Charaka-Samhita — trans. Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna

immediately. The reasons of these phenomena are the ‘vigesha’ or differences in respect of characteristics appertaining to causes, faults, and ingredients. Thus, if the causes exist in their entirety, the faults are excited, and the ingredients affected. The result is manifestation of disease. So, if the causes do not exist, the faults and the ingredients are unaffected, and the result is non-manifestation of disease, or the continuance of health. If the causes are not powerful enough, there may be disease, but then there is an absence of intensity ; or, delay in the appearance of disease : or an absence of some of the symptoms. Then, again, if causes exist and affect the faults, still if the ingredients of the body, or the constitution be strong,, there will be no disease, or disease in only a partial form. Hence, the manifestation, non¬ manifestation, or partial manifestation (including lateness of manifestation) are due to the ‘Vigesha’ of ‘Nidana,’ of ‘doshas,’ and of ‘dushyas.’ — T.

* After what has been stated in the note to the previous aphorism, the sense of this would become clear. What the Rishi wishes to inculcate here is this : when causes, faults, and ‘dhatus’ become united, it is then only that disease appears. If these be not united, there can be no disease. If, again, there be union, but an absence of predominance, the same result follows. Thus, if the causes be weak, or, if, in spite of their strength, they cannot affect the faults adequately, &c., disease does not arise.

Having stated what the consequences are of an absence of union, or of the absence of predominance even if there be union, the Rishi points out the consequences of the reverse of every assertion. Thus, when there is union, disease manifests itself; &c. _ T.

+ Xt is necessary to state that many of these varieties of paddy cannot be identified. Gangadhara supposes that the names are those of the countries or provinces in which they grow.— T.

CHARAKA-SAMHITA.

p. 961

Also eating (in excess and repeatedly) the following, viz., the soup of new Harenu (a) and Mâsha (b), as also the meat of animals that are domestic, or that live in marshy regions, or that are aquatic, mixed largely with ghee.

Also eating (in excess and repeatedly) the following, viz., pot¬ herbs, sesame paste, cakes, frumenty, krigara (c), gruels, and all things which are tranformations of sugarcane ; also milk thickened by boiling, ill-formed curds, and all such things as are liquid, sweet, and new or raw.

Avoidance of rubbing or cleaning the body, and physical exercises.

Addiction to sleep at daytime, or lying on beds, and sitting (on soft seats).

And, lastly, indulgence in such other food and drink and practices as generate phlegm, adeps, and urine.

All these constitute the distinctive causes of phlem-born Prameha.5

'‘Dosha’ of this disease is a copious measure of liquefied phlegm.

The ‘dushyas’ which (when. afflicted by phlegm) produce this dis¬ ease are accumulated adeps, flesh, impurities (stools, urine, &c), vital seed, blood, fat, marrow, the watery matter between the outer skin and the flesh, food-juice, and ‘ojas.’

Thus are enumerated the ‘dushyas.’* 6

When these three, viz., the distinctive ‘nidanas’ or causes, and the rest, unite, the phlegm becomes quickly excited, in consequence of its prior accumulation.

Becoming excited, it quickly spreads over the entire body.

In consequence of the relaxation of the body, the excited phlegm, when spreading over the whole body, becomes mingled at the outset with the adeps.

In consequence of the accumulation of the adeps (through indul¬ gence in and exposure to the same ‘nidana’ which increases and excites the phlegm), as also of the properties of phlegm agreeing in a. A name applied to pease in general ; also the particular variety called ‘Matar’ (in Bengal), Pisum sativum.

b . Phaseolus radiatus, Roxb.

c. Called ‘khichri’ in Bengali ; a hodgepodge of rice, pulses, ghee, spices, fish, &c.

* ‘Nidana’, ‘dosha’ and ‘dushya’ must be in a state of union before there can be disease. ‘Nidana affects the ‘doshas’ which, in their turn, affect the ‘dushyas.’ Having first laid down the ‘nidanas’ or causes which generate phlegm-born Prameha, the Rishi then speaks of the particular ‘dosha’ which is acted upon by those causes. Liquefied phlegm is the ‘dosha’ of

p. 962

CHAR AKA -SAM HI TA.

a large measure with those of the adeps, the phlegm mingles with the adeps and vitiates it owing to itself having been vitiated.

The vitiated phlegm, acted upon by the vitiated adeps, then com¬ bines with the flesh and the impurities of the body.

Owing, again, to the excessive increase beyond their normal mea¬ sure, of both the impurities and the flesh, the excited phlegm gene¬ rates on the flesh, in consequence of the vitiation of the flesh itself, eruptions with foetid sores, such as ‘garavika,’ ‘kachcchapika,’ &c.*

As regards the impurities, owing to their having fallen away from their normal condition, the phlegm having vitiated them, transforms them into urine.

Acted upon by the adeps and impurities, the excited phlegm, com¬ ing at the larger mouths of the urine-bearing ducts of the pubic regions and the anal canal, obstructs them completely.