The Sānkhya Kārikā, with the Bhāshya of Gauḍapāda — trans. H. T. Colebrooke and H. H. Wilson (1837)

to the S. Bhdshya, also the office of the instruments of action; but the authors of the S. Tatwa Kawnudi and S. Chandrikd assign it to the three internal instruments, intellect, egotism, and mind, as being especially the supporters of vitality. ‘ Buddhi, ahankdra, and mind uphold, through their function being designated as the production of the vital airs, &c.* The elder commentator could not, of course, admit this doctrine; for we have seen (ver. 29) that, according to him, all the senses or instruments contribute to support the vital principle. All the Scholiasts agree in attributing ‘ manifestation, enlightening,’ prakdsana, to the intellectual organs. The objects to be effected by the instruments are tenfold, reducible to the same three classes: speech, manipulation, walking, excretion, and generation are to be compassed, to be effected, dhdryat, by the actual application of the several organs: sound, taste, touch, smell, form to be manifested, to be made sensible, prakdsya: and all of them, together with the vital airs, constituting in fact animal life, are to be dhéryya}, upheld or maintained.

XXXII. Internat instruments are three; external ten, to make known objects to those three. The external organs minister at time present; the internal do so at any time.

BHASHYA.

Internal instruments.—Intellect, egotism, and mind are three, from the difference between intellect and the others. External ten.—The five organs of perception and five of action are the ten external instruments, and they are to make known objects for the fruition of intellect, egotism,

"Seeger ge were maTETa: | '

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and mind. Time present: that is, the ear hears a present sound, not one that is past, nor one that is to come: the eye sees present form, not that which is past, nor that which is future: the skin touches present substance: the tongue tastes present flavour: the nose smells present odours, nor past nor future. It is the same with the organs of action: the voice articulates actual, not past nor future words: the hand takes hold of a present water-pot, not one that has been or is to be: the feet traverse a present, not a past nor a future walk: and the organs of excretion and generation perform present, not past nor future offices. External organs, therefore, minister at time present. The internal ones do so for any time.— Intellect, egotism, and mind regard objects of any period: thus intellect forms an idea, not only of a present water-jar, but of one that has been or will be made: so egotism exercises consciousness of an object past, present, or future: and mind considers the past and future, as well as the present. Internal instrument is, therefore, for all times,

It is next explained which of these instruments apprehends specific, and which unspecific objects.

COMMENT.

The difference between the functions of the external and internal organs, as concerns time, is here explained: the action of the former being confined to time present; that of the latter comprehending also the past and the future.

Internal instrument is so denominated from operating within the body *; the external from being applied to exterior objects, making them known to the internal organization. The term vishaya, ‘object.’ is also explained by bhogya, ‘that which is to be enjoyed ;' and rydpdra, ‘exercise ;’ and rishaydkhya, ‘that which declares or makes objects known.’ It is also defined as ‘that which occasions the exercise of the functions of the three internal instruments +.’ External sensation is

* wtparacgfaatent: BT | + faad srorcanenfit waafa |p. 113 necessarily confined to present objects, but mind, consciousness, and intellect apprehend from present objects those which have past, or are to come; as past rain from the swelling of a river; and future rain, in the absence of any other prognostic, from the destruction of the eggs of the ants*. This last phrase alludes probably to the well known destruction of various species of the ant tribe, which in the East takes place immediately before the setting in of the rainy season: they then take wing, and fly abroad in vast multitudes, of which few survive; according to the Hindustani proverb, AG 5, 53 oo Ky ge oF Syy> ‘When the ants are about to die, their wings come forth.” The expression “ ants’ eggs,” pipilikdida, is, however, rather questionable. It occurs in both copies of the S. Tatwa Kaumudi.

Gd

XXXIV.

Amonc these organs the five intellectual concern objects specific and unspecific. Speech concerns sound. The rest regard all five objects. ‘ BHASHYA.