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Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1Gov. and Kull. hold that these penances, too, are to be performed in the case of an unintentional homicide. Medh. explains sitaA, ‘white,’ to mean ‘not white in colour, but (called so) because they resemble in purity (white substances), and give much milk and are accompanied by their calves.’ 132. Ap. I, 25,13; Gaut. XXII, 19; Vas. XXI, 24; Vi. L, 30-32; Yagi. III, 270. Gov., Kull., Nand. expressly state that the penance for the murder of a Sfidra is to be performed for intentionally (thus also Nar.) killing any single one of these animals, while Medh. thinks that the rule holds good only if one has killed all of them. The penance intended is, according to Gov., Kull., Nar., and Ragh., not that mentioned in the preceding verse, but the lunar penance (Gov., Kull., Ragh.), or the Govrata (Gov., Kull.), or the Tapta KrikkAra (N4r.). 133. According to Gov., Kull., Nar., Ragh., these penances are to be performed if the animal has been killed unintentionally ; according to Medh. they serve to expiate the slaughter of a single animal. The choice among the four penances depends according to Kull. and Ragh. on the strength of the offender, according to Gov. and Nar. on his caste and other circumstances. ‘A yogana,’ i.e. 24-9 miles. The hymn mentioned is found Rig-veda X, 9. 134. Gaut. XXII, 23, 25; Vi. L, 34-35; Yagi. II, 273. ‘A Brahmaza,’ i.e. ‘even a Bréhmama’ (N4r.). The recipient of the gift is in every case a Brahmaza. 458 LAWS OF MANU. XI, 138. 135. For a boar a pot of clarified butter, for a partridge a drova of sesamum-grains, for a parrot a calf two years old, for a crane (a calf) three years old. 136. If he has killed a Hamsa, a Balaka, a heron, a peacock, a monkey, a falcon, or a BhAsa, he shall give a cow to a Brahmaaa. 137. For killing a horse, he shall give a garment, for (killing) an elephant, five black bulls, for (killing) a goat, or a sheep, a draught-ox, for killing a donkey, (a calf) one year old; 138. But for killing carnivorous wild beasts, he shall give a milch-cow, for (killing) wild beasts that are not carnivorous, a heifer, for killing a camel, one krzshzala. 139. For killing adulterous women of the four castes, he must give, in order to purify himself, respectively a leathern bag, a bow, a goat, or a sheep. 140. A twice-born man, who is unable to atone by gifts for the slaughter of a serpent and the other (creatures mentioned), shall perform for each of them, a Kvzkéhra (penance) in order to remove his guilt. 141. But for destroying one thousand (small) 135. Gaut. XXII, 24; Vi. L, 36-39; Yag%. III, 271, 273-274. Kumbha, ‘a pot,’ i.e. ‘of 200 palas’ (Nar.). A droma, i.e. four adhakas (Medh.), or 128 palas (N4r.). 136. Vi. L, 33; Yag#. II, 272. 137. Vi. L, 25-28; YAga. III, 271, 274. 138. Vi. L, 29, 40-41; Yager. III, 272-273. ‘A kréshaala,’ i.e. ‘of gold’ (Medh., Gov., Kull., Nar., Nand., Ragh.).
2Kumbha, ‘a pot,’ i.e. ‘of 200 palas’ (Nar.). A droma, i.e. four adhakas (Medh.), or 128 palas (N4r.). 136. Vi. L, 33; Yag#. II, 272. 137. Vi. L, 25-28; YAga. III, 271, 274. 138. Vi. L, 29, 40-41; Yager. III, 272-273. ‘A kréshaala,’ i.e. ‘of gold’ (Medh., Gov., Kull., Nar., Nand., Ragh.). 139. Gaut. XXII, 26; Yagw. III, 268. ‘Respectively,’ i. e. according to the order of the castes. Ragh. adds ‘ unintentionally.’ 140. Y4gn. III, 274; Vas. XXI, 26 141. Gaut. XXII, 20-21; Ap. I, 26, 2; Vas. XXI, 25; Vi. L, 46; XI, 146. PENANCES FOR MINOR OFFENCES. 459 animals that have bones, or a whole cart-load of boneless (animals), he shall perform the penance (prescribed) for the murder of a S(dra. 142. But for killing (small) animals which have bones, he should give some trifle to a Brahmaza ; if he injures boneless (animals), he becomes pure by suppressing his breath (praz4y4ma). 143. For cutting fruit-trees, shrubs, creepers, lianas, or flowering plants, one hundred Azkas must be muttered. 144. (For destroying) any kind of creature, bred in food, in condiments, in fruit, or in flowers, the expiation is to eat clarified butter. 145. If a man destroys for no good purpose plants produced by cultivation, or such as spontaneously spring up in the forest, he shall attend a cow during one day, subsisting on milk alone. 146. The guilt incurred intentionally or unintentionally by injuring (created beings) can be removed by means of these penances; hear (now, how) all Y4g%. III, 269. ‘(Small) animals that have bones,’ i.e. ‘lizards and the like’ (Gov., Kull., N4r.). 142. Vi. L, 47; Yagh. Il, 275; Gaut. XXII, 22. The rule refers in each case to the destruction of a single animal (Medh., Gov., Kull., Ragh.), or of a number less than that mentioned in the preceding verse (Nar.). ‘Something,’ i. e. one pana (N&r.) or ‘eight handfuls of grain’ (Nand.). 143. Vi. L, 48; Y4gn. III, 276. According to Kull. this penance must be performed for an offence committed once and unintentionally, because ‘the cutting of green trees’ has been declared above, verse 65, to be an Upap4taka for which at least a lunar penance has to be performed. ‘One hundred Rrfas,’ ‘ the GaAyatrt and the like’ (Kull.), or ‘the Gayatri one hundred times’ (Nar.). 144. Vi. L, 49; YAga. III, 275. Rasa, ‘condiments,’ i. e. ‘molasses, butter-milk and the like’ (Medh., Gov., Kull.). 145. Vi. L, 50; Yagi. III, 144. 460 LAWS OF MANU. XI, 147. (sins) committed by partaking of forbidden food (or drink, can be expiated). 147. He who drinks unintentionally (the spirituous liquor, called) Varu#t, becomes pure by being initiated (again); (even -for drinking it) intentionally (a penance) destructive to life must not be imposed; that is a settled rule. 148. He who has drunk water which has stood in a vessel used for keeping (the spirituous liquor, called) Sura, or other intoxicating drinks, shall drink during five (days and) nights (nothing but) milk in which the Sankhapushpi (plant) has been boiled.
3148. He who has drunk water which has stood in a vessel used for keeping (the spirituous liquor, called) Sura, or other intoxicating drinks, shall drink during five (days and) nights (nothing but) milk in which the Sankhapushpi (plant) has been boiled. 147. Ap. I, 25,10; Gaut. XXIII, 2; Vas. XX,19; Baudh. II, 1,29; Vi. LI, 1,4; Yagh. Ill,255. ‘ Varust,’ i.e. ‘liquor distilled from molasses or Maud flowers (gaudi m&dhvi 4a), not that distilled from ground grain, because another penance has been prescribed above, verse 93’ (Medh., Gov.). The other commentators agree with this explanation, as well as with the additional tule that a Tapta Krikkhra must be performed before the second initiation. Ragh. and Kull. quote also the Bhavishyapuraza, which gives the same interpretation. The explanation of the second part of the verse is everywhere that which the translation follows except in Medh:’s and Nand.’s commentaries, where it is rendered ‘(for drinking even these two kinds of Sur4) intentionally (this penance) must not be prescribed, (but) one whereby death ensues.’ In my opinion the commentators are totally wrong. I think that Varu#t means here, as elsewhere, SurA, and that the first half of the verse prescribes the performance of a second initiation after the penance, mentioned in verse 93, has been performed, while the second line teaches that the intentional drinking of Sura can be expiated by death alone. I would therefore propose, ‘If a man unintentionally drinks Surd, he becomes pure only by being initiated again; but (the guilt of him who drinks it) intentionally, cannot be expiated, it remains as long as he lives, that is a settled rule.’ The correctness of my interpretation of the words anirdesyam pra#4ntikam follows from Gaut. XXI, 7. 148. Vas. XX, 21; Vi. LI, 23-24; Baudh. II, 1, 22. XI, 153. PENANCES FOR MINOR OFFENCES. 461 149. He who has touched spirituous liquor, has given it away, or received it in accordance with the rule, or has drunk water left by a Sddra, shall drink during three days water in which Kusa-grass has been boiled. 150. But when a Bréhmaaa who has partaken of Soma-juice, has smelt the odour exhaled by a drinker of Sura, he becomes pure by thrice suppressing his breath in water, and eating clarified butter. 151. (Men of) the three twice-born castes who have unintentionally swallowed ordure or urine, or anything that has touched Sur4, must be initiated again. 152. The tonsure, (wearing) the sacred girdle, (carrying) a staff, going to beg, and the vows (incumbent on a student), are omitted on the second initiation of twice-born men. 153. But he who has eaten the food of men, whose food must not be eaten, or the leavings of women and Sidras, or forbidden flesh, shall drink barley(-gruel) during seven (days and) nights. 149. ‘According to the rule,’ i.e. ‘ pronouncing a benediction (on the giver),’ (Gov., Kull., Nar., Ragh.), or ‘at a Sautrimani sacrifice’ (Nand.). 150. Gaut. XXIII, 6; Vi. LI, 25.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1Gov. and Kull. hold that these penances, too, are to be performed in the case of an unintentional homicide. Medh. explains sitaA, ‘white,’ to mean ‘not white in colour, but (called so) because they resemble in purity (white substances), and give much milk and are accompanied by their calves.’ 132. Ap. I, 25,13; Gaut. XXII, 19; Vas. XXI, 24; Vi. L, 30-32; Yagi. III, 270. Gov., Kull., Nand. expressly state that the penance for the murder of a Sfidra is to be performed for intentionally (thus also Nar.) killing any single one of these animals, while Medh. thinks that the rule holds good only if one has killed all of them. The penance intended is, according to Gov., Kull., Nar., and Ragh., not that mentioned in the preceding verse, but the lunar penance (Gov., Kull., Ragh.), or the Govrata (Gov., Kull.), or the Tapta KrikkAra (N4r.). 133. According to Gov., Kull., Nar., Ragh., these penances are to be performed if the animal has been killed unintentionally ; according to Medh. they serve to expiate the slaughter of a single animal. The choice among the four penances depends according to Kull. and Ragh. on the strength of the offender, according to Gov. and Nar. on his caste and other circumstances. ‘A yogana,’ i.e. 24-9 miles. The hymn mentioned is found Rig-veda X, 9. 134. Gaut. XXII, 23, 25; Vi. L, 34-35; Yagi. II, 273. ‘A Brahmaza,’ i.e. ‘even a Bréhmama’ (N4r.). The recipient of the gift is in every case a Brahmaza. 458 LAWS OF MANU. XI, 138. 135. For a boar a pot of clarified butter, for a partridge a drova of sesamum-grains, for a parrot a calf two years old, for a crane (a calf) three years old. 136. If he has killed a Hamsa, a Balaka, a heron, a peacock, a monkey, a falcon, or a BhAsa, he shall give a cow to a Brahmaaa. 137. For killing a horse, he shall give a garment, for (killing) an elephant, five black bulls, for (killing) a goat, or a sheep, a draught-ox, for killing a donkey, (a calf) one year old; 138. But for killing carnivorous wild beasts, he shall give a milch-cow, for (killing) wild beasts that are not carnivorous, a heifer, for killing a camel, one krzshzala. 139. For killing adulterous women of the four castes, he must give, in order to purify himself, respectively a leathern bag, a bow, a goat, or a sheep. 140. A twice-born man, who is unable to atone by gifts for the slaughter of a serpent and the other (creatures mentioned), shall perform for each of them, a Kvzkéhra (penance) in order to remove his guilt. 141. But for destroying one thousand (small) 135. Gaut. XXII, 24; Vi. L, 36-39; Yag%. III, 271, 273-274. Kumbha, ‘a pot,’ i.e. ‘of 200 palas’ (Nar.). A droma, i.e. four adhakas (Medh.), or 128 palas (N4r.). 136. Vi. L, 33; Yag#. II, 272. 137. Vi. L, 25-28; YAga. III, 271, 274. 138. Vi. L, 29, 40-41; Yager. III, 272-273. ‘A kréshaala,’ i.e. ‘of gold’ (Medh., Gov., Kull., Nar., Nand., Ragh.).
2Kumbha, ‘a pot,’ i.e. ‘of 200 palas’ (Nar.). A droma, i.e. four adhakas (Medh.), or 128 palas (N4r.). 136. Vi. L, 33; Yag#. II, 272. 137. Vi. L, 25-28; YAga. III, 271, 274. 138. Vi. L, 29, 40-41; Yager. III, 272-273. ‘A kréshaala,’ i.e. ‘of gold’ (Medh., Gov., Kull., Nar., Nand., Ragh.). 139. Gaut. XXII, 26; Yagw. III, 268. ‘Respectively,’ i. e. according to the order of the castes. Ragh. adds ‘ unintentionally.’ 140. Y4gn. III, 274; Vas. XXI, 26 141. Gaut. XXII, 20-21; Ap. I, 26, 2; Vas. XXI, 25; Vi. L, 46; XI, 146. PENANCES FOR MINOR OFFENCES. 459 animals that have bones, or a whole cart-load of boneless (animals), he shall perform the penance (prescribed) for the murder of a S(dra. 142. But for killing (small) animals which have bones, he should give some trifle to a Brahmaza ; if he injures boneless (animals), he becomes pure by suppressing his breath (praz4y4ma). 143. For cutting fruit-trees, shrubs, creepers, lianas, or flowering plants, one hundred Azkas must be muttered. 144. (For destroying) any kind of creature, bred in food, in condiments, in fruit, or in flowers, the expiation is to eat clarified butter. 145. If a man destroys for no good purpose plants produced by cultivation, or such as spontaneously spring up in the forest, he shall attend a cow during one day, subsisting on milk alone. 146. The guilt incurred intentionally or unintentionally by injuring (created beings) can be removed by means of these penances; hear (now, how) all Y4g%. III, 269. ‘(Small) animals that have bones,’ i.e. ‘lizards and the like’ (Gov., Kull., N4r.). 142. Vi. L, 47; Yagh. Il, 275; Gaut. XXII, 22. The rule refers in each case to the destruction of a single animal (Medh., Gov., Kull., Ragh.), or of a number less than that mentioned in the preceding verse (Nar.). ‘Something,’ i. e. one pana (N&r.) or ‘eight handfuls of grain’ (Nand.). 143. Vi. L, 48; Y4gn. III, 276. According to Kull. this penance must be performed for an offence committed once and unintentionally, because ‘the cutting of green trees’ has been declared above, verse 65, to be an Upap4taka for which at least a lunar penance has to be performed. ‘One hundred Rrfas,’ ‘ the GaAyatrt and the like’ (Kull.), or ‘the Gayatri one hundred times’ (Nar.). 144. Vi. L, 49; YAga. III, 275. Rasa, ‘condiments,’ i. e. ‘molasses, butter-milk and the like’ (Medh., Gov., Kull.). 145. Vi. L, 50; Yagi. III, 144. 460 LAWS OF MANU. XI, 147. (sins) committed by partaking of forbidden food (or drink, can be expiated). 147. He who drinks unintentionally (the spirituous liquor, called) Varu#t, becomes pure by being initiated (again); (even -for drinking it) intentionally (a penance) destructive to life must not be imposed; that is a settled rule. 148. He who has drunk water which has stood in a vessel used for keeping (the spirituous liquor, called) Sura, or other intoxicating drinks, shall drink during five (days and) nights (nothing but) milk in which the Sankhapushpi (plant) has been boiled.
3148. He who has drunk water which has stood in a vessel used for keeping (the spirituous liquor, called) Sura, or other intoxicating drinks, shall drink during five (days and) nights (nothing but) milk in which the Sankhapushpi (plant) has been boiled. 147. Ap. I, 25,10; Gaut. XXIII, 2; Vas. XX,19; Baudh. II, 1,29; Vi. LI, 1,4; Yagh. Ill,255. ‘ Varust,’ i.e. ‘liquor distilled from molasses or Maud flowers (gaudi m&dhvi 4a), not that distilled from ground grain, because another penance has been prescribed above, verse 93’ (Medh., Gov.). The other commentators agree with this explanation, as well as with the additional tule that a Tapta Krikkhra must be performed before the second initiation. Ragh. and Kull. quote also the Bhavishyapuraza, which gives the same interpretation. The explanation of the second part of the verse is everywhere that which the translation follows except in Medh:’s and Nand.’s commentaries, where it is rendered ‘(for drinking even these two kinds of Sur4) intentionally (this penance) must not be prescribed, (but) one whereby death ensues.’ In my opinion the commentators are totally wrong. I think that Varu#t means here, as elsewhere, SurA, and that the first half of the verse prescribes the performance of a second initiation after the penance, mentioned in verse 93, has been performed, while the second line teaches that the intentional drinking of Sura can be expiated by death alone. I would therefore propose, ‘If a man unintentionally drinks Surd, he becomes pure only by being initiated again; but (the guilt of him who drinks it) intentionally, cannot be expiated, it remains as long as he lives, that is a settled rule.’ The correctness of my interpretation of the words anirdesyam pra#4ntikam follows from Gaut. XXI, 7. 148. Vas. XX, 21; Vi. LI, 23-24; Baudh. II, 1, 22. XI, 153. PENANCES FOR MINOR OFFENCES. 461 149. He who has touched spirituous liquor, has given it away, or received it in accordance with the rule, or has drunk water left by a Sddra, shall drink during three days water in which Kusa-grass has been boiled. 150. But when a Bréhmaaa who has partaken of Soma-juice, has smelt the odour exhaled by a drinker of Sura, he becomes pure by thrice suppressing his breath in water, and eating clarified butter. 151. (Men of) the three twice-born castes who have unintentionally swallowed ordure or urine, or anything that has touched Sur4, must be initiated again. 152. The tonsure, (wearing) the sacred girdle, (carrying) a staff, going to beg, and the vows (incumbent on a student), are omitted on the second initiation of twice-born men. 153. But he who has eaten the food of men, whose food must not be eaten, or the leavings of women and Sidras, or forbidden flesh, shall drink barley(-gruel) during seven (days and) nights. 149. ‘According to the rule,’ i.e. ‘ pronouncing a benediction (on the giver),’ (Gov., Kull., Nar., Ragh.), or ‘at a Sautrimani sacrifice’ (Nand.). 150. Gaut. XXIII, 6; Vi. LI, 25.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
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