The shape of Legge's introduction is the argument. Chapter I ends at "Destruction of the classical literature by the emperor of Khin. Recovery of the Shû." Chapter II is titled THE CREDIBILITY OF THE RECORDS IN THE SHÛ and opens on the question "Are the records reliable or not?" Chapter IV asks "how it came to be so small and incomplete." Before a reader reaches a line of the text, three chapters have been spent on whether it survived intact and whether it can be believed.
Texts of Confucianism, Part I: The Shû King, the Religious Portions of the Shih King, the Hsiâo King — SBE Vol. 3 (trans. James Legge, 1879)
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The translator’s English as printed (Georg Bühler & James Legge). The original-language text is not held; names are romanised as the translator printed them.
SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST
London
MACMILLAN AND CO.
\ fines TIO 3 cH MEA . é ve Si
PUBLISHERS TO THE UNIVERSITY OF
Oxford
THE
SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST
TRANSLATED
BY VARIOUS ORIENTAL SCHOLARS
' AND EDITED BY
F. MAX MULLER
VOL, ID
@rford
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1879.
[All rights reserved]
THE
SACRED BOOKS OF CHINA
THE TEXTS OF CONFUCIANISM
TRANSLATED BY
JAMES LEGGE
PART I
THE SHU KING
THE RELIGIOUS PORTIONS OF THE SHIH KING
THE HSIAO KING
@rford AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
p. 1879
[All rights reserved]
ap. 7 a
Z ( 9 / |
Z
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
CONTENTS.
. PAGE PREFACE. . : . . . . . . . . xiii
THE SHO.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAP.
I. THE NATURE AND HISTORY OF THE SHO. . . I
Meaning of the name Shi King. The Shf existed as a collection of documents before Confucius. Number of documents in it in his time. The Preface ascribed to him. The sources of the Shi. Destruction of the classical literature by the emperor of XAin. Recovery of the Sha.
p. 12
Are the records reliable or not? The Books of K4u; of Shang ; of Hsia. ‘The Books of Thang and Yii are professedly later compilations ; legendary ; based on ancient documents. The Tribute of Yii. Y4o, Shun, and Yii are all historical personages.
III. ON THE CHRONOLOGY OF CHINA, AND THE PRINCIPAL
ERAS INTHE SHO. . . re °)
No detailed chronological system can be made out from the Shi. Attempts at systematic chronology began in the Han period. Ancient method of determining the length of Chinese history. The period of the Kau dynasty; of the Shang ; of the Hsia ; of Yao and Shun.
A CHART BY THE REV. PROFESSOR PRITCHARD, representing the principal zodiacal stars above the horizon of any place in central China, about the year B.C. 2300; with note, and table of the apparent positions of the principal stars in B.C. 2300, B.C. 1500, A.D. I, A.D, 1000, and A.D. 1878 . . . 27-30
PART I. THE BOOK OF THANG.
The Canon.of YAo . . . ee . . . . 31
viii
CONTENTS.
BOOK
PYwNn
wPoeb a
10,
Il.
AnwP yp
PART II. THE BOOKS oF YU.
The Canon of Shun . .t
The Counsels of the Great Yii
The Counsels of K4o-y4o . . : : :
The Yi and AT. . : . . . . . .
- ParRT III. THE Books oF HsiA.
The Tribute of Yii. Section i
” ” ” ii
The Speech at Kan : : .
The Songs of the Five Sons. . .
The Punitive Expedition of Yin
THE BOOKS oF YU.
The Canon of Shun . .t
The Counsels of the Great Yii
The Counsels of K4o-y4o . . : : :
The Yi and AT. . : . . . . . .
- ParRT III. THE Books oF HsiA.
The Tribute of Yii. Section i
” ” ” ii
The Speech at Kan : : .
The Songs of the Five Sons. . .
The Punitive Expedition of Yin
ParT IV. THE BOOKS OF SHANG.
The Speech of Thang.
The Announcement of Kung-hui . .
The Announcement of Thang
The Instructions of f. .. .
The Thai Kia. Section i ” ” ii . . . . . . yy di wo. . . The Common Possession of Pure Virtue . The Pan-kang. Section i yi The Charge to Yiieh. Section i ” ” » ii ” ” » iii . . . 1 oe The Day of the Supplementary Sacrifice to K4o Sung . The Chief of the West’s Conquest of Lit . . . The Count of Wei _ : . .
PART V. THE BOOKS oF KAU.
The Great Declaration. Sectioni . : . . .
” ” ” ii
» iii
The Speech at Ma .
The Successful Completion of the War
The Great Plan . . . .
The Hounds of Lii
The Metal-bound Coffer
64
72
78
81
p. 84
89
92
95
100
104
108
III
113
115
116
118
120
121
125
127
129
131
133
137
149
151
CONTENTS. ix
BOOK PAGE
- 7. The Great Announcement . . . . . . . 156
- 8. The Charge to the Count of Wei. : : . . 161
- 9. The Announcement to the Prince of Khang . . . 164
- 10. The Announcement about Drunkenness . : . .- &I7I
- 11. The Timber of the Rottlera’. . : - 179
- 12. The Announcement of the Duke of Shao : . . 81
- 13. The Announcement concerning Lo . . . . . 188
- 14. The Numerous Officers . . : : . . . 196
- 15. Against Luxurious Ease. . : . : . . 200
- 16. The Prince Shih . : . . . : . - 205
- 17. The Charge to Kung of Bhai . . . .. Qa
- 18. The Numerous Regions . . . . . . » 213
- 19. The Establishment of Government . . 1 . 219
- 20. The Officers of Kau . : : : : . : . 226
- 21. The Xiin-2kan . . . . . . . . . 231
- 22. The Testamentary Charge . . . oe . 234
- 23. The Announcement of King Khang . . . . - 243
- 24. The Charge to the Duke of Pf... . ‘ . e245
- 25. The Xiin-ya . . . : . . . . « 250
- 26. The Charge to Khiung- . » eww 252
- 27. The Marquis of Lii on Punishments . . . . . 254
- 28. The Charge to the Marquis Wan . . . . 265
- 29. The Speech at Pt . . . : . . 267
- 30. The Speech of the Marquis of Kin 2 oe ee 270
THE SHIH.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAP,
I. THE NAME AND CONTENTS OF THE SHIH. : - 275
The meaning of the character Shih. The contents. Only the pieces of the fourth Part have professedly a religious character. Classification of the pieces from their form and style.
II. THE SHIH BEFORE CONFUCIUS, AND WHAT, IF ANY, WERE
HIS LABOURS UPON IT . . . . . . . 280
Statement of Sze-mA Xhien; in the Records of the Sui Dynasty; of AQ Hsi. View of the author. Groundlessness of Khien’s statement. What Confucius did for the Shih.
x CONTENTS.
CHAP, . III. THE SHIH FROM THE TIME OF CONFUCIUS TILL THE GENERAL ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE PRESENT TEXT
From Confucius to the rise of the KAin dynasty. The Shih was all recovered after the fires of KAin. Three different texts :—of LQ; of XAi; of Han Ying. The text of M4o.
x CONTENTS.
CHAP, . III. THE SHIH FROM THE TIME OF CONFUCIUS TILL THE GENERAL ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE PRESENT TEXT
From Confucius to the rise of the KAin dynasty. The Shih was all recovered after the fires of KAin. Three different texts :—of LQ; of XAi; of Han Ying. The text of M4o.
IV. THE FORMATION OF THE COLLECTION OF THE SHIH; HOW IT CAME TO BE SO SMALL AND INCOMPLETE; THE INTERPRETATION AND AUTHORS OF THE PIECES; ONE POINT OF TIME CERTAINLY INDICATED IN IT; AND THE CONFUCIAN PREFACE . . . «© .
The theory of the Chinese scholars about a collection of poems for governmental purposes. The music-master of the king got the odes of each state from its music-master ; and the collected poems were disseminated throughout the states. How the Shih is so small and incomplete. The authors of the pieces. The year B.C. 776 clearly indicated. The Preface to the Shih.
ODES OF THE TEMPLE AND THE ALTAR.
1, The Sacrificial Odes of Shang . . «wet
2. The Sacrificial Odes of Kau. Decadei . . .
” ” ” » ii. : . . ” ” ” » (Wo. . : . 3. The Praise Odes of La a
THE MINOR ODES OF THE KINGDOM.
Decade i. Odes 5, 6, 9 . . soe ee . » iv. Odes 5, 6, 7, 8,9,10 . . : . . . . » v. Odes1,2,3,4,69 . . . . . . » vi. Odes 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 . : » Vii, Odest,6 . 2. 2. 2. ee lee » Vili, Ode 5 rr
THE Major ODES OF THE KINGDOM.
Decade i. Odes 1, 2, 3,4,5,6,7,9,10 . . «© «
» ii Odes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8,9, 10 . . . . . . » iii, Odes 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7,8, 10,11. . .
LESSONS FROM THE STATES.
Book 2. Odes2,4 . . . . . . . . . » 3 Odes4,15 . . . : . : : : . » 4 Odes 1, 3,6. . . : . . .
PAGE
p. 285
p. 290
303
313
320
328
336
347
349
358
364
373
376
377
396
p. 410
430
433
434
CONTENTS. xl PAGE Book 5. Ode4 . . . . : . . : . + 437 » 6 Odest,9 . . . . . . ’ . - 438 » 10 Odes8 11. ' . + 440 » U1. Odeo , : : . . . . : . - 442 » 15. Oder . . . . . . . . . - 444
THE HSIAO.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAP. .
I, THE NAME OF THE CLASSIC; ITS EXISTENCE BEFORE THE HAN DYNASTY; ITS CONTENTS, AND BY WHOM IT WAS
Meaning of the character Hsiao. Was the treatise called the Hsiao King by Confucius? It existed before the Han dynasty during the time of the Kau. It came, probably, from the school of 3ang-3ze.
II. THE RECOVERY OF THE HsiAO0 UNDER THE HAN DYNASTY, AND ITS PRESERVATION DOWN TO THE PUBLICATION OF THE COMMENTARY OF THE THANG EMPEROR HSUAN 3UNG . . . . . . + 452
Recovery of the Hsiao. The shorter or modern text. The old or longer text. Was another copy in the old text discovered? Can we fully rely on the copies catalogued by Lia Hin? From Khung An-kwo to the emperor Hsiian ung.
The emperor’s work. Hsing Ping’s work.
III. Criticism OF THE HSIAO SINCE THE THANG DYNASTY 458
Works on the old text by Sze-m4 Kwang and Fan 8(-yii. Sceptical criticism ;—views of Ki Hst and Wa KAang. Conclusion regarding the genuineness and integrity of the Hsiao. Note on the translation.
1. The Scope and Meaning of the Treatise . . 465
2. Filial Piety in the Son of Heaven . . . . 467
The transmission is not a chain but a fan, and Legge names its branches. After the Khin fires "the Shih was all recovered" — in three different texts, of Lû, of Khî, and of Han Ying, alongside the text of Mâo. Four recensions issuing from one documented destruction. A reader holding a single English rendering is holding a choice among those, and Legge is careful to say that a choice was made.
AND HIS SCEPTICISM IS TAKEN FROM INSIDE THE TRADITION, WHICH IS THE POSITION THE OTHER TRANSLATORS ON THIS SHELF LEAVE OUT. Where he doubts the Hsiâo King's authenticity he does not reach for European higher criticism; his section reads "Sceptical criticism;—views of Kû Hsî and Wû Khǎng", and the conclusion about "the genuineness and integrity of the Hsiâo" is reached with Chinese scholars as the sceptics. Set beside Jacobi attacking his own profession's prejudice, Rhys Davids and Oldenberg naming a borrowed frame, Eggeling using one unnamed, and Palmer neither naming nor examining his, this is a fifth position: doubt sourced from the tradition being read rather than from the one doing the reading.
contrasts in method with Gaina Sûtras, Part I: The Âkârânga and Kalpa Sûtras — SBE Vol. 22 (trans. Hermann Jacobi, 1884)
He marks his conditionals, which is a small habit and a load-bearing one. The Hsiâo King "was the first to receive the denomination of a King,—and that from the lips of the sage himself,—IF THE ACCOUNT WHICH WE HAVE RECEIVED OF THE MATTER IS TO BE RELIED ON." Of the meetings between Lâo-tze and Confucius: "There are accounts, hardly reliable, of interviews and discussions between the two men." Neither claim is suppressed and neither is passed on as established.
He also prints his own low estimate of a text he is translating, in the volume that contains it: "The Hsiâo seems to me an attempt to construct a religion on the basis of the cardinal virtue of Filial Piety, and is open to criticism in many respects." An editor of sacred books declining to be reverent about one of them, on the page facing it.
And he catches an English mistranslation already in circulation, before it can be inherited: "Lâo-tze's system often goes with English writers by the name of Rationalism; but if that name be retained, the term must be taken in quite a peculiar sense." He backs the warning with Julien's French — that the Tâo is "dépourvu d'action, de pensée, de jugement, d'intelligence", so that it "appears impossible therefore to take it for the primordial reason, the Sublime Intelligence, which created and rules the world." A received European word for a foreign idea, flagged as a hazard rather than adopted. Palmer, in the Qur'ân volumes of this series, does the opposite by default.
contrasts in method with The Qur'ân, Part I: Chapters I–XVI — SBE Vol. 6 (trans. E. H. Palmer, 1880)