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Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1A monk should not be selfish) 292 ’ 8. On exertion. (Exertion not leading to works recommended) . . 297 ” 9. The Law. (What a monk should abstain from) . . «© «© « . 301 » 10. Carefulness. (Some more injunctions and prohibitions) . . . 306 » 11. The Path. (The same subject continued and concluded) 310 » 12. The creed. (On the four heresies : Agnos- ticism, v. 2; Vinayavada, v. 3 ; Akriyavada, wy. 4-10; KriyAvada, v. 11 ff.) . 315 » 13. The real truth. (Some duties of a pious monk). . v1) » 14. The Nirgrantha. (The same subject continued) . . . . 324 » 15. The Yamakas. (Miscellaneous topies treated in artificial verses) . - 329 » 16. The song. (On the virtues of a true monk) . 333 SECOND BOOK. Lecture 1. The Lotus. (The parable of the Lotus. The Materialists, § 14 ff. Another school of Materialists and the forerunners of the Vaiséshikas, § 20 ff. The Véd4ntins, § 25 ff. The fatalists, § 30 ff. Exhortation to follow the true Law, § 35 ff). 335 CONTENTS. xi Lecture 2. On activity. (The twelve kinds of committing sin, and sinless actions. Some wicked practices described, § 25 ff. Some more wicked practices, § 60 ff. Right conduct of monks, § 69 ff.; of laymen, § 75 ff. Refutation of the 363 heretical philosophical schools, § 79 ff. Conclusion) . ” 3. Knowledge of food. (On the generation of living beings) . . . . . » 4. Renunciation of activity. (An action is sinful though it be done unconsciously) . 5. Freedom from error; (what should be maintained and what not). ” 6. Ardraka; (his dispute with Géedla, a " Buddhist, a Védic priest, a Védantin, and a Hastitapasa) . . ” 7. Nalanda. (Udaka, a follower of Parsva, is is converted by Gautama) . Inpex or Names anp SusyjEcTs . InpEx oF SANSKRIT AND PrAxrit Worps . . Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets adopted for the Translations of the Sacred Books of the East PAGR 355 388 398 405 409 419 437 443 453 INTRODUCTION
2(Udaka, a follower of Parsva, is is converted by Gautama) . Inpex or Names anp SusyjEcTs . InpEx oF SANSKRIT AND PrAxrit Worps . . Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets adopted for the Translations of the Sacred Books of the East PAGR 355 388 398 405 409 419 437 443 453 INTRODUCTION TEN years have elapsed since the first part of my translation of Gaina Sfitras appeared. During that decennium many and very important additions to our knowledge of Gainism and its history have been made by a small number of excellent scholars. The text of the canonical books, together with good commentaries in Sanskrit and Guzerati, has been made accessible in fair editions published by native scholars in India. Critical editions of two of them have been published by Professors Leumann? and Hoernle?; and the latter scholar has added a careful translation and ample illustrations to his edition of the text. A general survey of the whole Gaina literature has been given by Professor Weber in his catalogue of the Berlin Manuscripts? and in his learned treatise* on the sacred literature of the Gainas. The development of Gaina learning and science has been studied by Professor Leumann, and some Gaina legends and their relations to those of the Brahmans and Buddhists have been investigated by the same scholar®. An important document for our knowledge of the old history of the Svétambara sect has been edited 1 Das Aupapatika Sitra, in the Abhandlungen fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes, vol. viii; and Dasavaikalika Stra und Niryukti, in the Journal of the German Oriental Society, vol. xlvi. ? The Uvasaga Das&o: (in the Bibliotheca Indica), vol. i. Text and Commentary, Calcutta, 1890 ; vol. ii. Translation, 1888. > Berlin, 1888 and 1892. * In the Indische Studien, vol. xvi, p. 211 ff., and xvii, p. 1 ff.; translated in the Indian Antiquary and edited separately, Bombay, 1893. 5 In the Actes du VI Congrés International des Orientalistes, section Arienne, p. 469 ff., in the 5th and 6th vols. of the Wiener Zeitschrift fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes, and in the 48th vol. of the Journal of the German Oriental Society. xiv GAINA SOTRAS.
35 In the Actes du VI Congrés International des Orientalistes, section Arienne, p. 469 ff., in the 5th and 6th vols. of the Wiener Zeitschrift fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes, and in the 48th vol. of the Journal of the German Oriental Society. xiv GAINA SOTRAS. by myself}, and the history of some of their Gakkhas has been made known from their lists of teachers by Hoernle and Klatt. The last-named scholar, whom we have all but lost by this time, has prepared a biographical dictionary of all Gaina writers and historical persons, and he has issued specimens of this great Onomasticon, while Hofrat Biihler has written a detailed biography of the famous encyclopaedist Hémazandra*. The same scholar has deciphered the ancient inscriptions, and discussed the sculptures excavated by Dr. Fiihrer at Mathur4%, and the important inscriptions at Sravaza Beégo/a have been edited by Mr. Lewis Rice*; M. A. Barth has reviewed our knowledge of Gainism °, and likewise Biihler in a short paper °. Lastly Bhandarkar has given a most valuable sketch of the whole of Gainism™. All these additions to our knowledge of Gainism (and I have but mentioned the most remarkable ones) have shed so much clear light on the whole subject that little room is left now for mere guesswork, and the true historical and philological method can be applied to all its parts. Still some of the principal problems require elucidation, while the proffered solution of others is not accepted by all scholars. I, therefore, gladly avail myself of this opportunity to discuss some of the disputed points, for the settling of wliich the works translated in this volume offer valuable materials. It is now admitted by all that Nataputta (G#4trzputra), who is commonly called Mahavira or Vardhamdna, was a contemporary of Buddha; and that the Nigazthas® ! The Parisish¢aparvan by Hémakandra, Bibliotheca Indica. 3 Denkschriften der philos.-histor. Classe der kaiserl. Akademie der Wissen schaften, vol. xxxvii, p. 171 ff. 5 Wiener Zeitschrift fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes, vols. ii and iii. Epigraphia Indica, vols. i and ii. * Bangalore, 1889. 5 The Religions of India. Bulletin des Religions de l’Inde, 1889-94. © Uber die indische Secte der Jaina. Wien, 1887. 7 Report for 1883-84. ® Nigan¢ha is apparently the original form of the word, since it is thus spelled in the Aséka inscription, in Pali, and occasionally by the Gainas, though the phonetic laws of all three idioms would have given preference to the form niggantha, the more frequent spelling in Gaina works. INTRODUCTION. XV
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1A monk should not be selfish) 292 ’ 8. On exertion. (Exertion not leading to works recommended) . . 297 ” 9. The Law. (What a monk should abstain from) . . «© «© « . 301 » 10. Carefulness. (Some more injunctions and prohibitions) . . . 306 » 11. The Path. (The same subject continued and concluded) 310 » 12. The creed. (On the four heresies : Agnos- ticism, v. 2; Vinayavada, v. 3 ; Akriyavada, wy. 4-10; KriyAvada, v. 11 ff.) . 315 » 13. The real truth. (Some duties of a pious monk). . v1) » 14. The Nirgrantha. (The same subject continued) . . . . 324 » 15. The Yamakas. (Miscellaneous topies treated in artificial verses) . - 329 » 16. The song. (On the virtues of a true monk) . 333 SECOND BOOK. Lecture 1. The Lotus. (The parable of the Lotus. The Materialists, § 14 ff. Another school of Materialists and the forerunners of the Vaiséshikas, § 20 ff. The Véd4ntins, § 25 ff. The fatalists, § 30 ff. Exhortation to follow the true Law, § 35 ff). 335 CONTENTS. xi Lecture 2. On activity. (The twelve kinds of committing sin, and sinless actions. Some wicked practices described, § 25 ff. Some more wicked practices, § 60 ff. Right conduct of monks, § 69 ff.; of laymen, § 75 ff. Refutation of the 363 heretical philosophical schools, § 79 ff. Conclusion) . ” 3. Knowledge of food. (On the generation of living beings) . . . . . » 4. Renunciation of activity. (An action is sinful though it be done unconsciously) . 5. Freedom from error; (what should be maintained and what not). ” 6. Ardraka; (his dispute with Géedla, a " Buddhist, a Védic priest, a Védantin, and a Hastitapasa) . . ” 7. Nalanda. (Udaka, a follower of Parsva, is is converted by Gautama) . Inpex or Names anp SusyjEcTs . InpEx oF SANSKRIT AND PrAxrit Worps . . Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets adopted for the Translations of the Sacred Books of the East PAGR 355 388 398 405 409 419 437 443 453 INTRODUCTION
2(Udaka, a follower of Parsva, is is converted by Gautama) . Inpex or Names anp SusyjEcTs . InpEx oF SANSKRIT AND PrAxrit Worps . . Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets adopted for the Translations of the Sacred Books of the East PAGR 355 388 398 405 409 419 437 443 453 INTRODUCTION TEN years have elapsed since the first part of my translation of Gaina Sfitras appeared. During that decennium many and very important additions to our knowledge of Gainism and its history have been made by a small number of excellent scholars. The text of the canonical books, together with good commentaries in Sanskrit and Guzerati, has been made accessible in fair editions published by native scholars in India. Critical editions of two of them have been published by Professors Leumann? and Hoernle?; and the latter scholar has added a careful translation and ample illustrations to his edition of the text. A general survey of the whole Gaina literature has been given by Professor Weber in his catalogue of the Berlin Manuscripts? and in his learned treatise* on the sacred literature of the Gainas. The development of Gaina learning and science has been studied by Professor Leumann, and some Gaina legends and their relations to those of the Brahmans and Buddhists have been investigated by the same scholar®. An important document for our knowledge of the old history of the Svétambara sect has been edited 1 Das Aupapatika Sitra, in the Abhandlungen fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes, vol. viii; and Dasavaikalika Stra und Niryukti, in the Journal of the German Oriental Society, vol. xlvi. ? The Uvasaga Das&o: (in the Bibliotheca Indica), vol. i. Text and Commentary, Calcutta, 1890 ; vol. ii. Translation, 1888. > Berlin, 1888 and 1892. * In the Indische Studien, vol. xvi, p. 211 ff., and xvii, p. 1 ff.; translated in the Indian Antiquary and edited separately, Bombay, 1893. 5 In the Actes du VI Congrés International des Orientalistes, section Arienne, p. 469 ff., in the 5th and 6th vols. of the Wiener Zeitschrift fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes, and in the 48th vol. of the Journal of the German Oriental Society. xiv GAINA SOTRAS.
35 In the Actes du VI Congrés International des Orientalistes, section Arienne, p. 469 ff., in the 5th and 6th vols. of the Wiener Zeitschrift fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes, and in the 48th vol. of the Journal of the German Oriental Society. xiv GAINA SOTRAS. by myself}, and the history of some of their Gakkhas has been made known from their lists of teachers by Hoernle and Klatt. The last-named scholar, whom we have all but lost by this time, has prepared a biographical dictionary of all Gaina writers and historical persons, and he has issued specimens of this great Onomasticon, while Hofrat Biihler has written a detailed biography of the famous encyclopaedist Hémazandra*. The same scholar has deciphered the ancient inscriptions, and discussed the sculptures excavated by Dr. Fiihrer at Mathur4%, and the important inscriptions at Sravaza Beégo/a have been edited by Mr. Lewis Rice*; M. A. Barth has reviewed our knowledge of Gainism °, and likewise Biihler in a short paper °. Lastly Bhandarkar has given a most valuable sketch of the whole of Gainism™. All these additions to our knowledge of Gainism (and I have but mentioned the most remarkable ones) have shed so much clear light on the whole subject that little room is left now for mere guesswork, and the true historical and philological method can be applied to all its parts. Still some of the principal problems require elucidation, while the proffered solution of others is not accepted by all scholars. I, therefore, gladly avail myself of this opportunity to discuss some of the disputed points, for the settling of wliich the works translated in this volume offer valuable materials. It is now admitted by all that Nataputta (G#4trzputra), who is commonly called Mahavira or Vardhamdna, was a contemporary of Buddha; and that the Nigazthas® ! The Parisish¢aparvan by Hémakandra, Bibliotheca Indica. 3 Denkschriften der philos.-histor. Classe der kaiserl. Akademie der Wissen schaften, vol. xxxvii, p. 171 ff. 5 Wiener Zeitschrift fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes, vols. ii and iii. Epigraphia Indica, vols. i and ii. * Bangalore, 1889. 5 The Religions of India. Bulletin des Religions de l’Inde, 1889-94. © Uber die indische Secte der Jaina. Wien, 1887. 7 Report for 1883-84. ® Nigan¢ha is apparently the original form of the word, since it is thus spelled in the Aséka inscription, in Pali, and occasionally by the Gainas, though the phonetic laws of all three idioms would have given preference to the form niggantha, the more frequent spelling in Gaina works. INTRODUCTION. XV
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
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