Charaka-Samhita — trans. Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna
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The translator’s English as printed (Avinash Chandra Kaviratna). The original-language text is not held; names are romanised as the translator printed them.
§ The word rendered properties is artha. They are, as explained by the commen¬ tator, the sensations, viz., vision, taste, touch, scent, and hearing, corresponding to the five elemental objective existences, viz., light, water, air, earth, and space, respeeCHA RARA-SAMHITA.
The co-existence of objects such as earth, &c., with their corres¬ ponding properties (of scent and the like) is styled samavaya . That is permanent, since wherever the substance is, it cannot be that the property is not.4 9 That in which actions and attributes inhere, and that which is the cause, is called substance. That, on the other hand, which is inherent, and which is the passive cause, is called attribute ,50
That which is the cause of both Union and Separation, which inheres to the substance, and which represents that function which is to be, is (called) Action. Action is independent of other action.51
Thus is explained Cause as also Action or Effect. The restora¬ tion of the ingredient humours (of the human body) to their normal state will now be explained. The modes of restoring the ingredient humours to their normal state have been said to be the object of this Science.52
Of all diseases, physical and mental, the causes in brief are of three kinds, viz., adverse or excessive correlation or want of correlation of time, mind, and the objects of the senses.*53
Body and mind are regarded as the subjects in which health and disease co-inhere ; parity of correlation being the cause of health.54
The Soul is immutable (incapable of being affected by any¬ thing) and eternal; faculties, the attributes of matter, and the senses, are the causes of consciousness. The Soul is the eternal tively, so that the property of light is vision, of water is taste, &c., &c. The word rendered intellect is buddhi, i.e., the cognitive faculty or faculties of the Kantian distribution of mental phenomena. The next word is prayatnantdk, i.e., the class ending with prayatna or will, These are, therefore, desire, aversion, and will, and pleasure and pain, i.e., the conative and the aesthetic phenomena of the Kantian school. I am not sure as to what par^daya means, nor am I sure of having correctly understood what the commentators include by that word. — T.
* So far as the causes of disease are concerned, this verse may be regarded as containing an exhaustive enumeration of them all. Time is of two kinds, viz., (i) that portion of eternity with which human life is concerned and which goes on ceaselessly, and (2) the age of man, that is, his infancy, youth, manhood, and decrepitude. The absence of correlation or adverse correlation or excessive correlation of Time as ex¬ plained above and the other two, is the fruitful cause of disease. A person in a certain age and a certain season may do that with impunity which at another age or another season would induce disease. Similarly, the same cause in respect of the mind, such as exertion of the mental faculties in lives unsuited to them, or excessive exertion, or the total absence of all mental exertion, is fruitful of disease. As regards the objects of the senses, it is scarcely necessary to be more explicit. — T,
CHARAKA-SAMHITA.
witness, for it views all actions (without being itself affected by any of them).56
Wind, bile, and phlegm have been said to be the causes of all bodily diseases. The qualities of Passion and Darkness have, again, been indicated to be the causes of mental diseases.56
The first kind (i.e., bodily disease) is cured by medicines founded upon acts in respect of the deities and upon reason* Mental disease is cured by knowledge of the soul, knowledge of the scriptures, (exercise of) patience and memory, and the abstraction of the mind from all worldly objects.67
Wind, which may be dry, cold, light, subtile, unstable, clear, keen, is cured by objects which have adverse attributes.58
Bile, which may be cold, hot, keen, soft, sour, liquid, and bitter, is speedily cured by objects having adverse attributes.69
Heavy, cold, mild, watery, sweet, stable, and slimy, these attri¬ butes of phlegm are cured by objects having adverse attributes.80
Those changes (in wind, bile, and phlegm) that are curable may be set right by drugs possessing adverse attributes, administered according to (considerations of) place, measure, and time. The cure of diseases that are incurable is not laid down here.61
After this, once again, the attributes and uses of the objects mentioned are explained,63
The object of the tongue is taste. Water and earth are the ob¬ jective existences in which taste inheres. In its manifestation and as regards particular kinds of it, space, air, and light, are also its adjuncts.63
Sweet, sour, salt, pungent, bitter, and astringent, these are regarded as the sixfold catalogue of tastes.84
(Amonst these) the sweet, the sour, and the salt check wind ; the astringent, the sweet, and the bitter check bile ; the astringent, the pungent, and the bitter, check phlegm.65
Objects are of three kinds. Some cure disorders ; some affect the system injuriously, and some are regarded as conducive to ease or health.66
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