Charaka-Samhita — trans. Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna

Gangadhara’s list is entirely incorrect. His total comes up to 368, although the text expressly states, both at the outset and the conclusion, that '360 is the total. He speaks of 4 1 ManikSs’ of the hands. He explains the word ‘ ManikS. ’ correctly as ‘ manibandha-sthanam,’ that is, the place where jewels or jewelled bangles are worn. Of course, the wrists are intended. Common sense would have told him that of a human being, the wrists are two. He speaks, again, of 4 ‘ Gulfas ’ of the feet. ‘ Gulfa ’ is explained by him incorrectly. It means the heels, and not that portion of the leg which is between the ankle and the knee. This latter is called ‘ JanghS.’ At any rate, even if ‘ Gulfas’ meant the ‘ Janghas,’ how could 4 be their number? The ‘ aratnis,’ again, are two, though Gangadhara states their number as four. By 1 aratni ’ is meant that part of the hand which is between the wrist and the •elbow. The femur of the lower arm is meant.

A Bengali translator who has come last into the field but whose work is a reproduction, in many respects, of the labours of one of his predecessors and who has reproduced the very errors of the latter and made many new ones,

8o& CHARAKA SAMJSTITA.

There are five seats of the senses. They are, — I. the skin ;; 2. the tongue; 3. the nose;. 4. the two eyes;, and 5*- the two ears.7

There are five senses of knowledge. They are,. — 1. touch,; 2. taste; 3. smell; 4. sight; and 5. hearing.8 1

There are five senses (organs) of action. They are, — 1. the two hands; 2. the two feet; 3.. the anal canal ; 4. the organ of generation; and 5.. the: organ of taste (viz., the tongue).9'1

The heart is the one seat of consciousness..

There are ten substrata (or seats) of the Life-breaths.

They are, — 1. the crown (of the head); 2. the throat; 3. thq. breast; 4. the navel; 5. the anus; 6. the pelvis; 7. the ojas 8. semen ; 9. blood ; and xo. flesh.

Of these, the first six are regarded as vital parts.*10

Fifteen are the parts of the ‘Koshtha’ or the trunk of the body. They are, — 1. the navel ; 2. the heart; 3. the lungs ;-f* 4. the liver ; 5. the spleen ; 6. the two breast-glands ; 7. the bladder $ 8. the region where the stools collect ; 9. the region which receives the food that is taken ; 10. the region where the foo'd one takes is digested; 11. the upper part of the anal canal ;§ 12. the lower part of the anal canal; 13. the smaller intestines; 14. the larger (and grosser) intestines; and 15. the adepsbearing duct-.[Ji5‘

| has added' a curious note. Adopting the erroneous readings of Gangadhara,. he totals the bones as 417 and observes that the readings are incorrect.

The fact is, every editor or translator ought to, be able- to correct such, downright blunders as disfigure this, passage. — T;

* Compare this with what is said in p. 402 of Sutrasthana, ante. There the ten substrata are given with some variation. The two temples are there mentioned. Flesh, again, does not occur in that list.— T.

f 'Otherwise called ‘ Kloma.’ This is explained as another name of ‘ Phusphusa.’ The word also implies the covering of the lungs,’ called ‘ Unduka.’— T.

| Gangadhara, quoting Susruta, explains the word ‘ vasti ’ as implying the bladder where the urine collects. — T.

§ Chakrapani explains that this is above the ‘ Vasti ' or bladder. Formed stools gather here. — T.

|| The adeps, it is said, of the heart, or, rather, of the entire internal regions, js, borne away by a particular duct. This duct is called ‘ Vapavaha.’ — T.

'CHARAKA SAMHITA. fro*

There are six and fifty minor limbs attached to the six (powerful) members of the body. These were not enumerated before while the different limbs were being enumerated. They Shall be mentioned now, being named under different heads.

They are, — 2 (fleshy) muscles of the two ‘ janghas ’ (or lower legs) ; 2 (fleshy) muscles of the two thighs (or upper legs) ; 2 buttocks or hips ; 2 testicles; 1 (male) organ of generation; 2 ‘‘ukshas;’ 2 groins (plibic and illiac regions); 2 cavities of the loins (just above the hips) ; I head of the hypogastric region ; 1 abdomen ; 2 breasts ; 2 arms ; 2 mUscles of the two upper arms ; 1 chin ; 2 lips ; 2 corners of the mouth; 2 gums; 1 palate; i Oesophagus ;* * * § 2 subsidiary tongues (or uvulae) ; 1 principal tongue ;-f- 2 cheeks ; 2 cavities of the ears ; 2 ears (meaning the two outer cartilageous and fleshy growths commonly known as the ears) ; 2 eye balls ; 4 eye lids ; 2 carnuculae lachrymales ; 2 eye brows ; 1 nape of the neck ; 2 palms 6f the hands; 2 soles of the feet great holes, of which 7 are in the head and 2 in lower portion of the body.J12

These are visible and capable of being ascertained (by eye¬ sight).

After these we shall mention those which are not ascertainable (by eye-sight) and whose existence is matter of inference.

These (last) are, — 900 tendons (or tubular ducts which are attached to the bones and which carry the vital airs); 700 ‘ giras ;’ §