Phaedrus — Plato

S6 PLATO THE TEACHER At this I was quite struck dumb, Crito, and lay prostrate. Ctesippus came to the rescue. Bravo, Heracles,*' brave words, said he. Bravo Heracles, or is Heracles a bravo? said Dionysodorus. Poseidon,^^ said Ctesippus, what awful distinctions. I will have no more of them ; the pair are invincible.

Then, my dear Crito, there was universal applause of the speakers and their words, and what with laughing and clapping of hands and rejoicings the two men were quite overpowered ; for hitherto only their partisans had cheered at each successive hit, but now the whole company shouted with delight until the columns of , the Lyceum returned the sound, seeming almost to sympathize in their joy.

To such a pitch was I affected myself, that I made a speech, in which I acknowledged -that I had never seen the like of their wisdom ; I was their devoted servant, and fell to praising and admiring of them. What marvellous dexterity of wit, I said, enabled you to acquire this great perfection in such a short time ?

There is much, indeed, to admire in your words, Euthydemus and Dionysodorus, but there is nothing that I admire more than your magnanimous disregard of any opinion, — whether of the many, or of the grave and reverend seigniors, — which is4iot the opinion of those who are like-minded with you.

And I do verily believe that there are few who are like you, and would approve of your arguments ; the majority of mankind are so ignorant of their value, that- they would be more ashamed of employing them in the refutation of others than of being refuted by them.

I must further express my approval of your kind and public-spirited denial of all differences, whether of good and evil, white or black, or any other ; the result of which is that, as you say, every mouth is stopped, not excepting your own, which graciously follows the example of others ; and thus all ground of offense is taken away.

But what appears to me to be more than all is, that this art and invention of yours is so admirably contrived, that in a very short time it can be imparted to any one. I observe that ^ Heracles (h^r'a-klez) or Hercules (hSrlcQ-lez) : one of the oldest and most famous heroes in Greek mythology; by his gigantic strength he accomplished many wonderful labors. «> Poseidon (p6-si'don) : god of the sea, and of flowing waters, corresponding to the Roman Neptune.

p. 57Ctesippus learned to imitate you in no time.

Now this quickness of attainment is an excellent thing; but at the same time I would advise you not to have any more public entertainments ; there is a danger that men may undervalue ^ ^ an art which they have so easy an opportunity of learning ; the exhibition would be best of all, if the discussion were confined to your two selves ; but if there must be an audience, let him only be present who is willing to pay a handsome fee, — you should be careful of this, — and if you are wise, you will also bid your disciples discourse with no man but you and themselves.

For only what is rare is valuable ; and water, which, as Pindar ^ says, is the best of all things, is also the cheapest. And now I have only to request that you will receive Cleinias and me among your pupils. Such was the discussion, Crito; and after a few more words had passed between us we went away. I hope that you will come to them with me, since they say that they are able to teach any one who will give them money, however old or stupid.

And one thing which they said I must repeat for your especial benefit, — that not even the business of making money need hinder any man from taking in their wisdom with ease. Cfi. Truly, Socrates, though I am curious and ready to learn,, yet I fear that I am not like-minded with Euthydemus, but one of the other sort, who, as you were saying, would rather be refuted by such arguments than use them in refutation of others.

And though I may appear ridiculous in venturing to advise you, I think that you may as well hear what was said to me by a man of very considerable pretensions — he was a professor of legal oratory — who came away from you while I was walking up and down.

''Crito,'* said he to me, '*are you attending to these wise men ? * * '* No, indeed," I said to him; '* I could not get within hearing of them, there was such a crowd.** " You would have heard something worth hearing if you had.** *' What was that?** I said. ''You would have heard the greatest masters of the art of rhetoric discoursing.** "And what did you think of them? ** I said.

" What did I think of them,* ' he said ; ' ' what any one would think of them who heard them talking nonsense, and making much ado about nothing. * ' That was the expression which he used. ' ' Surely, * * I said, " philosophy is a charming thing.** " Charming 1 ** he n Pindar (pFa'dar, 522-450 B.C.) : greatest of Greek lyric poets.

p. 58said; *'what simplicity! philosophy is nought; and I think that if you had been present you would have been ashamed of your friend — his conduct was so very strange in placing ^ ^ himself at the mercy of men who care not what they say, and fasten upon every word. And these, as I was telling you, are supposed to be the most eminent professors of their time.

But the truth is, Crito, that the study and the men themselves are both equally mean and ridiculous. ' ' Now his censure of the pursuit, Socrates, whether coming from him or from others, appears to me to be undeserved; but as to the impropriety of holding a public discussion with such men, I confess that I thought he was in the right about that. Soc, O Crito, they are marvellous men; but what was I going to say ?

What manner of man was he who came up to you and censured philosophy; was he an orator who himself practises in the courts, or an instructor of orators, who makes the speeches with which they do battle ? Cri. He was certainly not an orator, and I doubt whether he had ever been into court ; but they say that he knows the business, and is a clever man, and composes wonderful speeches. Soc.

Now I understand, Crito ; he is one of an amphibious class, whom I was on the point of mentioning — one of those whom Prodi cus describes as on the border-ground between philosophers and statesmen — they think that they are the wisest of all men, and that they are generally esteemed the wisest; nothing but the rivalry of the philosophers stands in their way ; and they are of the opinion that if they can prove the philosophers to be good for nothing, no one will dispute their title to the palm of wisdom, for that they are really the wisest, although they are apt to be mauled by Euthydemus and his friend, when they get hold of them in conversation.

This opinion which they entertain of their own wisdom is very natural ; for they have a certain amount of philosophy, and a certain amount of political wisdom ; there is reason in what they say, for they argue that they have just enough of both, while they keep out of the way of all risks and conflicts and reap the fruits of their wisdom. Cri. What do you say of them, Socrates ? There is certainly something specious in that notion of theirs. Soc. Yes, Crito, there is more speciousness than truth; they