Fetching
One moment.
Fetching
One moment.
Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1189. Any one may unhesitatingly slay a man who attacks him with intent to murder him, whether his spiritual teacher, young or old, or a Brahmaza, V, 196. CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LAW. 41 or even (a Br&hmama) versed in many branches of sacred knowledge. 190. By killing an assassin who attempts to kill, whether in public or in private, no crime is committed by the slayer: fury recoils upon fury. 191. Assassins should be known to be of seven kinds: such as try to kill with the sword, or with poison, or with fire, such as raise their hand in order to pronounce a curse, such as recite a deadly incantation from the Atharva-veda, such as raise a false accusation which reaches the ears of the king, 192. And such as have illicit intercourse with another man’s wife. The same designation is given to other (evil-doers) who deprive others of their worldly fame or of their wealth, or who destroy religious merit (by ruining pools, or other such acts), or property (such as houses or fields). 193. Thus I have declared to thee fully, O Earth, the criminal laws, enumerating at full length the punishments ordained for all sorts of offences. 194. Let the king dictate due punishments for other offences also, after having ascertained the class and the age (of the criminal) and the amount (of the damage done or sum claimed), and after having consulted the Brahmazas (his advisers). 195. That detestable judge who dismisses without punishment such as deserve it, and punishes such as deserve it not, shall incur twice as heavy a penalty as the criminal himself. 196. A king in whose dominion there exists neither thief, nor adulterer, nor calumniator, nor robber, nor murderer, attains the world of Indra. 42 VISHNU. VI, 1. VI. 1. A creditor shall receive his principal back from his debtor exactly as he had lent it to him. 2. (As regards the interest to be paid), he shall take in the direct order of the castes two, three, four, or five in the hundred by the month (if no pledge has been given). 3. Or let debtors of any caste pay as much interest as has been promised by themselves. 4. After the lapse of one year let them pay interest according to the above rule, even though it have not been agreed on. 5. By the use of a pledge (to be kept only) interest is forfeited.
23. Or let debtors of any caste pay as much interest as has been promised by themselves. 4. After the lapse of one year let them pay interest according to the above rule, even though it have not been agreed on. 5. By the use of a pledge (to be kept only) interest is forfeited. VI. 2. M. VIII, 142; Y. II, 37. — 1, 2. Colebrooke, Dig. I, 2, XXXI.— 3. M-VIII, 157; Y. II, 38.— 4. Colebrooke, Dig. I, 2, LII. — 5. M.VIII, 143; Y. II, 59; Gaut. XII, 32; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 2, LXXVIII.— 6. Y. II, 59; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 3, LXXXII. — 7. M. VIII, 151; Gaut. XII, 31; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 3, CX. — 8. Colebrooke loc. cit. — 9. Colebrooke, Dig. I, 3, CVII. — 10. Y. If, 44; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 2, LXXVII. — 11- 15. M.VIII, 152; Y. EH, 39; Gaut. XII, 36; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 2, LXIV. — 16, 17. Colebrooke, Dig. I, 2, LXX. — 18, 19. M.VIII, 50, 176; Y. II, 40; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 6, CCLII. — 20, 21. M. VIII, 139; Y. II, 42; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 6, CCLXXVII. — 22. Y. II, 20. — 24, 25. Y. II, 94; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 6, CCLXXXIIL — 26. Y. II, 93; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 6, CCLXXXVI. — 27. Y. II, 50; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 5, CLXVIII. — 28. Colebrooke, Dig. I, 5, CLX VIII. — 29. Gaut. XII, 40. — 29, 30. Y. II, 51; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 5, CCXX. — 31-33. Y. II, 46; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 5, CCVIII. — 34-36. M.VIII, 166; Y. II, 45. — 38, 39. M.VIII, 166, 167; Y. II, 45; Colebrooke, Dig, I, 5, CXCII. — 41. M.VIII, 158, 160; Y. I, 53; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 4, CXLIV. — 42, 43. Y. II, 55, 56; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 4, CLVI, CLXI. 1, 2. Colebrooke loc. cit. seems to have translated a different reading. VI, 16. LAW OF DEBT. 43 6. The creditor must make good the loss of a pledge, unless it was caused by fate or by the king. 7. (The pledge must) also (be restored to the debtor) when the interest has reached its maximum amount (on becoming equal to the principal, and has all been paid). 8. But he must not restore an immovable pledge without special agreement (till the principal itself has been paid). -g. That immovable property which has been delivered, restorable when the sum borrowed is made good, (the creditor) must restore when the sum borrowed has been made good. 10. Property lent bears no further interest after it has been tendered, but refused by the creditor. 11. On gold the interest shall rise no higher than to make the debt double; 12. On grain, (no higher than to make it) threefold ; 13. On cloth, (no higher than to make it) fourfold ; 14. On liquids, (no higher than to make it) eightfold; 15. Of female slaves and cattle, the offspring (shall be taken as interest). 16. On substances from which spirituous liquor 7. Colebrooke loc. cit. connects this Sfitra with the next. My rendering rests on Nand.’s interpretation. 8. Nand. cites as an instance of an agreement of this kind one made in the following form, ‘ You shall have the enjoyment of this or that mango grove as long as interest on the principal lent to me has not ceased to accrue.’ 44 VISHNU. VI, 17.
3My rendering rests on Nand.’s interpretation. 8. Nand. cites as an instance of an agreement of this kind one made in the following form, ‘ You shall have the enjoyment of this or that mango grove as long as interest on the principal lent to me has not ceased to accrue.’ 44 VISHNU. VI, 17. is extracted, on cotton, thread, leather, weapons, bricks, and charcoal, the interest is unlimited. 17. On such objects as have not been mentioned it may be double. 18. A creditor recovering the sum lent by any (lawful) means shall not be reproved by the king. 19. If the debtor, so forced to discharge the debt, complains to the king, he shall be fined in an equal sum. 20. If a creditor sues before the king and fully proves his demand, the debtor shall pay as a fine to the king a tenth part of the sum proved ; 21. And the creditor, having received the sum due, shall pay a twentieth part of it. 22. If the whole demand has been contested by the debtor, and even a part of it only has been proved against him, he must pay the whole. 23. There are three means of proof in case of a demand having been contested, viz. a writing, witnesses, and proof by ordeal. 24. A debt contracted before witnesses should be discharged in the presence of witnesses. 25. A written contract having been fulfilled, the writing should be torn. 26. Part only being paid, and the writing not being at hand, let the creditor give an acquittance. 27. If he who contracted the debt should die, or 17. Nand. infers from a passage of Katy4yana that this rule tefers to gems, pearls, coral, gold, silver, cotton, silk, and wool. 18. The ‘lawful means’ are mediation of friends and the four other modes of compelling payment of an unliquidated demand. (Nand.) See M.VIII, 49. 22. ‘The particle api indicates that he must pay a fine to the king besides, as ordained by YAgfiavalkya II, 11.’ (Nand.) VI, 39. LAW OF DEBT. 45 become a religious ascetic, or remain abroad for twenty years, that debt shall be discharged by his sons or grandsons ; 28. But not by remoter descendants against their will. 29. He who takes the assets of a man, leaving or not leaving male issue, must pay the sum due (by him); 30. And (so must) he who has the care of the widow left by one who had no assets. 31. A woman (shall) not (be compelled to pay) the debt of her husband or son; 32. Nor the husband or son (to pay) the debt of a woman (who is his wife or mother); 33. Nor a father to pay the debt of his son. 34. A debt contracted by parceners shall be paid by any one of them who is present. 35. And so shall the debt of the father (be paid) by (any one of) the brothers (or of their sons) before partition. 36. But after partition they shall severally pay according to their shares of the inheritance. 37. A debt contracted by the wife of a herdsman, distiller of spirits, public dancer, washer, or hunter shall be discharged by the husband (because he is supported by his wife).
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1189. Any one may unhesitatingly slay a man who attacks him with intent to murder him, whether his spiritual teacher, young or old, or a Brahmaza, V, 196. CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LAW. 41 or even (a Br&hmama) versed in many branches of sacred knowledge. 190. By killing an assassin who attempts to kill, whether in public or in private, no crime is committed by the slayer: fury recoils upon fury. 191. Assassins should be known to be of seven kinds: such as try to kill with the sword, or with poison, or with fire, such as raise their hand in order to pronounce a curse, such as recite a deadly incantation from the Atharva-veda, such as raise a false accusation which reaches the ears of the king, 192. And such as have illicit intercourse with another man’s wife. The same designation is given to other (evil-doers) who deprive others of their worldly fame or of their wealth, or who destroy religious merit (by ruining pools, or other such acts), or property (such as houses or fields). 193. Thus I have declared to thee fully, O Earth, the criminal laws, enumerating at full length the punishments ordained for all sorts of offences. 194. Let the king dictate due punishments for other offences also, after having ascertained the class and the age (of the criminal) and the amount (of the damage done or sum claimed), and after having consulted the Brahmazas (his advisers). 195. That detestable judge who dismisses without punishment such as deserve it, and punishes such as deserve it not, shall incur twice as heavy a penalty as the criminal himself. 196. A king in whose dominion there exists neither thief, nor adulterer, nor calumniator, nor robber, nor murderer, attains the world of Indra. 42 VISHNU. VI, 1. VI. 1. A creditor shall receive his principal back from his debtor exactly as he had lent it to him. 2. (As regards the interest to be paid), he shall take in the direct order of the castes two, three, four, or five in the hundred by the month (if no pledge has been given). 3. Or let debtors of any caste pay as much interest as has been promised by themselves. 4. After the lapse of one year let them pay interest according to the above rule, even though it have not been agreed on. 5. By the use of a pledge (to be kept only) interest is forfeited.
23. Or let debtors of any caste pay as much interest as has been promised by themselves. 4. After the lapse of one year let them pay interest according to the above rule, even though it have not been agreed on. 5. By the use of a pledge (to be kept only) interest is forfeited. VI. 2. M. VIII, 142; Y. II, 37. — 1, 2. Colebrooke, Dig. I, 2, XXXI.— 3. M-VIII, 157; Y. II, 38.— 4. Colebrooke, Dig. I, 2, LII. — 5. M.VIII, 143; Y. II, 59; Gaut. XII, 32; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 2, LXXVIII.— 6. Y. II, 59; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 3, LXXXII. — 7. M. VIII, 151; Gaut. XII, 31; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 3, CX. — 8. Colebrooke loc. cit. — 9. Colebrooke, Dig. I, 3, CVII. — 10. Y. If, 44; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 2, LXXVII. — 11- 15. M.VIII, 152; Y. EH, 39; Gaut. XII, 36; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 2, LXIV. — 16, 17. Colebrooke, Dig. I, 2, LXX. — 18, 19. M.VIII, 50, 176; Y. II, 40; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 6, CCLII. — 20, 21. M. VIII, 139; Y. II, 42; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 6, CCLXXVII. — 22. Y. II, 20. — 24, 25. Y. II, 94; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 6, CCLXXXIIL — 26. Y. II, 93; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 6, CCLXXXVI. — 27. Y. II, 50; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 5, CLXVIII. — 28. Colebrooke, Dig. I, 5, CLX VIII. — 29. Gaut. XII, 40. — 29, 30. Y. II, 51; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 5, CCXX. — 31-33. Y. II, 46; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 5, CCVIII. — 34-36. M.VIII, 166; Y. II, 45. — 38, 39. M.VIII, 166, 167; Y. II, 45; Colebrooke, Dig, I, 5, CXCII. — 41. M.VIII, 158, 160; Y. I, 53; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 4, CXLIV. — 42, 43. Y. II, 55, 56; Colebrooke, Dig. I, 4, CLVI, CLXI. 1, 2. Colebrooke loc. cit. seems to have translated a different reading. VI, 16. LAW OF DEBT. 43 6. The creditor must make good the loss of a pledge, unless it was caused by fate or by the king. 7. (The pledge must) also (be restored to the debtor) when the interest has reached its maximum amount (on becoming equal to the principal, and has all been paid). 8. But he must not restore an immovable pledge without special agreement (till the principal itself has been paid). -g. That immovable property which has been delivered, restorable when the sum borrowed is made good, (the creditor) must restore when the sum borrowed has been made good. 10. Property lent bears no further interest after it has been tendered, but refused by the creditor. 11. On gold the interest shall rise no higher than to make the debt double; 12. On grain, (no higher than to make it) threefold ; 13. On cloth, (no higher than to make it) fourfold ; 14. On liquids, (no higher than to make it) eightfold; 15. Of female slaves and cattle, the offspring (shall be taken as interest). 16. On substances from which spirituous liquor 7. Colebrooke loc. cit. connects this Sfitra with the next. My rendering rests on Nand.’s interpretation. 8. Nand. cites as an instance of an agreement of this kind one made in the following form, ‘ You shall have the enjoyment of this or that mango grove as long as interest on the principal lent to me has not ceased to accrue.’ 44 VISHNU. VI, 17.
3My rendering rests on Nand.’s interpretation. 8. Nand. cites as an instance of an agreement of this kind one made in the following form, ‘ You shall have the enjoyment of this or that mango grove as long as interest on the principal lent to me has not ceased to accrue.’ 44 VISHNU. VI, 17. is extracted, on cotton, thread, leather, weapons, bricks, and charcoal, the interest is unlimited. 17. On such objects as have not been mentioned it may be double. 18. A creditor recovering the sum lent by any (lawful) means shall not be reproved by the king. 19. If the debtor, so forced to discharge the debt, complains to the king, he shall be fined in an equal sum. 20. If a creditor sues before the king and fully proves his demand, the debtor shall pay as a fine to the king a tenth part of the sum proved ; 21. And the creditor, having received the sum due, shall pay a twentieth part of it. 22. If the whole demand has been contested by the debtor, and even a part of it only has been proved against him, he must pay the whole. 23. There are three means of proof in case of a demand having been contested, viz. a writing, witnesses, and proof by ordeal. 24. A debt contracted before witnesses should be discharged in the presence of witnesses. 25. A written contract having been fulfilled, the writing should be torn. 26. Part only being paid, and the writing not being at hand, let the creditor give an acquittance. 27. If he who contracted the debt should die, or 17. Nand. infers from a passage of Katy4yana that this rule tefers to gems, pearls, coral, gold, silver, cotton, silk, and wool. 18. The ‘lawful means’ are mediation of friends and the four other modes of compelling payment of an unliquidated demand. (Nand.) See M.VIII, 49. 22. ‘The particle api indicates that he must pay a fine to the king besides, as ordained by YAgfiavalkya II, 11.’ (Nand.) VI, 39. LAW OF DEBT. 45 become a religious ascetic, or remain abroad for twenty years, that debt shall be discharged by his sons or grandsons ; 28. But not by remoter descendants against their will. 29. He who takes the assets of a man, leaving or not leaving male issue, must pay the sum due (by him); 30. And (so must) he who has the care of the widow left by one who had no assets. 31. A woman (shall) not (be compelled to pay) the debt of her husband or son; 32. Nor the husband or son (to pay) the debt of a woman (who is his wife or mother); 33. Nor a father to pay the debt of his son. 34. A debt contracted by parceners shall be paid by any one of them who is present. 35. And so shall the debt of the father (be paid) by (any one of) the brothers (or of their sons) before partition. 36. But after partition they shall severally pay according to their shares of the inheritance. 37. A debt contracted by the wife of a herdsman, distiller of spirits, public dancer, washer, or hunter shall be discharged by the husband (because he is supported by his wife).
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
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