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Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1eeaungh (Yas. XXVIII, 11). In the MSS. the word is marked as if it were pronounced gfind, which means ‘a testicle.’ 1 The hump is probably supposed to be over the shoulders, as in the Indian ox, and not like that of the camel. * Near Hamadan, rising 11,000 feet above the sea, or 6000 above Hamadan. It may be one of the Av. Aurvanté of Zamy4d Yt. 3. The Pazand MSS. read Hunavand. ® Literally, ‘ the small of the foot,’ khirdak-i ragelman. “ Or, ‘a thousand cavities (srfibd, Pers. surub, ‘cavern’) have grown in it.’ 5 Reading ziy4k; compare Pers. ziyidan, ‘to suit, befit.’ CHAPTER XIX, 2-13. 69. 8. When that ass shall hold z¢és neck in the ocean zts ears will terrify (asahméa), and all the water of the wide-formed ocean will shake with agitation, and the side of Ganavad' will tremble (shivanéd). g. When it utters a cry all female water-creatures, of the creatures of Afharmazd, will become pregnant; and all pregnant noxious water-creatures, when they hear that cry, will cast ¢hey young. 10. When it stales in the ocean all the sea-water will become purified, which is in the seven regions of the earth—z¢ zs even on that account when all asses which come into water stale in the water—as it says thus: ‘If, O three-legged ass! you were not created for the water, all the water in the sea would have perished from the contamination which the poison of the evil spirit has brought into its water, through the death of the creatures of Afharmazd.’ 11. Tistar seizes the water? more completely from the ocean with the assistance of the three-legged ass. 12. Of ambergris also (ambar-i£) z¢ is declared, that it is the dung of the three-legged ass; for if it has much spirit food, then also the moisture of the liquid nourishment goes through the veins pertaining to the body into the urine, axd the dung is cast away. 13. Of the ox Hadhayés’, which they call Sarsaok‘, it says, that in the original creation men passed from region to region upon zt, and in the 2 A mountain (see Chap. XII, 29, 34). 2 See Chap. VII, 11. 5 Written Haday4vs in the MSS. in Chap. XXX, 25, and Hadhay&s in the D4&distén-i Dinik, Part II, reply 89; it is a Pazand reading in all three places. * See Chaps. XV, 27, XVII, 4. 70 ‘ BUNDAHIS. renovation of the universe they prepare Hash (the beverage producing immortality) from it. 14. It is said, that life is in the hand of that foremost man, at the end of 4zs years', who has constructed the most defences around this earth, until the renovation of the universe is requisite.
2renovation of the universe they prepare Hash (the beverage producing immortality) from it. 14. It is said, that life is in the hand of that foremost man, at the end of 4zs years', who has constructed the most defences around this earth, until the renovation of the universe is requisite. 15. Regarding the bird A4amrés? it says, that z¢ zs on the summit of Mount Albarz; and every three years many come from the non-Iranian districts for booty (gird) §, by going to bring damage (ziy4n) on the Iranian districts, and to effect the devastation of the world; then the angel Barg*, Aaveng come up from the low country of Lake Arag®, arouses that very bird K4mrés, and it flies upon the loftiest of all the lofty mountains, azd picks up all those non- Iranian districts as a bird does corn. 16. Regarding Karsipt® they say, that it knew how to speak words, and brought the religion to the enclosure which Yim made, and circulated 2¢ ; there they utter the Avesta in the language of birds. 1 Transcribing the Paz. svadyi into Pahlavi we have snatth, ‘term of years.’ The whole sentence is very obscure. * Written Xamrés in Chap. XXIV, 29. It is the Av. Kamraos (gen. of Kamru) of Fravardin Yt. rog. See also Chap. XXVII, 3. 5 Or, ‘to an assembly.’ ‘ The Av. Beregya of Yas. I, 21, II, 27, III, 35, ‘a spirit cooperating with the Ushahina Gah, who causes the increase of herds and corn.’ ® Or, ‘of the district of Arag’ (see the note on Chap. XII, 23). Although no Lake Arag is described in Chap. XXII, some of the epithets referring to its Avesta equivalent Rangha are more applicable to a lake than to a river, as in Bahram Yt. 29. Possibly the low lands between the Caspian and Aral, or on the shores of the Caspian, are meant. * The Av. vis karsipta of Vend. II, 139, where, however, vis CHAPTER XIX, 14-23. 71 17. Regarding the ox-fish they say, that it exists in all seas; when it utters a cry all fish become pregnant, and all noxious water-creatures cast their young. 18. The griffon bird', which is a bat, is noticed (kard) twice in another chapter (bab4). 19. Regarding the bird Ashézust ?, which is the bird Zobara-vahman azd also the bird Sdk 4, they say that it has given an Avesta with z¢s tongue; when it speaks the demons tremble at it avd take nothing away there; a nail-savzng, when it is not prayed over (afsid), the demons amd wizards seize, and like an arrow it shoots at and kills that bird. 20. On this account the bird seizes avd devours a nail-pavimg when it is prayed over, so that the demons may not control z¢s use; when it is not prayed over it does not devour z¢, and the demons are able to commit an offence with it. 21. Also other beasts and birds are created all in opposition to noxious creatures, as it says, that when the birds and beasts are all in opposition to noxious creatures and wizards, Gc. 22. This, too, it says, that of all precious® birds the crow (valagh) is the most precious. 23. Regarding the white falcon it
322. This, too, it says, that of all precious® birds the crow (valagh) is the most precious. 23. Regarding the white falcon it does not mean ‘bird,’ and the Pahlavi translator calls it ‘a quadruped.’ In the Pahl. Visp. I, 1, ‘the Karsipt is the chief of flying creatures,’ and the Bundahis also takes it as a bird (see Chaps. XIV, 23, XXIV, 11). 1 See Chaps. XIV, 11, 23, 24, XXIV, rr, 29. 2 The Av. Ash6-zusta of Vend. XVII, 26, 28. * Compare Pers. z(lah, ‘a sparrow or lark.’ * Compare Pers. sak, ‘a magpie.’ 5 This quotation is evidently left incomplete. ¢ The Pahlavi word is ambiguous; it may be read zil, ‘cheap, common,’ or it may be zagar = yakar, ‘dear, precious,’ but the 72 BUNDAHIS. says, that it kills the serpent with wings. 24. The magpie (k4skinak) bird kills the locust, and is created in opposition to it. 25. The Kahrkds’, dwelling in decay, which is the vulture, is created for devouring dead matter (nasA!); so also are the crow (valak)? and the mountain kite. 26. The mountain ox, the mountain goat, the deer, the wild ass, and other beasts devour all snakes. 27. So also, of other axzmals, dogs are created in opposition to the wolf species, azd for securing the protection of sheep; the fox is created in opposition to the demon Khava ; the ichneumon is created in opposition to the venomous snake (garzak) and other noxious creatures in burrows; so also the great musk-anzmal is created in opposition® to ravenous intestinal worms (kadik-danak garzak). 28. The hedgehog is created in opposition to the ant which carries off grain‘, as it says, that the hedgehog, every time that it voids urine into an ant’s nest, will destroy a thousand ants; when the grain-carrier travels over the earth it pro- latter seems most probable, although the crow is perhaps as ‘common’ as it is ‘ precious,’ as a scavenger in the East. Singularly enough Pers. arz4n is a synonym to both words, as it means both ‘cheap’ and ‘ worthy.’ 1 The Av. kahrk4sa of Vend. III, 66, IX, 181, Aban Yt. 61, Mihir Yt. 129; its epithet zarm4n-m4nisn, ‘ dwelling in decay,’ is evidently intended as a translation of the Av. zarenumainis, applied to it in Bahram Yt. 33, Din Yt. 13. : 2 The text should probably be val4k-i sty&k va sar-i gar, ‘the black crow and the mountain kite,’ which are given as different birds in Shayast-l4-sh4yast, II, 5. 8 K2o0 omits the words from this ‘ opposition’ to the next one. ‘ The mér-i d4nak-kash is the Av. maoiris dané-karshé of Vend. XIV, 14, XVI, 28, XVIII, 146. CHAPTER XIX, 24-34. 73 duces a hollow track!; when the hedgehog travels over it the track goes away from it, and it becomes level. 29. The water-beaver is created in opposition to the demon which is in the water. 30. The conclusion is this, that, of all beasts‘and birds and fishes, every one is created in opposition to some noxious creature.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1eeaungh (Yas. XXVIII, 11). In the MSS. the word is marked as if it were pronounced gfind, which means ‘a testicle.’ 1 The hump is probably supposed to be over the shoulders, as in the Indian ox, and not like that of the camel. * Near Hamadan, rising 11,000 feet above the sea, or 6000 above Hamadan. It may be one of the Av. Aurvanté of Zamy4d Yt. 3. The Pazand MSS. read Hunavand. ® Literally, ‘ the small of the foot,’ khirdak-i ragelman. “ Or, ‘a thousand cavities (srfibd, Pers. surub, ‘cavern’) have grown in it.’ 5 Reading ziy4k; compare Pers. ziyidan, ‘to suit, befit.’ CHAPTER XIX, 2-13. 69. 8. When that ass shall hold z¢és neck in the ocean zts ears will terrify (asahméa), and all the water of the wide-formed ocean will shake with agitation, and the side of Ganavad' will tremble (shivanéd). g. When it utters a cry all female water-creatures, of the creatures of Afharmazd, will become pregnant; and all pregnant noxious water-creatures, when they hear that cry, will cast ¢hey young. 10. When it stales in the ocean all the sea-water will become purified, which is in the seven regions of the earth—z¢ zs even on that account when all asses which come into water stale in the water—as it says thus: ‘If, O three-legged ass! you were not created for the water, all the water in the sea would have perished from the contamination which the poison of the evil spirit has brought into its water, through the death of the creatures of Afharmazd.’ 11. Tistar seizes the water? more completely from the ocean with the assistance of the three-legged ass. 12. Of ambergris also (ambar-i£) z¢ is declared, that it is the dung of the three-legged ass; for if it has much spirit food, then also the moisture of the liquid nourishment goes through the veins pertaining to the body into the urine, axd the dung is cast away. 13. Of the ox Hadhayés’, which they call Sarsaok‘, it says, that in the original creation men passed from region to region upon zt, and in the 2 A mountain (see Chap. XII, 29, 34). 2 See Chap. VII, 11. 5 Written Haday4vs in the MSS. in Chap. XXX, 25, and Hadhay&s in the D4&distén-i Dinik, Part II, reply 89; it is a Pazand reading in all three places. * See Chaps. XV, 27, XVII, 4. 70 ‘ BUNDAHIS. renovation of the universe they prepare Hash (the beverage producing immortality) from it. 14. It is said, that life is in the hand of that foremost man, at the end of 4zs years', who has constructed the most defences around this earth, until the renovation of the universe is requisite.
2renovation of the universe they prepare Hash (the beverage producing immortality) from it. 14. It is said, that life is in the hand of that foremost man, at the end of 4zs years', who has constructed the most defences around this earth, until the renovation of the universe is requisite. 15. Regarding the bird A4amrés? it says, that z¢ zs on the summit of Mount Albarz; and every three years many come from the non-Iranian districts for booty (gird) §, by going to bring damage (ziy4n) on the Iranian districts, and to effect the devastation of the world; then the angel Barg*, Aaveng come up from the low country of Lake Arag®, arouses that very bird K4mrés, and it flies upon the loftiest of all the lofty mountains, azd picks up all those non- Iranian districts as a bird does corn. 16. Regarding Karsipt® they say, that it knew how to speak words, and brought the religion to the enclosure which Yim made, and circulated 2¢ ; there they utter the Avesta in the language of birds. 1 Transcribing the Paz. svadyi into Pahlavi we have snatth, ‘term of years.’ The whole sentence is very obscure. * Written Xamrés in Chap. XXIV, 29. It is the Av. Kamraos (gen. of Kamru) of Fravardin Yt. rog. See also Chap. XXVII, 3. 5 Or, ‘to an assembly.’ ‘ The Av. Beregya of Yas. I, 21, II, 27, III, 35, ‘a spirit cooperating with the Ushahina Gah, who causes the increase of herds and corn.’ ® Or, ‘of the district of Arag’ (see the note on Chap. XII, 23). Although no Lake Arag is described in Chap. XXII, some of the epithets referring to its Avesta equivalent Rangha are more applicable to a lake than to a river, as in Bahram Yt. 29. Possibly the low lands between the Caspian and Aral, or on the shores of the Caspian, are meant. * The Av. vis karsipta of Vend. II, 139, where, however, vis CHAPTER XIX, 14-23. 71 17. Regarding the ox-fish they say, that it exists in all seas; when it utters a cry all fish become pregnant, and all noxious water-creatures cast their young. 18. The griffon bird', which is a bat, is noticed (kard) twice in another chapter (bab4). 19. Regarding the bird Ashézust ?, which is the bird Zobara-vahman azd also the bird Sdk 4, they say that it has given an Avesta with z¢s tongue; when it speaks the demons tremble at it avd take nothing away there; a nail-savzng, when it is not prayed over (afsid), the demons amd wizards seize, and like an arrow it shoots at and kills that bird. 20. On this account the bird seizes avd devours a nail-pavimg when it is prayed over, so that the demons may not control z¢s use; when it is not prayed over it does not devour z¢, and the demons are able to commit an offence with it. 21. Also other beasts and birds are created all in opposition to noxious creatures, as it says, that when the birds and beasts are all in opposition to noxious creatures and wizards, Gc. 22. This, too, it says, that of all precious® birds the crow (valagh) is the most precious. 23. Regarding the white falcon it
322. This, too, it says, that of all precious® birds the crow (valagh) is the most precious. 23. Regarding the white falcon it does not mean ‘bird,’ and the Pahlavi translator calls it ‘a quadruped.’ In the Pahl. Visp. I, 1, ‘the Karsipt is the chief of flying creatures,’ and the Bundahis also takes it as a bird (see Chaps. XIV, 23, XXIV, 11). 1 See Chaps. XIV, 11, 23, 24, XXIV, rr, 29. 2 The Av. Ash6-zusta of Vend. XVII, 26, 28. * Compare Pers. z(lah, ‘a sparrow or lark.’ * Compare Pers. sak, ‘a magpie.’ 5 This quotation is evidently left incomplete. ¢ The Pahlavi word is ambiguous; it may be read zil, ‘cheap, common,’ or it may be zagar = yakar, ‘dear, precious,’ but the 72 BUNDAHIS. says, that it kills the serpent with wings. 24. The magpie (k4skinak) bird kills the locust, and is created in opposition to it. 25. The Kahrkds’, dwelling in decay, which is the vulture, is created for devouring dead matter (nasA!); so also are the crow (valak)? and the mountain kite. 26. The mountain ox, the mountain goat, the deer, the wild ass, and other beasts devour all snakes. 27. So also, of other axzmals, dogs are created in opposition to the wolf species, azd for securing the protection of sheep; the fox is created in opposition to the demon Khava ; the ichneumon is created in opposition to the venomous snake (garzak) and other noxious creatures in burrows; so also the great musk-anzmal is created in opposition® to ravenous intestinal worms (kadik-danak garzak). 28. The hedgehog is created in opposition to the ant which carries off grain‘, as it says, that the hedgehog, every time that it voids urine into an ant’s nest, will destroy a thousand ants; when the grain-carrier travels over the earth it pro- latter seems most probable, although the crow is perhaps as ‘common’ as it is ‘ precious,’ as a scavenger in the East. Singularly enough Pers. arz4n is a synonym to both words, as it means both ‘cheap’ and ‘ worthy.’ 1 The Av. kahrk4sa of Vend. III, 66, IX, 181, Aban Yt. 61, Mihir Yt. 129; its epithet zarm4n-m4nisn, ‘ dwelling in decay,’ is evidently intended as a translation of the Av. zarenumainis, applied to it in Bahram Yt. 33, Din Yt. 13. : 2 The text should probably be val4k-i sty&k va sar-i gar, ‘the black crow and the mountain kite,’ which are given as different birds in Shayast-l4-sh4yast, II, 5. 8 K2o0 omits the words from this ‘ opposition’ to the next one. ‘ The mér-i d4nak-kash is the Av. maoiris dané-karshé of Vend. XIV, 14, XVI, 28, XVIII, 146. CHAPTER XIX, 24-34. 73 duces a hollow track!; when the hedgehog travels over it the track goes away from it, and it becomes level. 29. The water-beaver is created in opposition to the demon which is in the water. 30. The conclusion is this, that, of all beasts‘and birds and fishes, every one is created in opposition to some noxious creature.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
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