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Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1* M6 has Khvanainidis, but in K2o it is doubtful whether the extra syllable (which is interlined) is intended to be inserted or substituted; the shorter form is, however, more reconcilable with the Pahlavi form of Vendeses in § 29. * As there is no description of any Séd river it is probably only an epithet of the Péda-meyan or Katru-meyan (pédak being the usual Pahlavi equivalent of Av. &ithr6). Justi suggests that Mokarstén (Mokarsta rfid in M6) stands for Pers. Moghulst4n, ‘ the country of the Moghuls,’ but this is doubtful. * Sometimes written Arang or Aréng, but the nasal is usually omitted; it is the Av. Rangha of Aban Yt. 63, Rashnu Yt. 18, R4m Yt. 27, which is described more like a lake or sea in Vend. I, 77, Bahram Yt. 29. This semi-mythical river is supposed to encompass a great part of the known world (see Chap. VII, 16), and the Bundahis probably means to trace its course down the Am (Oxus) from Sogdiana, across the Caspian, up the Aras (Araxes) or the Kur (Cyrus), through the Euxine and Mediterranean, and up the Nile to the Indian Ocean. The Amf (Oxus) is also sometimes considered a part of the Véh river or Indus (see §§ 22, 28). ® Sogdiana (see Chap. XV, 29), the country of the Amd river. * The combination of the three names in this clause, as Justi observes, renders it probable that we should read, ‘the land of Egypt, which is called Misr, and where the river is the Nile. The letter S in Péz. Spétos is very like an obsolete form of Av. g, or it may be read as Pahl. fk or fg, so the name may originally have been Gpétos or Ikpétos ; and the Paz. Niv, if transcribed into Pahlavi, can also be read Nil. * The ‘good’ river, which, with the Arag and the ocean, completes wn 78 BUNDAHIS, passes on in the east, goes through the land of Sind’, and flows to the sea in Hinddstan, and they call it there the Mehr&? river. 10. The sources of the Frat river are from the frontier of Aram, they feed upon zt in Sdristan, and it flows to the Diglat river; and of this Frat 7¢ zs* that they produce irrigation over the land. 11. It is declared that Mandséthar excavated the sources, and cast back the water all to one place, as it says thus: ‘1 reverence the Frat, full of fish, which MAndséihar excavated for ¢he benefit of his own soul, anzd. he seized the water and gave to drink®.’ 12. The Diglat® river comes out from Salm4n’, and flows to the sea in Khigistan. 13. The Déittk® river is the river the circuit of the known world, and is evidently identified with the Indus ; sometimes it seems also to include the Ama (Oxus), as Bactria was considered a part of India ; thus we find the Balkh and Teremet rivers flowing into the Véh (see §§ 22, 28). 1 See § 30.
2The Déittk® river is the river the circuit of the known world, and is evidently identified with the Indus ; sometimes it seems also to include the Ama (Oxus), as Bactria was considered a part of India ; thus we find the Balkh and Teremet rivers flowing into the Véh (see §§ 22, 28). 1 See § 30. 2 No doubt the Mehrva or Hendvé river of § 7, and the Mihran of Ouseley’s Oriental Geography of the pseudo Ibn ‘Hafdal, pp- 148-155, which appears to combine the Satlig and lower Indus. The final n is usually omitted by the Bundahis after 4 in Pazand words. This river is also called Kasak (see § 30). § The Euphrates, which rises in Armenia (part of the eastern empire of the Romans), traverses Syria, and joins the Tigris. * Or, ‘and its convenience is this ;’ a play upon the words farhat and Frat, which are identical in Pahlavi. 5 Referring probably to canals for irrigation along the course of the Euphrates. * The Tigris (Arabic Diglat), Hiddekel of Gen, ii. 14, Dan. x. 4, and perhaps the Av. tighris of Tistar Yt. 6, 37; misread Déirid in Pazand. 7 The country of Salm (see Chap. XV, 29), son of Frédin (see Chap. XXXI, 9, 10). The name can also be read Dilm4n, which is the name of a place in the same neighbourhood. * The Av. Déitya of Vend. XIX, 5, Adharmazd Yt. 21, Ab4n Yt. 112, Gés Yt. 29. The‘ good d4itya of Airyana-vaég6’ is also CHAPTER XX, IO—I9. ~ 79 whith comes out from Altran-vég, and goes out through the hill-country'; of all rivers the noxious creatures in it are most, as it says, that the Daitik river is full of noxious creatures. 14. The Dargam river is in Side. 15. The Zend® river passes, through the mountains of Pangistan, and flows away to the Haro river. 16. The Haro ® river flows out from the Aparsén range‘. 17. The HétQmand® river is in Sagast4n, and its sources are from the Aparsén range; this is distinct from that which Frastyav conducted away ®. 18. The river Akhéshir is in Kdmts7. 19. The Zismand?® river, in the direc- mentioned in Vend. I, 6, II, 42, 43, Aban Yt. 17, 104, Ram Yt. 2, but this may not be a river, though the phrase has, no doubt, led to locating the river Dafttk in Afran-vég. 1 Paz. gopest4n in K2o, which is evidently Pahl. k6fistan, but not the Kéhist&én of southern Persia. M6 has ‘the mountain of Pangistan,’ which must be incorrect, as according to §§ 15, 16, this is in north-east Khuras4n, and too far from Afran-vég in Atar6-patakan (Adar-bign), see Chap. XXIX, 12. Justi proposes to read Gurgistan (Georgia), and identifies the DAftik with the Araxes. But, adhering to the text of K2o, the Daftik rises in Adar-bigan and departs through a hill-country, a description applicable, not only to the Araxes, but also more particularly to the Saféd Rad or white river; although this river seems to be mentioned again as the Spéd or Spend river in § 23. ? Written Z6ndak in § 7. This can hardly be the Zendah river of Ispahan, but is probably the Tegend river, which flows past Meshhed into the Heri river.
3? Written Z6ndak in § 7. This can hardly be the Zendah river of Ispahan, but is probably the Tegend river, which flows past Meshhed into the Heri river. 8 This is the Heri, which flows past Herat. « See Chap. XII, 9. * The Etymander of classical writers, now the Hélmand in Afghanistan. The Av. Haétumat of Vend. I, 50, XIX, 130, Zamyad Yt. 66, is the name of the country through which it flows. * See § 34 and Chap. XXI, 6. 7 The district about Dimaghan. * Perhaps the Zarafs4n. 80 BUNDAHISs. tion of Soghd, flows away towards the Khvegand river. 20. The Khvegand! river goes on through the midst of Samarkand and PargAna, and they call it also the river Ashard. 21. The Marv? river, a glorious river in the east’, flows out from the Aparsén range. 22. The Balkh river comes out from the Aparsén mountain of Bamikan‘, and flows on to the Véh’ river. 23. The Spéd® river is in Atarépatakan; they say that Dahdk begged a favour’ here from Aharman and the demons. 24. The Tort ® river, which they call also the Koir, comes out from 1 This is evidently not the small affluent now called the Khugand, but the great Syr-darya or Jaxartes, which flows through the provinces of Farghanah and Samarkand, past Kokand, Khugand, and Tashkand, into the Aral. The P&z. Ashard represents Pahl. Khshart, or Ashart (Iaxartes). * The Murghab. 5 Or, ‘in Khfirdsan.’ * Bamian, near which the river of Balkh has its source. ® Justi observes that it should be ‘the Arag river;’ but according to an Armenian writer of the seventh century the Persians called the Oxus the Véh river, and considered it to be in India, because Buddhists occupied the country on its banks (see Garrez in Journal Asiatique for 1869, pp. 161-198). It would seem, therefore, that the Oxus was sometimes (or in early times) considered a part of the Arag (Araxes), and sometimes (or in later times) a part of the Véh (Indus). * So in M6, but K2o has ‘ Spend,’ both here and in§ 7. The name of this river corresponds with that of the Saféd Rfd, although the position of that river agrees best with the account given of the Déitik in § 13. ™ Compare Ram Yt. 19, 20. K2o has ‘there,’ instead of ‘here.’ ® Called Rad in § 7 (by the loss of the first letter of the original Pahlavi name); by its alternative name, Koir, Justi identifies it as the Kar in Georgia, flowing into the Caspian, or sea of Verg4n, the Av. Vehrkana (Hyrcania) of Vend. I, 42, which is Gdrg4n in Pahlavi. CHAPTER XX, 20-30. 81
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1* M6 has Khvanainidis, but in K2o it is doubtful whether the extra syllable (which is interlined) is intended to be inserted or substituted; the shorter form is, however, more reconcilable with the Pahlavi form of Vendeses in § 29. * As there is no description of any Séd river it is probably only an epithet of the Péda-meyan or Katru-meyan (pédak being the usual Pahlavi equivalent of Av. &ithr6). Justi suggests that Mokarstén (Mokarsta rfid in M6) stands for Pers. Moghulst4n, ‘ the country of the Moghuls,’ but this is doubtful. * Sometimes written Arang or Aréng, but the nasal is usually omitted; it is the Av. Rangha of Aban Yt. 63, Rashnu Yt. 18, R4m Yt. 27, which is described more like a lake or sea in Vend. I, 77, Bahram Yt. 29. This semi-mythical river is supposed to encompass a great part of the known world (see Chap. VII, 16), and the Bundahis probably means to trace its course down the Am (Oxus) from Sogdiana, across the Caspian, up the Aras (Araxes) or the Kur (Cyrus), through the Euxine and Mediterranean, and up the Nile to the Indian Ocean. The Amf (Oxus) is also sometimes considered a part of the Véh river or Indus (see §§ 22, 28). ® Sogdiana (see Chap. XV, 29), the country of the Amd river. * The combination of the three names in this clause, as Justi observes, renders it probable that we should read, ‘the land of Egypt, which is called Misr, and where the river is the Nile. The letter S in Péz. Spétos is very like an obsolete form of Av. g, or it may be read as Pahl. fk or fg, so the name may originally have been Gpétos or Ikpétos ; and the Paz. Niv, if transcribed into Pahlavi, can also be read Nil. * The ‘good’ river, which, with the Arag and the ocean, completes wn 78 BUNDAHIS, passes on in the east, goes through the land of Sind’, and flows to the sea in Hinddstan, and they call it there the Mehr&? river. 10. The sources of the Frat river are from the frontier of Aram, they feed upon zt in Sdristan, and it flows to the Diglat river; and of this Frat 7¢ zs* that they produce irrigation over the land. 11. It is declared that Mandséthar excavated the sources, and cast back the water all to one place, as it says thus: ‘1 reverence the Frat, full of fish, which MAndséihar excavated for ¢he benefit of his own soul, anzd. he seized the water and gave to drink®.’ 12. The Diglat® river comes out from Salm4n’, and flows to the sea in Khigistan. 13. The Déittk® river is the river the circuit of the known world, and is evidently identified with the Indus ; sometimes it seems also to include the Ama (Oxus), as Bactria was considered a part of India ; thus we find the Balkh and Teremet rivers flowing into the Véh (see §§ 22, 28). 1 See § 30.
2The Déittk® river is the river the circuit of the known world, and is evidently identified with the Indus ; sometimes it seems also to include the Ama (Oxus), as Bactria was considered a part of India ; thus we find the Balkh and Teremet rivers flowing into the Véh (see §§ 22, 28). 1 See § 30. 2 No doubt the Mehrva or Hendvé river of § 7, and the Mihran of Ouseley’s Oriental Geography of the pseudo Ibn ‘Hafdal, pp- 148-155, which appears to combine the Satlig and lower Indus. The final n is usually omitted by the Bundahis after 4 in Pazand words. This river is also called Kasak (see § 30). § The Euphrates, which rises in Armenia (part of the eastern empire of the Romans), traverses Syria, and joins the Tigris. * Or, ‘and its convenience is this ;’ a play upon the words farhat and Frat, which are identical in Pahlavi. 5 Referring probably to canals for irrigation along the course of the Euphrates. * The Tigris (Arabic Diglat), Hiddekel of Gen, ii. 14, Dan. x. 4, and perhaps the Av. tighris of Tistar Yt. 6, 37; misread Déirid in Pazand. 7 The country of Salm (see Chap. XV, 29), son of Frédin (see Chap. XXXI, 9, 10). The name can also be read Dilm4n, which is the name of a place in the same neighbourhood. * The Av. Déitya of Vend. XIX, 5, Adharmazd Yt. 21, Ab4n Yt. 112, Gés Yt. 29. The‘ good d4itya of Airyana-vaég6’ is also CHAPTER XX, IO—I9. ~ 79 whith comes out from Altran-vég, and goes out through the hill-country'; of all rivers the noxious creatures in it are most, as it says, that the Daitik river is full of noxious creatures. 14. The Dargam river is in Side. 15. The Zend® river passes, through the mountains of Pangistan, and flows away to the Haro river. 16. The Haro ® river flows out from the Aparsén range‘. 17. The HétQmand® river is in Sagast4n, and its sources are from the Aparsén range; this is distinct from that which Frastyav conducted away ®. 18. The river Akhéshir is in Kdmts7. 19. The Zismand?® river, in the direc- mentioned in Vend. I, 6, II, 42, 43, Aban Yt. 17, 104, Ram Yt. 2, but this may not be a river, though the phrase has, no doubt, led to locating the river Dafttk in Afran-vég. 1 Paz. gopest4n in K2o, which is evidently Pahl. k6fistan, but not the Kéhist&én of southern Persia. M6 has ‘the mountain of Pangistan,’ which must be incorrect, as according to §§ 15, 16, this is in north-east Khuras4n, and too far from Afran-vég in Atar6-patakan (Adar-bign), see Chap. XXIX, 12. Justi proposes to read Gurgistan (Georgia), and identifies the DAftik with the Araxes. But, adhering to the text of K2o, the Daftik rises in Adar-bigan and departs through a hill-country, a description applicable, not only to the Araxes, but also more particularly to the Saféd Rad or white river; although this river seems to be mentioned again as the Spéd or Spend river in § 23. ? Written Z6ndak in § 7. This can hardly be the Zendah river of Ispahan, but is probably the Tegend river, which flows past Meshhed into the Heri river.
3? Written Z6ndak in § 7. This can hardly be the Zendah river of Ispahan, but is probably the Tegend river, which flows past Meshhed into the Heri river. 8 This is the Heri, which flows past Herat. « See Chap. XII, 9. * The Etymander of classical writers, now the Hélmand in Afghanistan. The Av. Haétumat of Vend. I, 50, XIX, 130, Zamyad Yt. 66, is the name of the country through which it flows. * See § 34 and Chap. XXI, 6. 7 The district about Dimaghan. * Perhaps the Zarafs4n. 80 BUNDAHISs. tion of Soghd, flows away towards the Khvegand river. 20. The Khvegand! river goes on through the midst of Samarkand and PargAna, and they call it also the river Ashard. 21. The Marv? river, a glorious river in the east’, flows out from the Aparsén range. 22. The Balkh river comes out from the Aparsén mountain of Bamikan‘, and flows on to the Véh’ river. 23. The Spéd® river is in Atarépatakan; they say that Dahdk begged a favour’ here from Aharman and the demons. 24. The Tort ® river, which they call also the Koir, comes out from 1 This is evidently not the small affluent now called the Khugand, but the great Syr-darya or Jaxartes, which flows through the provinces of Farghanah and Samarkand, past Kokand, Khugand, and Tashkand, into the Aral. The P&z. Ashard represents Pahl. Khshart, or Ashart (Iaxartes). * The Murghab. 5 Or, ‘in Khfirdsan.’ * Bamian, near which the river of Balkh has its source. ® Justi observes that it should be ‘the Arag river;’ but according to an Armenian writer of the seventh century the Persians called the Oxus the Véh river, and considered it to be in India, because Buddhists occupied the country on its banks (see Garrez in Journal Asiatique for 1869, pp. 161-198). It would seem, therefore, that the Oxus was sometimes (or in early times) considered a part of the Arag (Araxes), and sometimes (or in later times) a part of the Véh (Indus). * So in M6, but K2o has ‘ Spend,’ both here and in§ 7. The name of this river corresponds with that of the Saféd Rfd, although the position of that river agrees best with the account given of the Déitik in § 13. ™ Compare Ram Yt. 19, 20. K2o has ‘there,’ instead of ‘here.’ ® Called Rad in § 7 (by the loss of the first letter of the original Pahlavi name); by its alternative name, Koir, Justi identifies it as the Kar in Georgia, flowing into the Caspian, or sea of Verg4n, the Av. Vehrkana (Hyrcania) of Vend. I, 42, which is Gdrg4n in Pahlavi. CHAPTER XX, 20-30. 81
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
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