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Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1But the king himself shall impose a fine of ninety-six pazas on him who gives a blemished damsel (to a suitor) without informing (him of the blemish). 225. But that man who, out of malice, says of a maiden, ‘She is not a maiden,’ shall be fined one hundred (pavas), if he cannot prove her blemish. 226. The nuptial texts are applied solely to virgins, (and) nowhere among men to females who have lost their virginity, for such (females) are excluded from religious ceremonies. should be ‘four suvarzas or six nishkas or one satamana.’ Kull. and Ragh. also think it possible that three separate fines may be inflicted according to the circumstances of the case. 222. YAgw.1I,177. According to Medh., Gov., Kull., the rule refers to things which are not easily spoilt, such as land, copper, &c., not to flowers, fruit, and the like; according to Nar., to grain and seeds, ‘ because in other Smritis different periods are mentioned for other objects’ (see Yagi. loc. cit.). 224-225. Yagi. I, 66. 224. Regarding the blemishes, see above, verse 205. 226. K. omits this verse. VIII, 232. RESCISSION OF SALE AND PURCHASE. 295 227. The nuptial texts are a certain proof (that a maiden has been made a lawful) wife; but the learned should know that they (and the marriageceremony) are complete with the seventh step (of the bride around the sacred fire). 228. If anybody in this (world) repent of any completed transaction, (the king) shall keep him on the road of rectitude in accordance with the rules given above. 229. I will fully declare in accordance with the true _ law (the rules concerning) the disputes, (arising) from the transgressions of owners of cattle and of herdsmen. 230. During the day the responsibility for the safety (of the cattle rests) on the herdsman, during the hight on the owner, (provided they are) in his house ; (if it be) otherwise, the herdsman will be responsible (for them also during the night). 231. A hired herdsman who is paid with milk, may milk with the consent of the owner the best (cow) out of ten; such shall be his hire if no (other) wages (are paid). 232. The herdsman alone shall make good (the loss of a beast) strayed, destroyed by worms, killed by dogs or (by falling) into a pit, if he did not duly exert himself (to prevent it). 227. Nand. omits this verse and the next. After the seventh step has been made the marriage cannot be rescinded (Medh., Gov., Kull., Nar.). 228. I.e. he may be allowed to rescind a contract for wages and the like within ten days, but not later (Gov., Kull.). 231. Nand. omits this verse. 232. Vi. V, 137-138; YAgh. I, 164-165. ‘By worms,’ i.e. according to Medh. by a kind called Arohakas, who enter the sexual parts of the cows and destroy them; RA&gh. says, ‘ by snakes and the like.” ‘By dogs,’ the word is according to Medh. merely intended as an instance for any wild animal. 296 LAWS OF MANU. VIII, 233.
2I, 164-165. ‘By worms,’ i.e. according to Medh. by a kind called Arohakas, who enter the sexual parts of the cows and destroy them; RA&gh. says, ‘ by snakes and the like.” ‘By dogs,’ the word is according to Medh. merely intended as an instance for any wild animal. 296 LAWS OF MANU. VIII, 233. 233. But for (an animal) stolen by thieves, though he raised an alarm, the herdsman shall not pay, provided he gives notice to his master at the proper place and time. 234. If cattle die, let ‘him carry to his master their ears, skin, tails, bladders, tendons, and the yellow concrete bile, and let him point out their particular marks. 235. But if goats or sheep are surrounded by wolves and the herdsman does not hasten (to their assistance), he shall be responsible for any (animal) which a wolf may attack and kill. 236. But if they, kept in (proper) order, graze together in the forest, and a wolf, suddenly jumping on one of them, kills it, the herdsman shall bear in that case no responsibility. 237. On all sides of a village a space, one hundred dhanus or three samy4-throws (in breadth), shall be reserved (for pasture), and thrice (that space) round a town. 238. If the cattle do damage to unfenced crops on that (common), the king shall in that case not punish the herdsmen. 239. (The owner of the field) shall make there a hedge over which a camel cannot look, and stop 234. I read with Medh. and Gov. ankams ha, ‘their particular marks,’ instead of ang4ni, ‘ their (other) limbs’ (R&agh., Nand., K., and the editions). To judge from the commentary, Kull. must have had the same reading as Medh. and Gov. 235. Vi. V, 137. 237. Yagi. II, 167. Dhanus, literally ‘a bow’s length’=4 hastas or about 6 feet. The samyé is a short, thick piece of wood, used at sacrifices. A samy&-throw is mentioned as a measure also by Ap. I, 9, 6. VIII, 243. DISPUTES—MASTER AND SERVANTS. 297 every gap through which a dog or a boar can thrust his head. 240. (If cattle do mischief) in an enclosed field near a highway or near a village, the herdsman shall be fined one hundred (pamas); (but cattle), unattended by a herdsman, (the watchman in the field) shall drive away. 241. (For damage) in other fields (each head of) cattle shall (pay a fine of) one (paza) and a quarter, and in all (cases the value of) the crop (destroyed) shall be made good to the owner of the field; that is the settled rule. 242. But Manu has declared that no fine shall be paid for (damage done by) a cow within ten days after her calving, by bulls and by cattle sacred to the gods, whether they are attended by a herdsman or not. . 243. If (the crops are destroyed by) the husbandman’s (own) fault, the fine shall amount to ten times as much as (the king’s) share; but the fine (shall be) only half that amount if (the fault lay) with the servants and the farmer had no knowledge of it. 240-242, Ap. II, 28, 5; Gaut. XII, 19-26; Vi. V, 140-150; Yagi. II, 161-163.
3240-242, Ap. II, 28, 5; Gaut. XII, 19-26; Vi. V, 140-150; Yagi. II, 161-163. 241. ‘The cattle,’ i.e. ‘the herdsman shall pay for the cattle’ ‘In all cases,’ i. e. ‘whether the cattle were attended by a herdsman or not’ (Medh., Gov., Kull., Ragh.). 242. A cow is, according to Nar., during the first days after calving utterly unmanageable. ‘Bulls,’ i.e. ‘those set at liberty (see Vi. LXXXVI) are meant’ (N4r., Kull.), which may be met with near many Indian villages and in many towns. ‘Cattle sacred to the gods,’ i.e. either ‘such as are set apart for sacrifices,’ or ‘such as are dedicated to temples’ (Medh.). The other commentators prefer the second explanation. 243. Ap. II, 28,1. ‘The husbandman’s (own) fault,’ i.e. ‘if he 298 LAWS OF MANU. VIII, 244. 244. To these rules a righteous king shall keep in (all cases of) transgressions by masters, their cattle, and herdsmen. 245. If a dispute has arisen between two villages concerning a boundary, the king shall settle the limits in the month of Gyaish¢Za, when the landmarks are most distinctly visible. 246. Let him mark the boundaries (by) trees, (e.g.) Nyagrodhas, Asvatthas, Kissukas, cotton - trees, S4las, Palmyra palms, and trees with milky juice, 247. By clustering shrubs, bamboos of different kinds, Samts, creepers and raised mounds, reeds, thickets of Kubgaka; thus the boundary will not be forgotten. 248. Tanks, wells,. cisterns, and fountains should be built where boundaries meet, as well as temples, 249. And as he will see that through men’s ignorance of the boundaries trespasses constantly occur in the world, let him cause to be made other hidden marks for boundaries, 250. Stones, bones, cow’s hair, chaff, ashes, potsherds, dry cowdung, bricks, cinders, pebbles, and sand, has allowed his crops to be eaten by cattle, or has not sown the field in proper time, &c.’ (Medh., Gov., Kull., Nar., Ragh.). 245. Gyaish/ha, i.e. May-June, ‘when the grass has been dried up by the heat’ (Medh., Kull., Ragh.). 246. Yagn. II,151. Nyagrodha, Ficus Indica; Asvattha, Ficus Religiosa; Kimsuka, Butea Frondosa; Sala, Shorea Robusta. ‘Trees with milky juice,’ i.e. ‘Arka (Calatropis Gigantea), Udumbara (Ficus Glomerata), &c.’ 247. Sami, Acacia Suma; ‘mounds,’ i.e. the heaps of earth are meant which now are used generally as landmarks in British districts. Instead of Kubgaka Nand. reads Kulyaka. VIII, 257. BOUNDARY DISPUTES. 299 251. And whatever other things of a similar kind the earth does not corrode even after a long time, those he should cause to be buried where one boundary joins (the other). 252. By these signs, by long continued possession, and by constantly flowing streams of water the king shall ascertain the boundary (of the land) of two disputing parties. 253. If there be a doubt even on inspection. of the marks, the settlement of a dispute regarding boundaries shall depend on witnesses.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1But the king himself shall impose a fine of ninety-six pazas on him who gives a blemished damsel (to a suitor) without informing (him of the blemish). 225. But that man who, out of malice, says of a maiden, ‘She is not a maiden,’ shall be fined one hundred (pavas), if he cannot prove her blemish. 226. The nuptial texts are applied solely to virgins, (and) nowhere among men to females who have lost their virginity, for such (females) are excluded from religious ceremonies. should be ‘four suvarzas or six nishkas or one satamana.’ Kull. and Ragh. also think it possible that three separate fines may be inflicted according to the circumstances of the case. 222. YAgw.1I,177. According to Medh., Gov., Kull., the rule refers to things which are not easily spoilt, such as land, copper, &c., not to flowers, fruit, and the like; according to Nar., to grain and seeds, ‘ because in other Smritis different periods are mentioned for other objects’ (see Yagi. loc. cit.). 224-225. Yagi. I, 66. 224. Regarding the blemishes, see above, verse 205. 226. K. omits this verse. VIII, 232. RESCISSION OF SALE AND PURCHASE. 295 227. The nuptial texts are a certain proof (that a maiden has been made a lawful) wife; but the learned should know that they (and the marriageceremony) are complete with the seventh step (of the bride around the sacred fire). 228. If anybody in this (world) repent of any completed transaction, (the king) shall keep him on the road of rectitude in accordance with the rules given above. 229. I will fully declare in accordance with the true _ law (the rules concerning) the disputes, (arising) from the transgressions of owners of cattle and of herdsmen. 230. During the day the responsibility for the safety (of the cattle rests) on the herdsman, during the hight on the owner, (provided they are) in his house ; (if it be) otherwise, the herdsman will be responsible (for them also during the night). 231. A hired herdsman who is paid with milk, may milk with the consent of the owner the best (cow) out of ten; such shall be his hire if no (other) wages (are paid). 232. The herdsman alone shall make good (the loss of a beast) strayed, destroyed by worms, killed by dogs or (by falling) into a pit, if he did not duly exert himself (to prevent it). 227. Nand. omits this verse and the next. After the seventh step has been made the marriage cannot be rescinded (Medh., Gov., Kull., Nar.). 228. I.e. he may be allowed to rescind a contract for wages and the like within ten days, but not later (Gov., Kull.). 231. Nand. omits this verse. 232. Vi. V, 137-138; YAgh. I, 164-165. ‘By worms,’ i.e. according to Medh. by a kind called Arohakas, who enter the sexual parts of the cows and destroy them; RA&gh. says, ‘ by snakes and the like.” ‘By dogs,’ the word is according to Medh. merely intended as an instance for any wild animal. 296 LAWS OF MANU. VIII, 233.
2I, 164-165. ‘By worms,’ i.e. according to Medh. by a kind called Arohakas, who enter the sexual parts of the cows and destroy them; RA&gh. says, ‘ by snakes and the like.” ‘By dogs,’ the word is according to Medh. merely intended as an instance for any wild animal. 296 LAWS OF MANU. VIII, 233. 233. But for (an animal) stolen by thieves, though he raised an alarm, the herdsman shall not pay, provided he gives notice to his master at the proper place and time. 234. If cattle die, let ‘him carry to his master their ears, skin, tails, bladders, tendons, and the yellow concrete bile, and let him point out their particular marks. 235. But if goats or sheep are surrounded by wolves and the herdsman does not hasten (to their assistance), he shall be responsible for any (animal) which a wolf may attack and kill. 236. But if they, kept in (proper) order, graze together in the forest, and a wolf, suddenly jumping on one of them, kills it, the herdsman shall bear in that case no responsibility. 237. On all sides of a village a space, one hundred dhanus or three samy4-throws (in breadth), shall be reserved (for pasture), and thrice (that space) round a town. 238. If the cattle do damage to unfenced crops on that (common), the king shall in that case not punish the herdsmen. 239. (The owner of the field) shall make there a hedge over which a camel cannot look, and stop 234. I read with Medh. and Gov. ankams ha, ‘their particular marks,’ instead of ang4ni, ‘ their (other) limbs’ (R&agh., Nand., K., and the editions). To judge from the commentary, Kull. must have had the same reading as Medh. and Gov. 235. Vi. V, 137. 237. Yagi. II, 167. Dhanus, literally ‘a bow’s length’=4 hastas or about 6 feet. The samyé is a short, thick piece of wood, used at sacrifices. A samy&-throw is mentioned as a measure also by Ap. I, 9, 6. VIII, 243. DISPUTES—MASTER AND SERVANTS. 297 every gap through which a dog or a boar can thrust his head. 240. (If cattle do mischief) in an enclosed field near a highway or near a village, the herdsman shall be fined one hundred (pamas); (but cattle), unattended by a herdsman, (the watchman in the field) shall drive away. 241. (For damage) in other fields (each head of) cattle shall (pay a fine of) one (paza) and a quarter, and in all (cases the value of) the crop (destroyed) shall be made good to the owner of the field; that is the settled rule. 242. But Manu has declared that no fine shall be paid for (damage done by) a cow within ten days after her calving, by bulls and by cattle sacred to the gods, whether they are attended by a herdsman or not. . 243. If (the crops are destroyed by) the husbandman’s (own) fault, the fine shall amount to ten times as much as (the king’s) share; but the fine (shall be) only half that amount if (the fault lay) with the servants and the farmer had no knowledge of it. 240-242, Ap. II, 28, 5; Gaut. XII, 19-26; Vi. V, 140-150; Yagi. II, 161-163.
3240-242, Ap. II, 28, 5; Gaut. XII, 19-26; Vi. V, 140-150; Yagi. II, 161-163. 241. ‘The cattle,’ i.e. ‘the herdsman shall pay for the cattle’ ‘In all cases,’ i. e. ‘whether the cattle were attended by a herdsman or not’ (Medh., Gov., Kull., Ragh.). 242. A cow is, according to Nar., during the first days after calving utterly unmanageable. ‘Bulls,’ i.e. ‘those set at liberty (see Vi. LXXXVI) are meant’ (N4r., Kull.), which may be met with near many Indian villages and in many towns. ‘Cattle sacred to the gods,’ i.e. either ‘such as are set apart for sacrifices,’ or ‘such as are dedicated to temples’ (Medh.). The other commentators prefer the second explanation. 243. Ap. II, 28,1. ‘The husbandman’s (own) fault,’ i.e. ‘if he 298 LAWS OF MANU. VIII, 244. 244. To these rules a righteous king shall keep in (all cases of) transgressions by masters, their cattle, and herdsmen. 245. If a dispute has arisen between two villages concerning a boundary, the king shall settle the limits in the month of Gyaish¢Za, when the landmarks are most distinctly visible. 246. Let him mark the boundaries (by) trees, (e.g.) Nyagrodhas, Asvatthas, Kissukas, cotton - trees, S4las, Palmyra palms, and trees with milky juice, 247. By clustering shrubs, bamboos of different kinds, Samts, creepers and raised mounds, reeds, thickets of Kubgaka; thus the boundary will not be forgotten. 248. Tanks, wells,. cisterns, and fountains should be built where boundaries meet, as well as temples, 249. And as he will see that through men’s ignorance of the boundaries trespasses constantly occur in the world, let him cause to be made other hidden marks for boundaries, 250. Stones, bones, cow’s hair, chaff, ashes, potsherds, dry cowdung, bricks, cinders, pebbles, and sand, has allowed his crops to be eaten by cattle, or has not sown the field in proper time, &c.’ (Medh., Gov., Kull., Nar., Ragh.). 245. Gyaish/ha, i.e. May-June, ‘when the grass has been dried up by the heat’ (Medh., Kull., Ragh.). 246. Yagn. II,151. Nyagrodha, Ficus Indica; Asvattha, Ficus Religiosa; Kimsuka, Butea Frondosa; Sala, Shorea Robusta. ‘Trees with milky juice,’ i.e. ‘Arka (Calatropis Gigantea), Udumbara (Ficus Glomerata), &c.’ 247. Sami, Acacia Suma; ‘mounds,’ i.e. the heaps of earth are meant which now are used generally as landmarks in British districts. Instead of Kubgaka Nand. reads Kulyaka. VIII, 257. BOUNDARY DISPUTES. 299 251. And whatever other things of a similar kind the earth does not corrode even after a long time, those he should cause to be buried where one boundary joins (the other). 252. By these signs, by long continued possession, and by constantly flowing streams of water the king shall ascertain the boundary (of the land) of two disputing parties. 253. If there be a doubt even on inspection. of the marks, the settlement of a dispute regarding boundaries shall depend on witnesses.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
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