Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason — trans. F. Max Müller

Discovery and Explanation of the Dialectical Illusion in all Transcendental Proofs of the Existence of a Necessary Being ...... 495

Section 6. Of the Impossibility of the Physico-theological Proof 499

Section 7. Criticism of ail Theology based on Speculative Principles of Reason ..... 508

X Table of Contents

PAGE

(Book II. Chapter III. Section 7.)

Appendix to the Transcendental Dialectic. Of tlie

Regulative Use of the Ideas of Pure Reason . 516 Of the Ultimate Aim of the Natural Dialectic of

Human Reason 537

II. Method of Transcendentalism .... 565-686

Chapter I. The Discipline of Pure Reason . . . 569

Section i. The Discipline of Pure Reason in its Dogmatical Use ......... 572

Section 2. The Discipline of Pure Reason in its Polemical Use ......... 593

The Impossibility of a Sceptical Satisfaction of Pure

Reason in Conflict with itself ..... 608

Section 3. The Discipline of Pure Reason with Regard to Hypotheses . . . . . . . .617

Section 4. The Discipline of Pure Reason with Regard to its Proofs ........ 627

Chapter II. The Canon of Pure Reason . . .• . 638

Section i. Of the Ultimate Aim of the Pure Use of our Reason ........ 640

Section 2. Of the Ideal of the Summum Bonum as determining the Ultimate Aim of Pure Reason . 645

Section 3. Of Trowing, Knowing, and Believing . . 657

Chapter III. The Architectonic of Pure Reason « . 667

Chapter IV. The History of Pure Reason . . . 683

Supplements 687-808

TO HIS EXCELLENCY

THE ROYAL MINISTER OF STATE

BARON VON ZEDLITZ

DEDICATION

Sir,

To further, so far as in us lies, the growth of the sciences is to work in your Excellency's own interest, your own interest being intimately connected with them, not only through the exalted position of a patron of science, but through the far more intimate relation of a lover and enlightened judge. For that reason I* avail myself of the only means within my power of proving my gratitude for the gracious confidence with which your Excellency honours me, as if I too could help toward your noble work. »

[Whoever delights in a speculative life finds with moderate wishes the approval of an enlightened and kind judge a powerful incentive to studies the results of which are great, but remote, and therefore entirely ignored by vulgar eyes.]

To you, as such a judge, and to your kind attention I now submit this book, placing all other concerns of my literary future under your special protection, and remaining with profound respect ^

Your Excellency's

Most obedient Servant,

IMMANUEL KANT.

KONIGSBERG, March 29, 178 1.

1 The second paragraph is left out and the last sentence slightly altered in the Second Edition.

xiii

TABLE OF CONTENTS TO THE FIRST EDITION'

Introduction

(I)

I. ELEMENTS OF TRANSCENDENTALISM. PART I. Transcendental Esthetic . Section I. Of Space .... Section II. Of Time ....

17 (19) 20 (22)

27 (30)

PART 11. Transcendental Logic . . . .44 (50)

Division I. Transcendental Analytic in two books, with their chapters and sections . . . -56 (64)

Division II. Transcendental Dialectic in two books, with their chapters and sections .... 254 (293)

II. METHOD OF TRANSCENDENTALISM.

Chapter I. The Discipline of Pure Reason . . 607 (708)

Chapter II. The Canon of Pure Reason . . 682 (795)

Chapter III. The Architectonic of Pure Reason . 714 (832)

Chapter IV. The History of Pure Reason . .731 (852)

1 Instead of this simple Table of Contents, later editions have a much fuller one (Supplement III), which, as Rosenkranz observes, obscures rather than illustrates the articulation of the book.

XV

p. 1

Our reason (Vernunft) has this peculiar fate that, with reference to one class of its kno\vledge, it is always troubled with questions which cannot be ignored, because they spring from the very.^.atnre -of reason, and which cannot be answered, because _they transcend the powers of human reason.

Nor is human reason to be blamed for this. It begins with principles which, in the course of experience, jt/;??/j'^ follow^-^nd which are sufficiently confirmed by experience. With these again, according to the necessities of its nature, it rises higher and higher to more remote conditions. But when it perceives that in this way its work remains for ever incomplete, because the questions never cease, it finds itself constrained to takerefuge_iii--ftf4nciples which exceed..£y_erv possible experimental application, and nevertheless seem so. unobj^ectionable that even jardinary common sense agrees with them. Thus, however, reason becomes involved in darkness--ajid-. -Contradictions, from which, no doubt, it may conclude that errors must be lurking somewhere, but without being able to discover them, because the^^pxinciples which it fgllaws transcend all the limits of experience" and therefore withdraw them1 This preface is left out in later editions, and replaced by a new preface; see Supplement II (Vol. I, p. 364).

xvii xviii Preface selves from all experimental tests. It is the battle-field of these endless controversies which is cdi^^^di'Metaphysic.