Charaka-Samhita — trans. Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna

or unaccompanied by another. One should cast off a sinful wife, a sinful servant, and sinful friends. One should never quarrel with persons that are good. One should never associate with those that are mean. One should never fancy a person of a crooked heart. One should never depend upon a person of low extraction or vile conduct* * * § One should never frighten others. One should not rashly violate the rules that have been laid down with respect to food and other things.f One should not indulge in excessive sleep, in excessive wakefulness, in excessive bathing, in excessive drinking, and in excessive eating. One should not stand erect on one’s knees for a long time. One should not approach snakes, or animals having fangs and teeth, or animals having horns. Oiie should abandon places exposed to the east wind; as also sunshine and frost and breezy spots % One should not set Kali in motion. § One should not secrete fire in a house (but should keep it in its usual place.) One should not eat the remnants of another’s dish. || One should not warm anything by holding a fire in such a way as to make its- heat go downwards.. One should not bathe without having dispelled fatigue by rest or while one’s face is still covered t ‘ Sahasa’ is explained by -the Commentator in this sense. He cites the rules laid down in the previous Section about the manner in which and the time when curds are to be taken. The particle ‘ ati ’ following ‘ sahasa ’ is connected with all the words that follow it. — T.

* The word used in the original is * anaryya.’ The Commentator explains that an ‘ aryya ’ is one who keeps himself at a distance from every kind of sin. »A person of an opposite nature is an ‘anaryya.’ For all that, low extraction is often indicated by the word. — T.

% 1 Ava9yaya •’ is frost. — T.

§ There are four ages of the world, viz., Krita, Treta, Dwapara, and Kali. In the first age there is righteousness everywhere. In the second age, three-fourths of righteousness prevail. In the third age, only half of righteousness prevails, and in the last or Kali, righteousness becomes reduced by three-fourths. Only a fourth of it remains, the rest being all sinfulness. What is said, therefore, is that no one should act in such a way as to pave the advent of Kali. When Kali runs out its course, universal destruction takes place, and the world, after along while, is created anew. — T.

|| It is difficult to convey the idea of * uchcchishta ’ to non-Hindu peoples. Any food becomes ‘ uchcchishta ’ when a portion of it is eaten off the dish whereon it is placed. If, however, the eater touches it only once and refrains from taking a second handful, it does not become ‘ uchcchishta.’-— T,

CHA AM KA -SA Mill TA.

with sweat. One should not bathe becoming nude. One should not touch one’s head with the cloth one wore while under¬ going a bath. One should not pull one’s hair by the end. One should not, after having taken a bath, wear the clothes one wore while bathing.* * * § One should not go out without having (first) touched jewels and gems, clarified butter, some object of rever¬ ence, auspicious articles, and flowers -|* One should not set out (of one’s abode on any mission), keeping objects of reverence and those regarded as auspicious on one’s right. One should not set out, keeping objects and articles of an opposite kind, on one’s left. Without wearing a jewel or gem on one’s arm, without having bathed, without having changed one’s clothes, without having poured libations on the sacred fire, without having (silently) recited one’s mantras, % without having offered the usual gifts to the deities, § without having made offerings to one’s deceased ances¬ tors, without having made presents to one’s seniors and precep¬ tors, || without having made gifts to one’s guests and dependants, without bearing flowers and perfumes on one’s person, without a garland of flowers round one’s neck, without having washed one’s hands and feet and face, without having cleansed one’s mouth, without avoiding the posture of sitting with face to the north, without being cheerful, and without sending away unattached, t ‘ Ratna ’ is jewells and gems of every kind ; ‘ ajya ’ is ghee or clarified butter ;

* ‘ Te ’ is not a verbal suffix here, but a Pronominal adjective referring to ‘ vasasi. ’ What the author interdicts is the use of wet clothes. — T.