The Institutes of Vishnu — SBE Vol. 7 (trans. Julius Jolly, 1880)

And he shall have to support her.

47. He who says of an unblemished damsel, that she has a blemish (shall pay) the highest amercement.

48. For killing an elephant, or a horse, or a camel, or a cow, (the criminal) shall have one hand, or one foot, lopped off.

43. The lowest castes (anty4), accordiig to Angiras, are the
following seven, K andalas, Svapakas, Kshattris, Sitas, Vaidehakas,
Magadhas, and Ayogavas,

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49. A seller of forbidden meat (such as _ pork, shall be punished in the same way).

50. He who kills domestic animals, shall pay a hundred K4arshapazas.

51. He shall make good their value to the owner of those animals.

52. He who kills wild animals, shall pay five hundred Karshdpamas.

53. A killer of birds, or of fish, (shall pay) ten
K4rshapamas.

54. A killer of insects shall pay one KarshApama.

55. A feller of trees yielding fruit (shall pay) the highest amercement.

56. A feller of trees yielding blossoms only (shall pay) the second amercement.

57. He who cuts creepers, shrubs, or climbing plants (shall pay) a hundred K4arshdpamas,

• 58. He who cuts grass (shall pay) one KArshapana. ;
• 59. And all such offenders (shall make good) to the owners (of the trees or plants cut down by them) the revenue which they yield.

60. If any man raises his hand (against his equal in caste, with intent to strike him, he shall pay) ten Karshapamas ;

61. If he raises his foot, twenty;

62. If he raises a piece of wood, the first amercement;

63. If he raises a stone, the second amercement ;

64. If he raises a weapon, the highest amercement, 65. If he seizes him by his feet, by his hair, by

53. Nand. infers from a passage of Katyayana that the particle ka is used here in order to include serpents.

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his garment, or by his hand, he shall pay ten Pamas as a fine.

66. If he causes pain to him, without fetching blood from him, (he shall pay) thirty-two Pazas ;

67. For fetching blood from him, sixty-four.

68. For mutilating or injuring a hand, or a foot, or a tooth, and for slitting an ear, or the nose, the second amercement (is ordained). ' 69. For rendering a man unable to move about, or to eat, or to speak, or for striking him (violently, the same punishment is ordained).

70. For wounding or breaking an eye, or the neck, or an arm, or a bone, or a shoulder, the highest amercement (is ordained).

71. For striking out both eyes of a man, the king shall (confine him and) not dismiss him from jail as long as he lives;

72. Or he shall order him to be mutilated in the same way (i.e. deprived of his eyes).

73. Where one is attacked by many, the punishment for each shall be the double of that which has been ordained for (attacks by) a single person.

74. (The double punishment is) likewise (ordained) for those who do not give assistance to one calling for help, though they happen to be on the spot, or (who run away) after having approached it.

74. (The double punishment is) likewise (ordained) for those who do not give assistance to one calling for help, though they happen to be on the spot, or (who run away) after having approached it.

75. All those who have hurt a man, shall pay the expense of his cure.

76. Those who have hurt a domestic animal
(shall also pay the expense of his cure).

77. He who has stolen a cow, or a horse, or a camel, or an elephant, shall have one hand, or one foot, cut off;

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78. He who has stolen a goat, or a sheep, (shall have) one hand (cut off).

79. He who steals grain (of those sorts which grow in the rainy season), shall pay eleven times its value as a fine;

80. Likewise, he who steals grain (of those sorts, which grow in winter and spring, such as rice and barley).

81. A stealer of gold, silver, or clothes, at a value of more than fifty Md4shas, shall lose both hands.

82. He who steals a less amount than that, shall pay eleven times its value as a fine.

83. A stealer of thread, cotton, cow-dung, sugar, sour milk, milk, butter-milk, grass, salt, clay, ashes, birds, fish, clarified butter, oil, meat, honey, basketwork, canes of bamboo, earthenware, or iron pots, shall pay three times their value as a fine.

84. (The same fine is ordained for stealing) dressed food.

85. For stealing flowers, green (grain), shrubs, creepers, climbing plants or leaves, (he shall pay) five Kreshmalas.

86. For stealing pot-herbs, roots, or fruits (the same punishment is ordained).

87. He who steals gems, (shall pay) the highest amercement.

88. He who steals anything not mentioned above,
(shall make good) its value (to the owner).

89. Thieves shall be compelled to restore all stolen goods to the owners.

go. After that, they shall suffer the punishment that has been ordained for them.

91. He who does not make way for one forp. 33 whom way ought to be made, shall be fined twentyfive Karsh4pamas.

92. (The same fine is ordained) for omitting to offer a seat to (a guest or others) to whom it ought to be offered.

93. For neglecting to worship such as have a claim to be worshipped, (the same fine is ordained);

94. Likewise, for neglecting to invite (at a Sraddha) a Bréhmama, one’s neighbour ;

95. And for offering him no food, after having invited him.

96. He who does not eat, though he has received and accepted an invitation, shall give a gold Méashaka as a fine;

97. And the double amount of food to his host.

98. He who insults a Brahmamza by offering him uneatable food (such as excrements and the like, or forbidden food, such as garlic, must pay) sixteen Suvarmas (as a fine).

99. (If he insults him by offering him) such food as would cause him to be degraded (were he to taste it, he must pay) a hundred Suvarmas.

100. (If he offers him) spirituous liquor, he shall be put to death.

to1. If he insults a Kshatriya (in the same way), he shall have to pay half of the above amercement ;

100. (If he offers him) spirituous liquor, he shall be put to death.

to1. If he insults a Kshatriya (in the same way), he shall have to pay half of the above amercement ;

102. If he insults a Vaisya, half of that again ;

103. If he insults a Sddra, the first amercement.

104. If one who (being a member of the Kandla or some other low caste) must not be touched, inten-

• 93. Those persons ‘have a claim to be worshipped’ who are worthy to receive the Madhuparka or honey-mixture. (Nand.) See
• M. III, 119, 120; Y. I, 110; Apast. II, 4, 8, 5-9; Gaut.V, 27; Weber, Ind. Stud. X, 1253.

[7] Dp. 34 tionally defiles by his touch one who (as a member of a twice-born caste) may be touched (by other twice-born persons only), he shall be put to death.

105. If a woman in her courses (touches such a person), she shall be lashed with a whip.

106. If one defiles the highway, or a garden, or the water (by voiding excrements) near them (or in any other way), he shall be fined a hundred Pawas;

107. And he must remove the filth.

108. If he demolishes a house, or a piece of ground (a court-yard or the like), or a wall or the like, he shall have to pay the second amercement ;

109. And he shall have it repaired (at his own cost).

110. If he throws into another man’s house (thorns, spells, or other) such things as might hurt some one, he shall pay a hundred Pamas.

111. (The same punishment is ordained) for falsely denying the possession of common property;

112. And for not delivering what has been sent
(for a god or for a Brahmamza).

113. (The same punishment is) also (ordained) for father and son, teacher (and pupil), sacrificer and officiating priest, if one should forsake the other, provided that he has not been expelled from caste.

114. And he must return to them (to the parents and the rest).

115. (The same punishment is) also (ordained) for hospitably entertaining a Sidra or religious ascetic at an oblation to the gods or to the manes;

116. And for following an unlawful occupation

• 115. According to Nand., the particle 4a indicates here, that the
• - same punishment is ordained for him who visits a widow by his own accord, as mentioned by Yagiiavalkya (II, 234).

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(such as studying the Vedas without having been initiated) ;

117, And for breaking open a house on which
(the king’s) seal is laid;

118. And for making an oath without having been asked to do so (by the king or a judge);

119. And for depriving cattle of their virility.

120. The fine for the witnesses in a dispute between father and son shall be ten Pavzas.

121. For him who acts as surety for either of the two parties in such a contest, the highest amercement (is ordained).

122. (The same punishment is ordained) for forging a balance, or a measure;

123. Also, for pronouncing them incorrect, although they are correct.

124. (The same punishment is) also (ordained) for selling adulterated commodities ;