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Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1386. Vi. V, 196. 388. ‘An officiating priest,’ i.e.‘one who has sacrificed for his family since many generations’ (Gov., Nar.). 389. Vi. V,163; Yagn. II, 237. ‘Shall not be cast off,’ i.e. ‘shall not be refused maintenance or the due respect’ (Medh., Gov., Kull.) 390. ‘Of the orders,’ i.e. ‘of the four orders’ (N4r., RAgh.), or ‘of the householders’ (Gov., Kull.). Medh. and Nand. take asrama (25] ¥ if 322 LAWS OF MANU. VITT, 391. concerning the duty of the orders, a king who desires his own welfare should not (hastily) decide (what is) the law. 391. Having shown them due honour, he should, with (the assistance of) Braéhmamas, first soothe them by gentle (speech) and afterwards teach them their duty. 392. A Br&hmaza who does not invite his next neighbour and his neighbour next but one, (though) both (be) worthy (of the honour), to a festival at which twenty Bréhmazas are entertained, is liable to a fine of one masha. 393. A Srotriya who does not entertain a virtuous Srotriya at auspicious festive rites, shall be made to pay him twice (the value of) the meal and a m4sha of gold (as a fine to the king). 394. A blind man, an idiot, (a cripple) who moves with the help of a board, a man full seventy years old, and he who confers benefits on Srotriyas, shall not be compelled by any (king) to pay a tax. not in the sense of ‘ order,’ but of ‘ hermitage,’ and ‘ twice-born men’ in the sense of ‘hermits.’ N4r. explains na vibrfy&t, ‘shall not (hastily) decide,’ by ‘shall not wrongly decide by himself” 392. Vi. V, 94; Y4agnh. II, 263. ‘A festival,’ iie.‘a wedding and so forth’ (Medh.), or ‘at which a dinner is given’ (Nand.). Anuvesya, ‘his next neighbour but one’ (Kull., Nar., Ragh.), means according to Medh., Gov., and Nand. ‘ he who lives at the back of his house,’ while the neighbour living opposite is the prativesya. ‘ Twenty,’ i.e. ‘twenty or more other Brahmamas’ (Gov.). ‘A mAsha,’ i.e. ‘of silver’ (Gov., Kull., Ragh.), or ‘of gold’ (Medh., Nar.). 393- ‘A virtuous Srotriya,’ i. e. ‘a neighbour’ (Gov., Kull, Ragh.), or ‘living in the same village’ (N4r.). Medh. says, ‘one who is not a neighbour.’ 394. Ap. II, 26, ro-1g; Vas. XIX, 23-24. ‘(A cripple) who moves with the help of a board’ is not an uncommon sight in the streets of Indian towns. ‘By any (king),’ i.e. ‘even by one whose treasury is empty.’ VIII, 399. MISCELLANEOUS RULES. 323 395. Let the king always treat kindly a Srotriya, a sick or distressed man, an infant and an aged or an indigent man, a man of high birth, and an honourable man (Arya). 396. A washerman shall wash (the clothes of his employers) gently on a smooth board of SAlmaliwood ; he shall not return the clothes (of one person) for those (of another), nor allow anybody (but the owner) to wear them. 397. A weaver (who has received) ten palas (of thread), shall return (cloth weighing) one pala more ; he who acts differently shall be compelled to pay a fine of twelve (pazas).
2397. A weaver (who has received) ten palas (of thread), shall return (cloth weighing) one pala more ; he who acts differently shall be compelled to pay a fine of twelve (pazas). 398. Let the king take one-twentieth of that (amount) which men, well acquainted with the settlement of tolls and duties (and) skilful in (estimating the value of) all kinds of merchandise, may fix as the value for each saleable commodity. 399. Let the king confiscate the whole property of (a trader) who out of greed exports goods of which the king has a monopoly or (the export of which is) forbidden. 396. Yagt. II, 238. Salmali, or cotton-tree wood, is naturally soft (Medh.). 397. Yagi. II, 179. Instead of ‘twelve (pazas),’ (Kull, Ragh.), Medh. proposes ‘twelve (palas),’ Gov. ‘twelve (times the value of the thread),’ and N&r. ‘one-twelfth (of the value of the thread).’ Nand. reads dasaphalam and ekaphaladhikam, and says that the weaver is to pay to the king the profit of each eleventh piece of work which he performs. 398. Yagi. II, 261. Instead of ‘ of that (amount),’ (Medh., Nar.), Gov., Kull., and RAgh. say ‘of the profit on that.’ - 399. Yagi. II, 261. Medh. gives as instances of monopolies, elephants; in Kasmir, saffron; in the east, fine cloth and wool ; in the west, horses ; in the south, precious stones and pearls. Saffron is still a royal monopoly in Kasmir. Y2 324 LAWS OF MANU. VIII, 400. 400. He who avoids a custom-house (or a toll), he who buys or sells at an improper time, or he who makes a false statement in enumerating (his goods), shall be fined eight times (the amount of duty) which he tried to evade. 401. Let (the king) fix (the rates for) the purchase and sale of all marketable goods, having (duly) considered whence they come, whither they go, how long they have been kept, the (probable) profit and the (probable) outlay. 402. Once in five nights, or at the close of each fortnight, let the king publicly settle the prices for the (merchants). 403. All weights and measures must be duly marked, and once in six months let him re-examine them. 404. Ata ferry an (empty) cart shall be made to pay one paza, a man’s (load) half a paza, an animal and a woman one quarter of a (pava), an unloaded man one-half of a quarter. 405. Carts (laden) with vessels full (of merchandise) shall be made to pay toll at a ferry according to the value (of the goods), empty vessels and men without luggage some trifle. _ 400, Yager. II, 262. ‘At an improper time,’ i.e. ‘at night and so forth’ (Medh., Gov., Nar., Kull., Ragh.). 402. Yap. II, 251. Gov. and Kull. say, ‘let the king settle the price in the presence of those (experts,’ see verse 398). The translation follows Ragh. The length of the periods depends thereon, whether the goods vary much in price. Medh. omits this and the next four verses. 403. Vas. XIX, 13.
3402. Yap. II, 251. Gov. and Kull. say, ‘let the king settle the price in the presence of those (experts,’ see verse 398). The translation follows Ragh. The length of the periods depends thereon, whether the goods vary much in price. Medh. omits this and the next four verses. 403. Vas. XIX, 13. 405. ‘Empty vessels,’ i.e. such as serve for the transport of merchandise, jars, leather-bags, baskets, &c. Aparitkhad4A, ‘men without luggage,’ may also be translated ‘men without attendants.’ Kull. and Ragh. say, ‘poor men.’ VIII, 412. MISCELLANEOUS RULES. 325 406. For a long passage the boat-hire must be proportioned to the places and times; know that this (rule refers) to (passages along) the banks of rivers; at sea there is no settled (freight). 407. But a woman who has been pregnant two months or more, an ascetic, a hermit in the forest, and Brahmazas who are students of the Veda, shall not be made to pay toll at a ferry. 408. Whatever may be damaged in a boat by the fault of the boatmen, that shall be made good by the boatmen collectively, (each paying) his share. 409. This decision in suits (brought) by passengers (holds good only) in case the boatmen are culpably negligent on the water; in the case of (an accident) caused by (the will of) the gods, no fine can be (inflicted on them). 410. (The king) should order a Vaisya to trade, to lend money, to cultivate the land, or to tend cattle, and a Sidra to serve the twice-born castes. 411. (Some wealthy) Brahmava shall compassionately support both a Kshatriya and a Vaisya, if they are distressed for a livelihood, employing them on work (which is suitable for) their (castes). 412. But a Brahmaza who, because he is powerful, out of greed makes initiated (men of the) twice-born (castes) against their will do the work of slaves, shall be fined by the king six hundred (pavas). 407. Vi. V, 132. According to Medh., heterodox monks must pay, because the word Bréhmama (taken above with students) refers to all the persons mentioned. 408. ‘ Whatever,’ i. e. ‘merchandise’ (Medh., Nar.), or ‘luggage’ (Gov., Kull., Ragh.). 411. Le. he shall employ a poor Kshatriya as watchman, and a Vaisya as herdsman (Medh.). If he employs them in this way, he is not punishable (Gov., Kull.). yf 326 LAWS OF MANU. VITI, 413. 413. But a Sddra, whether bought or unbought, he may compel to do servile work; for he was created by the Self-existent (Svayambhd) to be the © slave of a Brahmama. 414. A Sddra, though emancipated by his master, is not released from servitude; since that is innate in him, who can set him free from it ? 415. There are slaves of seven kinds, (viz.) he who is made a captive under a standard, he who serves for his daily food, he who is born in the house, he who is bought and he who is given, he who is inherited from ancestors, and he who is enslaved by way of punishment.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1386. Vi. V, 196. 388. ‘An officiating priest,’ i.e.‘one who has sacrificed for his family since many generations’ (Gov., Nar.). 389. Vi. V,163; Yagn. II, 237. ‘Shall not be cast off,’ i.e. ‘shall not be refused maintenance or the due respect’ (Medh., Gov., Kull.) 390. ‘Of the orders,’ i.e. ‘of the four orders’ (N4r., RAgh.), or ‘of the householders’ (Gov., Kull.). Medh. and Nand. take asrama (25] ¥ if 322 LAWS OF MANU. VITT, 391. concerning the duty of the orders, a king who desires his own welfare should not (hastily) decide (what is) the law. 391. Having shown them due honour, he should, with (the assistance of) Braéhmamas, first soothe them by gentle (speech) and afterwards teach them their duty. 392. A Br&hmaza who does not invite his next neighbour and his neighbour next but one, (though) both (be) worthy (of the honour), to a festival at which twenty Bréhmazas are entertained, is liable to a fine of one masha. 393. A Srotriya who does not entertain a virtuous Srotriya at auspicious festive rites, shall be made to pay him twice (the value of) the meal and a m4sha of gold (as a fine to the king). 394. A blind man, an idiot, (a cripple) who moves with the help of a board, a man full seventy years old, and he who confers benefits on Srotriyas, shall not be compelled by any (king) to pay a tax. not in the sense of ‘ order,’ but of ‘ hermitage,’ and ‘ twice-born men’ in the sense of ‘hermits.’ N4r. explains na vibrfy&t, ‘shall not (hastily) decide,’ by ‘shall not wrongly decide by himself” 392. Vi. V, 94; Y4agnh. II, 263. ‘A festival,’ iie.‘a wedding and so forth’ (Medh.), or ‘at which a dinner is given’ (Nand.). Anuvesya, ‘his next neighbour but one’ (Kull., Nar., Ragh.), means according to Medh., Gov., and Nand. ‘ he who lives at the back of his house,’ while the neighbour living opposite is the prativesya. ‘ Twenty,’ i.e. ‘twenty or more other Brahmamas’ (Gov.). ‘A mAsha,’ i.e. ‘of silver’ (Gov., Kull., Ragh.), or ‘of gold’ (Medh., Nar.). 393- ‘A virtuous Srotriya,’ i. e. ‘a neighbour’ (Gov., Kull, Ragh.), or ‘living in the same village’ (N4r.). Medh. says, ‘one who is not a neighbour.’ 394. Ap. II, 26, ro-1g; Vas. XIX, 23-24. ‘(A cripple) who moves with the help of a board’ is not an uncommon sight in the streets of Indian towns. ‘By any (king),’ i.e. ‘even by one whose treasury is empty.’ VIII, 399. MISCELLANEOUS RULES. 323 395. Let the king always treat kindly a Srotriya, a sick or distressed man, an infant and an aged or an indigent man, a man of high birth, and an honourable man (Arya). 396. A washerman shall wash (the clothes of his employers) gently on a smooth board of SAlmaliwood ; he shall not return the clothes (of one person) for those (of another), nor allow anybody (but the owner) to wear them. 397. A weaver (who has received) ten palas (of thread), shall return (cloth weighing) one pala more ; he who acts differently shall be compelled to pay a fine of twelve (pazas).
2397. A weaver (who has received) ten palas (of thread), shall return (cloth weighing) one pala more ; he who acts differently shall be compelled to pay a fine of twelve (pazas). 398. Let the king take one-twentieth of that (amount) which men, well acquainted with the settlement of tolls and duties (and) skilful in (estimating the value of) all kinds of merchandise, may fix as the value for each saleable commodity. 399. Let the king confiscate the whole property of (a trader) who out of greed exports goods of which the king has a monopoly or (the export of which is) forbidden. 396. Yagt. II, 238. Salmali, or cotton-tree wood, is naturally soft (Medh.). 397. Yagi. II, 179. Instead of ‘twelve (pazas),’ (Kull, Ragh.), Medh. proposes ‘twelve (palas),’ Gov. ‘twelve (times the value of the thread),’ and N&r. ‘one-twelfth (of the value of the thread).’ Nand. reads dasaphalam and ekaphaladhikam, and says that the weaver is to pay to the king the profit of each eleventh piece of work which he performs. 398. Yagi. II, 261. Instead of ‘ of that (amount),’ (Medh., Nar.), Gov., Kull., and RAgh. say ‘of the profit on that.’ - 399. Yagi. II, 261. Medh. gives as instances of monopolies, elephants; in Kasmir, saffron; in the east, fine cloth and wool ; in the west, horses ; in the south, precious stones and pearls. Saffron is still a royal monopoly in Kasmir. Y2 324 LAWS OF MANU. VIII, 400. 400. He who avoids a custom-house (or a toll), he who buys or sells at an improper time, or he who makes a false statement in enumerating (his goods), shall be fined eight times (the amount of duty) which he tried to evade. 401. Let (the king) fix (the rates for) the purchase and sale of all marketable goods, having (duly) considered whence they come, whither they go, how long they have been kept, the (probable) profit and the (probable) outlay. 402. Once in five nights, or at the close of each fortnight, let the king publicly settle the prices for the (merchants). 403. All weights and measures must be duly marked, and once in six months let him re-examine them. 404. Ata ferry an (empty) cart shall be made to pay one paza, a man’s (load) half a paza, an animal and a woman one quarter of a (pava), an unloaded man one-half of a quarter. 405. Carts (laden) with vessels full (of merchandise) shall be made to pay toll at a ferry according to the value (of the goods), empty vessels and men without luggage some trifle. _ 400, Yager. II, 262. ‘At an improper time,’ i.e. ‘at night and so forth’ (Medh., Gov., Nar., Kull., Ragh.). 402. Yap. II, 251. Gov. and Kull. say, ‘let the king settle the price in the presence of those (experts,’ see verse 398). The translation follows Ragh. The length of the periods depends thereon, whether the goods vary much in price. Medh. omits this and the next four verses. 403. Vas. XIX, 13.
3402. Yap. II, 251. Gov. and Kull. say, ‘let the king settle the price in the presence of those (experts,’ see verse 398). The translation follows Ragh. The length of the periods depends thereon, whether the goods vary much in price. Medh. omits this and the next four verses. 403. Vas. XIX, 13. 405. ‘Empty vessels,’ i.e. such as serve for the transport of merchandise, jars, leather-bags, baskets, &c. Aparitkhad4A, ‘men without luggage,’ may also be translated ‘men without attendants.’ Kull. and Ragh. say, ‘poor men.’ VIII, 412. MISCELLANEOUS RULES. 325 406. For a long passage the boat-hire must be proportioned to the places and times; know that this (rule refers) to (passages along) the banks of rivers; at sea there is no settled (freight). 407. But a woman who has been pregnant two months or more, an ascetic, a hermit in the forest, and Brahmazas who are students of the Veda, shall not be made to pay toll at a ferry. 408. Whatever may be damaged in a boat by the fault of the boatmen, that shall be made good by the boatmen collectively, (each paying) his share. 409. This decision in suits (brought) by passengers (holds good only) in case the boatmen are culpably negligent on the water; in the case of (an accident) caused by (the will of) the gods, no fine can be (inflicted on them). 410. (The king) should order a Vaisya to trade, to lend money, to cultivate the land, or to tend cattle, and a Sidra to serve the twice-born castes. 411. (Some wealthy) Brahmava shall compassionately support both a Kshatriya and a Vaisya, if they are distressed for a livelihood, employing them on work (which is suitable for) their (castes). 412. But a Brahmaza who, because he is powerful, out of greed makes initiated (men of the) twice-born (castes) against their will do the work of slaves, shall be fined by the king six hundred (pavas). 407. Vi. V, 132. According to Medh., heterodox monks must pay, because the word Bréhmama (taken above with students) refers to all the persons mentioned. 408. ‘ Whatever,’ i. e. ‘merchandise’ (Medh., Nar.), or ‘luggage’ (Gov., Kull., Ragh.). 411. Le. he shall employ a poor Kshatriya as watchman, and a Vaisya as herdsman (Medh.). If he employs them in this way, he is not punishable (Gov., Kull.). yf 326 LAWS OF MANU. VITI, 413. 413. But a Sddra, whether bought or unbought, he may compel to do servile work; for he was created by the Self-existent (Svayambhd) to be the © slave of a Brahmama. 414. A Sddra, though emancipated by his master, is not released from servitude; since that is innate in him, who can set him free from it ? 415. There are slaves of seven kinds, (viz.) he who is made a captive under a standard, he who serves for his daily food, he who is born in the house, he who is bought and he who is given, he who is inherited from ancestors, and he who is enslaved by way of punishment.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
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