, though one possesses money enough to do so’(Medh.). Medh. takes bandhava in the sense of ‘maternal relatives,’ and understands that it includes the mother, sisters, maternal uncles, &c., while the other commentators take it in a wider sense. 64. Mahdyantrapravartana, ‘executing great mechanical works,’ XI, 67. CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENCES, 443 sort, executing great mechanical works, injuring (living) plants, subsisting on (the earnings of) one’s wife, sorcery (by means of sacrifices), and working (magic by means of) roots, (and so forth), 65. Cutting down green trees for firewood, doing acts for one’s own advantage only, eating prohibited food, 66. Neglecting to kindle the sacred fires, theft, non-payment of (the three) debts, studying bad books, and practising (the arts of) dancing and singing, 67. Stealing grain, base metals, or cattle, inter- e. g. ‘constructing dams across rivers in order to stop the water’ (Medh., Gov., Kull., Ragh., K.), means according to Nar. ‘making machines for killing great animals such as boars,’ according to Nand. ‘ (making) great machines such as sugar-mills.’ Stry4giva, ‘subsisting on (the earnings of) one’s wife, i.e. by making her go into service (Nar., Nand.), or by forcing her to become a harlot’ (Kull.), means according to Medh. ‘subsisting on (the separate property of) one’s wife,’ according to RAgh. ‘living on (the money obtained by selling one’s wife.’ Nand. reads himsraushadhistryup4giva4, ‘subsisting on (money earned by the sale of) noxious herbs or on (the earnings of) one’s wife.’ 65. ‘ Doing acts for one’s own advantage only,’ i.e. ‘ cooking only for oneself, and so forth’ (Medh., N4r., Kull., Nand., Ragh.) ; see above, III,118. By ninditénna, ‘ forbidden food, Medh. understands the same kinds, mentioned above, verse 57; Kull., ‘forbidden food such as garlic;’ N&r., Ragh., and Nand., ‘food given by persons from whom it must not be accepted, e. g. by a king, a gambler, &c.’ Medh. and Kull. state expressly that, if such food be eaten once and unintentionally, the offence is an Upapataka, but in worse cases equal to a Mah4pataka. 66. ‘ Theft,’ i.e. ‘of valuable objects’ (Kull.), ‘excepting gold and the other articles specially mentioned’ (Medh., R4gh.), e. g. ‘of clothes’ (N4r.). Regarding the three debts, see Vas. XI, 45. ‘Bad books,’ i.e.‘those of the A4rvakas, Nirgranthas (Gainas,’ Medh.), or ‘of heretics in general’ (N4r.). 67. ‘Cattle,’ i.e. other than cows; see above, verse 60. 444 LAWS OF MANU. XI, 68.
3g. ‘of clothes’ (N4r.). Regarding the three debts, see Vas. XI, 45. ‘Bad books,’ i.e.‘those of the A4rvakas, Nirgranthas (Gainas,’ Medh.), or ‘of heretics in general’ (N4r.). 67. ‘Cattle,’ i.e. other than cows; see above, verse 60. 444 LAWS OF MANU. XI, 68. course with women who drink spirituous liquor, slaying women, Sddras, Vaisyas, or Kshatriyas, and atheism, (are all) minor offences, causing loss of caste (UpapAtaka). 68. Giving pain to a Braéhmaza (by a blow), smelling at things which ought not to be smelt at, or at spirituous liquor, cheating, and an unnatural offence with a man, are declared to cause the loss of caste (GAtibhramsa). 69. Killing a donkey, a horse, a camel, a deer, an elephant, a goat, a sheep, a fish, a snake, or a buffalo, must be known to degrade (the offender) to a mixed caste (Samkarikarama). 70. Accepting presents from blamed men, trading, serving Sddras, and speaking a falsehood, make (the offender) unworthy to receive gifts (Ap4tra). 71. Killing insects, small or large, or birds, eating anything kept close to spirituous liquors, stealing fruit, firewood, or flowers, (are offences) which make impure (Malavaha). 72. Learn (now) completely those penances, by means of which all the several offences mentioned (can) be expiated. 73. For his purification the slayer of a Brahmaza shall make a hut in the forest and dwell (in it) 68. ‘ Things which ought not to be smelt at,’ e. g. ‘ garlic, onions, ordure, &c.’ (Medh., Gov., Kull., Nar.). yo. ‘Blamed men,’ i.e. those from whom no gifts must be accepted ; see above, IV, 84 seq. 73-87. Ap. I, 24, 10-25; 25, 11-12; 28, 21-29, 1; Gaut. XXII, 2-10; Vas. XX, 25-28; Baudh. II,1, 2-6; Vi. XXV, 6; L, 1-6, 15; Yaga. III, 243-250. 73. According to Kull., Nar., and R4gh. this penance is to be performed in case the homicide was committed unintentionally. XI, 77. PENANCES FOR MURDER. 445 during twelve years, subsisting on alms and making the skull of a dead man his flag ; 74. Or let him, of his own free will, become (in a battle) the target of archers who know (his purpose); or he may thrice throw himself headlong into a blazing fire; 75. Or he may offer a horse-sacrifice, a Svargit, a Gosava, an Abhigit, a Visvagit, a Trivvzt, or an Agnishdéut ; 76. Or, in order to remove (the guilt of) slaying a Braéhmaza, he may walk one hundred yoganas, reciting one of the Vedas, eating little, and controlling his organs ; 77. Or he may present to a Brahmazma, learned in
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
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