Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason — trans. F. Max Müller

The deduction of the pure concepts of the understanding (and with them of all theoretical knowledge a priori) consists in representing them as principles of the possibility of experience, and in representing experience as the determination of phenomena in space and time, — and, lastly, in representing that determination as depending on the principle of the original synthetical unity of apperception, as the form of the understanding, applied to space and time, as the original forms of sensibility.^

1 Kant does not carry the division into paragraphs in his second edition further, because, as he says, he has to treat no more of elementary concepts, and prefers, in representing their employment, to adopt a continuous treatment, without paragraphs.

SUPPLEMENT XV

[See vol. ii. p. 143]

All conjunction {conjunction is either composition {composition or connection {nexus). The former is the synthesis of a manifold the parts of which do not belong to each other necessarily. The two triangles, for instance, into which a square is divided by a diagonal, do by themselves not necessarily belong to each other. Such is also the synthesis of the homogeneous, in everything that can be considered mathe7?iatically, and that synthesis can be divided again into aggregation, and coalition, the former referring to extensive, the latter to intensive qualities. The latter conjunction {nexus) is the synthesis of a manifold, in so far as its elements belong to each other necessarily. Thus the accident belonging to a substance, or the effect belonging to a cause, though heterogeneous, are yet represented as a priori connected, which connection, as it is not arbitrary, I call dynamical, because it concerns the connection of the existence of the manifold. This may again be divided into the physical connection of phenomena among each other, and their metaphysical connection in the faculty of cognition a priori. (This forms a note in the 2nd Edition.)

3D 769

SUPPLEMENT XVI a

[See vol. ii. p. 143]

In the 2nd Edition the title is

Axioms of Intuition

Their principle is : All intuitions are extensive quantities.

Proof

All phenomena contain, so far as their form is concerned, an intuition in space and time, which forms the a prioii foundation of all of them. They cannot, therefore, be apprehended, that is, received into empirical consciousness, except through the synthesis of the manifold, by which the representations of a definite space or time are produced, i.e. through the synthesis of the homogeneous, and the consciousness of the synthetical unity of that manifold (homogeneous). Now the consciousness of the manifold and homogeneous in intuition, so far as by it the representation of an object is first rendered possible, is the concept of quantity (quantum). Therefore even the perception of an object as a phenomenon is possible only through the same synthetical unity of the manifold of the given sensuous intuition, by which the unity of the composition of the manifold and homogeneous is conceived in the concept of a quantity ; that is, phenomena are always quantities, and extensive quantities ; because as intuitions in space and time, they must be represented through the same synthesis through which space and time in general are determined.

p. 770

SUPPLEMENT XVI b

[See vol. ii. p. 147]

II

Anticipations of Perception

Their principle is : In all phenomena the Real, which is the object of a sensation^ has intensive quantity, that is, a degree.

Proof