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Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
117. In the middle localities the cold of winter azd heat of summer both come on vehemently. 18. Again, the year dependent on the revolving moon is not equal to the computed year on this account, for the moon ® returns one time in twentynine, azd one time in thirty days, and there are four 1 Ka2o has ‘ winter’ by mistake. 2 K2o has‘ six,’ and M6 ‘ five,’ instead of ‘ seven.’ ® This is a fairly accurate account of the effect of the monsoons over the greater part of India, as understood by a foreigner unacquainted with the different state of matters in a large portion of the Madras provinces. “ M6 has khfr4s4n instead of 4rayisn, ‘ preparation,’ which alters the sense into ‘ that is, KhQr4s4n, of which the winter is always cold.’ 6 The MSS. have the Huzvaris term for ‘month,’ which is sometimes used, by mistake, for ‘moon.’ It is doubtful which word the author intended to use here, but it is usual to count the days of a lunar month from the first actual appearance of the new moon, which usually occurs a full day after the change of the moon. CHAPTER XXV, 15-22. 97 hours (zam4n) more than such a one of its years'; as it says, that every one deceives where they speak about the moon (or month), except when they say that it comes twice in sixty days. 19. Whoever keeps the year by the revolution of the moon mingles summer with winter ad winter with summer ?. 20. This, too, z¢ says, that the auspicious month Fravarain, the month Ardavahist, azd the month Horvadad? are spring; the month Tir, the month Amerédad, and the month Shatvaird are summer; the month Mitré, the month Av4n, and the month Ataré are autumn; the month Din, the month Vohiman, avd the month Spendarmad are winter ‘. 21. And the sun comes from the sign (khfrdak) of Aries, into which it proceeded in the beginning, back to that same place in three hundred and sixtyfive days and six short times (hours), which are one year. 22. As every three months it (the sun) advances through three constellations, more or less, the moon comes, in a hundred and eighty days, back to the place out of which it travelled in the beginning °, * Meaning, probably, that the lunar year is four hours more than twelve months of 29 and 30 days each, alternately. It should be 8 hours, 48 minutes, and 37 seconds. The sentence seems defective, but it is evident from § 21 that zam4n means ‘hour.’ * That is, the lunar year being eleven days shorter than the solar one, its months are constantly retrograding through the seasons. ® Generally written Avardéd in Pazand, and Khurdad in Persian. * The names of the months are selected from the names of the days of the month (see Chap. XXVII, 24), but are arranged in a totally different order. * Probably meaning, that the new moon next the autumnal (s] H 98 - BUNDAHIS. CuHaPTER XXVI.
2* The names of the months are selected from the names of the days of the month (see Chap. XXVII, 24), but are arranged in a totally different order. * Probably meaning, that the new moon next the autumnal (s] H 98 - BUNDAHIS. CuHaPTER XXVI. 1. A HAsar! on the ground is a Parasang of one thousand steps of the two feet. 2. A Parasang? is a measure as much as a far-seeing man may look out, see a beast of burden, and make known that z¢ is black or white. 3. And the measure of a man is eight medium spans °. equinox is to be looked for in the same quarter as the new moon nearest the vernal equinox, the moon’s declination being nearly the same in both cases. 1 Av. hathra of Vend. II, 65, VIII, 280, 287, 291, Tistar Yt. 23, 29. The statements regarding the length of a Hasar are rather perplexing, for we are told that it ‘is like a Parasang’ (Chap. XLV, 4), that ‘the length of a Hasar is one-fourth of a Parasang’ (Chap. XVI, 7), and that ‘a medium Hasar on the ground, which they also call a Parasang, is a thousand steps of the two feet when walking with propriety’ (Farhang-i Oim-khadfk, ed. Hosh. p. 42). To reconcile these statements we must conclude that the H4sar is like a Parasang merely in the sense of being a long measure of distance, that it is really the mille passus or mile of the Romans, and that it is a quarter of the actual Parasang. At the same time, as it was usual to call a Hasar by the name of a Parasang, we are often left in doubt whether a mile or a league is meant, when a Hisar or Parasang is mentioned. The Farhang-i Oim-khadik (p. 41) also mentions other measures of distance, such as the takar (Av. takara) of two HAsars, the asvast (or aéast) of four Hasars, the dashmést (Av. dakhshmaiti) of eight Hasars, and the yégést (Av. yigaiasti or yugaiasti) of sixteen Hasars. 3 A Parasang is usually from 34 to 4 English miles, but perhaps a HAsar is meant here. * Reading vitast-i miyAfnak instead of vitast dam4nak. The Farhang-i Oim-khadQk (p. 41) mentions three kinds of spans, the Av. vitasti (Vend. VIII, 243, 245, XVII, 13) of twelve fingerbreadths (angst), or about 9 inches, which is a full span between the thumb and little finger (the one mentioned in the text); the Av. disti (Vend. XVII, 13) of ten finger-breadths, or about 7} inches, which is a span between the thumb and middle finger ; and the CHAPTER XXVI, I-—XXVII, 2. 99 CuarpTteR X XVII, 1. On the nature of plants it says in revelation, that, before the coming of the destroyer, vegetation had no thorn and bark about it; and, afterwards, when the destroyer came, it became coated with bark amd thorny’, for antagonism mingled with every single thing; owing to that cause vegetation is also much mixed with poison, like Bis the height of hemp (kand)?, that is poisonous, for men when they eat z¢ die.
32. In like manner even as the animals, with grain of fifty and five species azd twelve species of medicinal plants, have arisen from the primeval ox, ten thousand‘ species among the species of principal Av. uzasti (Pahl. 141l4-ast) of eight finger-breadths, or about 6 inches, which is a span between the thumb and fore-finger. Other measures mentioned by the same authority are the pat (Av. padha, Vend. IX, 15, 20, 29), ‘foot,’ of fourteen finger-breadths, or about to} inches; the g4m (Av. gAya, Vend. III, 57, &c.), ‘ step,’ which ‘in the Vendidad is three pai,’ or about 2 feet 74 inches, ‘and in other places is said fo de two frarast’ (Av. frarathni in Vend. VIL, 76, 79,87); so the frarast, which is probably the distance from the neck to the extended elbow, is half a g4m, or from 15 to 16 inches. Two other measures are mentioned in Vend. VII, 79, 87, 90, IX, 8, the Av. frabazu, ‘ fore-arm or cubit’ from elbow to finger-ends, which is about 18 inches (or it may be a half fathom) ; and Av. vibazu, which is probably the ‘fathom,’ or extent of the two arms out-stretched, from 54 to 6 feet. 1 M6 has ‘ poisonous,’ but is evidently copied from an original almost illegible in some places. ® Perhaps ‘hemp the height of Bis’ would better express the Pahlavi words, but Bis (Napellus Moysis) is often mentioned as a poisonous plant. The phrase may also be translated ‘ like Bis and tall hemp.’ ® See Chap. XIV, 1. * M6 has ‘a thousand,’ but marks an omission. See Chap. IX, 4. H 2 100 BUNDAHIS. plants, azd a hundred thousand species among ordinary plants have grown from all these seeds of the tree opposed to harm}, the many-seeded, whzch has grown in the wide-formed ocean. 3. When the seeds of all these plants, with those from the primeval ox, have arisen upon it, every year the bird? strips that tree azd mingles all the seeds in the water; Tistar seizes ‘hem with the rain-water and rains them on to all regions. 4. Near to that tree the white Hém, the healing and undefiled, has grown at the source of the water of Arédvivsir $; every one who eats z¢ becomes immortal, and they call it the Gékard‘ tree, as it is said that Hém is expelling death ®; also in the renovation of the untverse they prepare its immortality therefrom*; and it is the chief of plants’. 5. These are as many genera of plants as exist: trees and shrubs, fruit-évees, corn, flowers, aromatic herbs, salads, spices, grass, wild plants, medicinal 1 See Chaps. IX, 5, XVII, 9, XXIX, 5.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
117. In the middle localities the cold of winter azd heat of summer both come on vehemently. 18. Again, the year dependent on the revolving moon is not equal to the computed year on this account, for the moon ® returns one time in twentynine, azd one time in thirty days, and there are four 1 Ka2o has ‘ winter’ by mistake. 2 K2o has‘ six,’ and M6 ‘ five,’ instead of ‘ seven.’ ® This is a fairly accurate account of the effect of the monsoons over the greater part of India, as understood by a foreigner unacquainted with the different state of matters in a large portion of the Madras provinces. “ M6 has khfr4s4n instead of 4rayisn, ‘ preparation,’ which alters the sense into ‘ that is, KhQr4s4n, of which the winter is always cold.’ 6 The MSS. have the Huzvaris term for ‘month,’ which is sometimes used, by mistake, for ‘moon.’ It is doubtful which word the author intended to use here, but it is usual to count the days of a lunar month from the first actual appearance of the new moon, which usually occurs a full day after the change of the moon. CHAPTER XXV, 15-22. 97 hours (zam4n) more than such a one of its years'; as it says, that every one deceives where they speak about the moon (or month), except when they say that it comes twice in sixty days. 19. Whoever keeps the year by the revolution of the moon mingles summer with winter ad winter with summer ?. 20. This, too, z¢ says, that the auspicious month Fravarain, the month Ardavahist, azd the month Horvadad? are spring; the month Tir, the month Amerédad, and the month Shatvaird are summer; the month Mitré, the month Av4n, and the month Ataré are autumn; the month Din, the month Vohiman, avd the month Spendarmad are winter ‘. 21. And the sun comes from the sign (khfrdak) of Aries, into which it proceeded in the beginning, back to that same place in three hundred and sixtyfive days and six short times (hours), which are one year. 22. As every three months it (the sun) advances through three constellations, more or less, the moon comes, in a hundred and eighty days, back to the place out of which it travelled in the beginning °, * Meaning, probably, that the lunar year is four hours more than twelve months of 29 and 30 days each, alternately. It should be 8 hours, 48 minutes, and 37 seconds. The sentence seems defective, but it is evident from § 21 that zam4n means ‘hour.’ * That is, the lunar year being eleven days shorter than the solar one, its months are constantly retrograding through the seasons. ® Generally written Avardéd in Pazand, and Khurdad in Persian. * The names of the months are selected from the names of the days of the month (see Chap. XXVII, 24), but are arranged in a totally different order. * Probably meaning, that the new moon next the autumnal (s] H 98 - BUNDAHIS. CuHaPTER XXVI.
2* The names of the months are selected from the names of the days of the month (see Chap. XXVII, 24), but are arranged in a totally different order. * Probably meaning, that the new moon next the autumnal (s] H 98 - BUNDAHIS. CuHaPTER XXVI. 1. A HAsar! on the ground is a Parasang of one thousand steps of the two feet. 2. A Parasang? is a measure as much as a far-seeing man may look out, see a beast of burden, and make known that z¢ is black or white. 3. And the measure of a man is eight medium spans °. equinox is to be looked for in the same quarter as the new moon nearest the vernal equinox, the moon’s declination being nearly the same in both cases. 1 Av. hathra of Vend. II, 65, VIII, 280, 287, 291, Tistar Yt. 23, 29. The statements regarding the length of a Hasar are rather perplexing, for we are told that it ‘is like a Parasang’ (Chap. XLV, 4), that ‘the length of a Hasar is one-fourth of a Parasang’ (Chap. XVI, 7), and that ‘a medium Hasar on the ground, which they also call a Parasang, is a thousand steps of the two feet when walking with propriety’ (Farhang-i Oim-khadfk, ed. Hosh. p. 42). To reconcile these statements we must conclude that the H4sar is like a Parasang merely in the sense of being a long measure of distance, that it is really the mille passus or mile of the Romans, and that it is a quarter of the actual Parasang. At the same time, as it was usual to call a Hasar by the name of a Parasang, we are often left in doubt whether a mile or a league is meant, when a Hisar or Parasang is mentioned. The Farhang-i Oim-khadik (p. 41) also mentions other measures of distance, such as the takar (Av. takara) of two HAsars, the asvast (or aéast) of four Hasars, the dashmést (Av. dakhshmaiti) of eight Hasars, and the yégést (Av. yigaiasti or yugaiasti) of sixteen Hasars. 3 A Parasang is usually from 34 to 4 English miles, but perhaps a HAsar is meant here. * Reading vitast-i miyAfnak instead of vitast dam4nak. The Farhang-i Oim-khadQk (p. 41) mentions three kinds of spans, the Av. vitasti (Vend. VIII, 243, 245, XVII, 13) of twelve fingerbreadths (angst), or about 9 inches, which is a full span between the thumb and little finger (the one mentioned in the text); the Av. disti (Vend. XVII, 13) of ten finger-breadths, or about 7} inches, which is a span between the thumb and middle finger ; and the CHAPTER XXVI, I-—XXVII, 2. 99 CuarpTteR X XVII, 1. On the nature of plants it says in revelation, that, before the coming of the destroyer, vegetation had no thorn and bark about it; and, afterwards, when the destroyer came, it became coated with bark amd thorny’, for antagonism mingled with every single thing; owing to that cause vegetation is also much mixed with poison, like Bis the height of hemp (kand)?, that is poisonous, for men when they eat z¢ die.
32. In like manner even as the animals, with grain of fifty and five species azd twelve species of medicinal plants, have arisen from the primeval ox, ten thousand‘ species among the species of principal Av. uzasti (Pahl. 141l4-ast) of eight finger-breadths, or about 6 inches, which is a span between the thumb and fore-finger. Other measures mentioned by the same authority are the pat (Av. padha, Vend. IX, 15, 20, 29), ‘foot,’ of fourteen finger-breadths, or about to} inches; the g4m (Av. gAya, Vend. III, 57, &c.), ‘ step,’ which ‘in the Vendidad is three pai,’ or about 2 feet 74 inches, ‘and in other places is said fo de two frarast’ (Av. frarathni in Vend. VIL, 76, 79,87); so the frarast, which is probably the distance from the neck to the extended elbow, is half a g4m, or from 15 to 16 inches. Two other measures are mentioned in Vend. VII, 79, 87, 90, IX, 8, the Av. frabazu, ‘ fore-arm or cubit’ from elbow to finger-ends, which is about 18 inches (or it may be a half fathom) ; and Av. vibazu, which is probably the ‘fathom,’ or extent of the two arms out-stretched, from 54 to 6 feet. 1 M6 has ‘ poisonous,’ but is evidently copied from an original almost illegible in some places. ® Perhaps ‘hemp the height of Bis’ would better express the Pahlavi words, but Bis (Napellus Moysis) is often mentioned as a poisonous plant. The phrase may also be translated ‘ like Bis and tall hemp.’ ® See Chap. XIV, 1. * M6 has ‘a thousand,’ but marks an omission. See Chap. IX, 4. H 2 100 BUNDAHIS. plants, azd a hundred thousand species among ordinary plants have grown from all these seeds of the tree opposed to harm}, the many-seeded, whzch has grown in the wide-formed ocean. 3. When the seeds of all these plants, with those from the primeval ox, have arisen upon it, every year the bird? strips that tree azd mingles all the seeds in the water; Tistar seizes ‘hem with the rain-water and rains them on to all regions. 4. Near to that tree the white Hém, the healing and undefiled, has grown at the source of the water of Arédvivsir $; every one who eats z¢ becomes immortal, and they call it the Gékard‘ tree, as it is said that Hém is expelling death ®; also in the renovation of the untverse they prepare its immortality therefrom*; and it is the chief of plants’. 5. These are as many genera of plants as exist: trees and shrubs, fruit-évees, corn, flowers, aromatic herbs, salads, spices, grass, wild plants, medicinal 1 See Chaps. IX, 5, XVII, 9, XXIX, 5.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
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