Phaedrus — Plato

PROTAGORAS ^^ of their other kinsmen or acquaintance, and live with him, under the idea that they will be improved by his conversation, ought to be very cautious ; great jealousies are occasioned by his proceedings, and he is the subject of many enmities and conspiracies.

I maintain the art of the Sophist to be of ancient date ; but that in ancient times the professors of the art, fearing this odium, veiled and disguised themselver under various names : some under that of poets, as Homer, Hesiod, and Simonides * ; some as hierophants ^ and prophets, as Orpheus and Musaeus ; ® and some, as I observe, even under the name of gymnastic masters, like Iccus'^ of Tarentum, or the more recently celebrated Herodicus, now of Selymbria and formerly of Megara, ^ who is a first-rate Sophist.

Your own Agathocles ^ pretended to be a musician, but was really an eminent Sophist ; also Pythocleides ^ the Cean ; and there were many others ; and all of them, as I was saying, adopted these arts as veils or disguises because they were afraid of the envy of the multitude.

But that is not my way, for I do not believe that they effected their purpose, which was to ' deceive the government, who were not blinded by them ; and a^ to the people, they have no understanding, and only repeat what their rulers are pleased to tell them.

Now to run away, and to be caught in running away, is the very height of folly, and also greatly increases the exasperation of mankind ; for they regard him who runs away as a rogue, in addition to any other objections which they have to him ; and therefore I take an entirely opposite course, and acknowledge myself to be a Sophist and instructor of mankind ; such an open ac- •• For Homer and Hesiod see Apology, notes 39 and 53.

Simonides (simdn'f-dez, 556-467 B.C.), of Ceos : a celebrated Greek lyric poet. " Priests who taught to initiates the mysteries and duties of certain secret religious ceremonies. «• See Apology, notes 51 and 52. Orpheus was said to have taught the doctrine of immortality and to have been the first to use divination and rites for expiation from sin.

To Musaeus was attributed a collection of oracles, hymns, and chants of dedication and purification. •• Iccus [(fk'kus) of Tarentum (tS-ren'tum), a Greek town in southern Italy] : a pnilosopher and celebrated gymnast He won the prize in the national games. He taught that gymnastic training produced temperance. *• Herodicus (he-rod'l-kus) : a Thracian physician, one of the first to insist upon the importance of exercise for health.

Selymbria (se-lymTDrf-a) : a town of Thrace on the Proponiis. Megara (m§g'a-ra) : a city of Greece about twenty miles w«*st of Athens. " Agathocles (a-gSth'o-klez). w Pythocleides (pjKh'o-kli'dez), 2p. 78knowledgment appears to me to be a better sort of caution than concealment. Nor do I neglect other precautions, and therefore I hope, as I may say, by the favor of Heaven that no harm will come of the acknowledgment that I am a Sophist. And I have been now many years in the profession— - for all my years when added up are many — and there is no one here«present of whom I might not be the father.

Wherefore I should much prefer conversing with you, if you do not object, in the presence of the company. As I suspected that he would like to have a little display and glory in the presence of Prodicus and Hippias, and would gladly show us to them in the light of his admirers, I said : But why should we not summon Prodicus and Hippias and their friends to hear us ? Very good, he said.

Suppose, said Callias, that we hold a council in which you may sit and discuss. This was determined, and great delight was felt at the prospect of hearing wise men talk ; we ourselves all took the chairs and benches, and arranged them by Hippias, where the other benches had been already placed. Meanwhile Callias and Alcibiadcs got up Prodicus and brought in him and his companions.

When we were all seated, Protagoras said : Now that the company are assembled, Socrates, tell me about the young jv man of whom you were just now speaking. I replied : I will begin again at the same point, Protagoras, and tell you once more the purport of my visit : this is my friend Hippocrates, who is desirous of making your acquaintance ; he wants to know what will happen to him if he associates with you. That is all I have to say.

Protagoras answered : Young man, if you associate with me, on the very first day you will return home a better man than you came, and better on the second day than on the first, and better every day than you were on the day before.

When I heard this, I said : Protagoras, I do not at all wonder at hearing you say this ; even at your age, and with all your wisdom, if any one were to teach you what you did not know before, you would become better no doubt : but please to answer in a different way ; I will explain how by an example. Let me suppose that Hippocrates, instead of desiring your acquaintance, wished to become acquainted with 3p. 79the young man Zeuxippus of Heraclea,^ who has newly come to Athens, and he were to go to him as he has gone to you, and were to hear him say, as he has heard you say, that every day he would grow and become better if he associated with him : and then suppose that he were to ask him, *' In what would he be better, and in what would he grow?

'* Zeuxippus would answer, *'In painting.'* And suppose that he went to Orthagoras the Theban,^ and heard him say the same, and asked him, **In what would he become better day by day?" he would reply, '* In flute-playing.'* Now I want you to make the same sort of answer to this young man and to me, who am asking questions on his account.

When you say that on the first day on which he associates with you he will return home a better man, and on every day will grow in like manner — in what, Protagoras, will he be better? and about what? When Protagoras heard me say this, he replied : You ask questions fairly, and I like to answer a question which is fairly put.

If Hippocrates comes to me he will not experience the sort of drudgery with which other Sophists are in the habit of insulting their pupils ; who, when they have just escaped from the arts, are taken and driven back into them by these teachers, and made to learn calculation, and astronomy, and geometry, and music (he gave a look at Hippias as he said this) ; but if he comes to me, he will learn that which he comes to learn.

And this is prudence in aff*airs private as well as public ; he will learn to order his own house in the best manner, and he will be best able to speak and act in the aff*airs of the State. Do I understand you, I said ; and is your meaning that you teach the art of politics, and that you promise to ^ make men good citizens ? ^ That, Socrates, is exactly the profession which I make.

Then, I said, you do indeed possess a noble art, if there is no mistake about this ; for I will freely confess to you, Protagoras, that I have a doubt whether this art is capable of being taught, and yet I know not how to disbelieve your assertion.

And I ** Zeuxippus (zQks-Tp'pus) or Zeuxis (zuks'is) ( 400 B.C.) : a celebrated Greek painter, a native of Heraclea(hSra-klg'a), a town in southern Italy. »* Orthagoras (dr-thSp^o-ras) ; Thebes (thebz) : a city of Greece in Boeotia, about thirty-five miles northwest of Athens. The Thebans were celebrated flute players.