Charaka-Samhita — trans. Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna

Upâya , again, consists of facilities and proper aids of those three, viz., K5rana, Karana, and Karyya-yoni, to the exclusion of the remaining three; viz., Kâryya, KSryya-phala, and Anubandha.

It is called Updya because of its agency in the accomplishment of acts.

When an action is accomplished, there is no more need of Updya.

When, again, the action is accomplished, the Upayas do not exist as Upayas.

As regards phala (fruits), these appear after the accomplish¬ ment of the act.

After (the manifestation of the) phala appears what is known as Anubandha (or adjuncts).*10

These ten (elements of action) should first be examined. An inclination having action for its purpose, when it arises after such examination, is regarded as beneficial. t fThis is a literal version.

* This definition of what are called ‘UpSya’ is undoubtedly accurate. •Upiya’ is to be differentiated from ‘Karana’ which has been rendered means, and ‘Karyya-yoni’ by which is meant material cause. Take the example of an earthen jar. The potter is the KSrana or Kartri. The wheel is the Karana. Soft earth or clay is the Karyya-yoni or material cause. What, then, are the Upayas ? First, they are aids or facilities of the first three, viz., the doer, the means, and the material cause, that is, of the potter, the wheel, and clay. They have nothing to do with the other three, viz., Karyya, Kiiryyaphala, and Anubandha, that is, the jar (as made), keeping of water and other things, and the comfort of the person keeping such things in the jar. Hence, by Upaya should be taken such things as spade for digging the earth, water for softening it, a vessel |for fetching that water, fire for baking it, kiln wherein to bake it, &c. — T.

In other words, the desire, in the sense of determination for action, if it arises after such an examination, is regarded as beneficial. — T.

5 84

CHA RA KA - SA M HI T A .

Hence, the physician who sets himself to treat a disease, should, before commencing (his) operations, examine, by (the usual methods of) examination, the (ten) elements which deserve to be examined, and then begin the treatment,81*

In this connection, if a physician, or one that is not a compe¬ tent physician, were to question a physician about the following points, vis., how many methods of examination should be adopted by a physician desirous of administering emetics, purgatives, enemata oily or dry, and cerebral purgatives (errhines),

And how many subjects are there which such a one should examine, and which should form the especial subject of examination in this connection, and how it is to be examined, and what is the need (or use) of examination, and what the cases are in which emetics &c., are to be administered, and what the cases are in which they are not to be adminis¬ tered, and what the certain treatment is in cases where the symptoms indicate both the adoption and rejection of emetics and the like, and what the particular drugs are that are fit for use as emetics and the like, the physician, thus questioned, desirous of confounding the interrogator, may answer him, saying., there are diverse methods of examination, there are variations of the mode of examining corresponding with the variations of the subjects of examination.

Do you enquire in how many ways, according to differences in the nature of the methods of examination, a particular subject of examination is to be examined, or how many kinds of distinction there are, as regards the different subjects of examination, accord¬ ing to differences in the nature of the methods of examination ?

•fThe original is pleonastic. The version offered is a literal one. — E.

charaka-samhitA.

p. 585

I enquire of this because it is probable that I may not satisfy you by telling you of the differences in the nature of the methods of examination when what you wish to know is, perhaps, the dis¬ tinctions that occur in the subjects of examination owing to differ¬ ences in the nature of the methods of examination adopted.’**

If the interrogator (i e. the competent or incompetent physi¬ cian who enquires) answers the (above) question, the interrogated physician should then, after reflection, reply to the questions put, duly observing the methods of reply. Indeed, if the interrogator answers, and the interrogated does not wish to confound him, and thinks that the opportunity for reply is suitable, he should then reply to the questioner agreeably to the latter's wishes by telling all that has been said on the subject by inspired teachers.”

With the wise, examination is of two kinds, vie., Direct and Inferential. Besides these two, there is Instruction (imparted by the Inspired). Hence, Examination is of three kinds.

Thus Examination is of two kinds ; numbering Instruction, it is of three kinds.’*

The ten kinds of examinable objects, vie., those having Kârana for their first, which have been already enumerated, we shall now show, applying them to physicians and the rest.