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Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1Lift Hin’s Catalogue of the Books in the Imperial Library of Han (B.C. 6 to 1) commences, on the Shih King, with a collection of the three texts, in twentyeight chapters. 1 All, in fact, unless we except the six pieces of Part II, of which we have only the titles. It is contended by KQ Hst and others that the text of these had been lost before the time of Confucius, It may have been lost, however, after the sage’s death ; see note on p. 283. 286 THE SHIH KING. i. Immediately after the mention of the general collection in the Catalogue come the titles of two works of commentary on the text of LQ. The former of them was by a Shan Phei of whom we have some account in the Literary Biographies of Han. He was a native of Ld, and had received his own knowledge of the odes from a scholar of K4Ai, called Fau KAid-po. He was resorted to by many disciples, whom he taught to repeat the odes. When the first emperor of the Han dynasty was passing through LO, Shan followed him to the capital of that state, and had an interview with him. Subsequently the emperor WO (B.C. 140 to 87), in the beginning of his reign, sent for him to court when he was more than eighty years old; and he appears to have survived a considerable number of years beyond that advanced age. The names of ten of his disciples are given, all of them men of eminence, and among them Khung An-kwo. Rather later, the most noted adherent of the school of LQ was Wei Hsien, who arrived at the dignity of prime minister (from B.C. 71 to 67), and published the Shih of Ld in Stanzas and Lines. Up and down in the Books of Han and Wei are to be found quotations of the odes, that must have been taken from the professors of the La recension; but neither the text nor the writings on it long survived. They are said to have perished during the Kin dynasty (A. D. 265 to 419). When the Catalogue of the Sui Library was made, None of them were existing. ii. The Han Catalogue mentions five different works on the Shih of Kt. This text was from a Yiian K4, a native of Ki, about whom we learn, from the same collection of Literary Biographies, that he was one of the great scholars of the court in the time of the emperor Xing (B.C. 156 to 141),—a favourite with him, and specially distinguished for his knowledge of the odes and his advocacy of orthodox Confucian doctrine. He died in the succeeding reign of Wd, more than ninety years old; and we are told that. all the scholars of K#i who got a name in those days for their acquaintance with the Shih sprang from his school. Among his disciples was the well- The text of La. The text of KAt. INTRODUCTION. 287
2He died in the succeeding reign of Wd, more than ninety years old; and we are told that. all the scholars of K#i who got a name in those days for their acquaintance with the Shih sprang from his school. Among his disciples was the well- The text of La. The text of KAt. INTRODUCTION. 287 known name of Hsi4-hau Shih-é4ang, who communicated his acquisitions to Hau 3ang, a native of the present Shan-tung province, and author of two of the works in the Han Catalogue. H4u had three disciples of note, and by them the Shih of K/t was transmitted to others, whose names, with quotations from their writings, are scattered through the Books of Han. Neither text nor commentaries, however, had a better fate than the Shih of LO. There is no mention of them in the Catalogue of Sui. They are said to have perished even before the rise of the Xin dynasty. iii. The text of Han was somewhat more fortunate. Hin’s Catalogue contains the names of four works, all by The text of Han Ying, whose surname is thus perpetuated Han Ying. in the text of the Shih that emanated from him. He was a native, we are told, of Yen, and a great scholar in the time of the emperor Wan (B.C. 179 to 155), and on into the reigns of King and Wa. ‘He laboured,’ it is said, ‘to unfold the meaning of the odes, and published an Explanation of the Text, and Illustrations of the Poems, containing several myriads of characters. His text was somewhat different from the texts of Lf and K4i, but substantially of the same meaning.’ Of course, Han founded a-school; but while almost all the writings of his followers soon perished, both the works just mentioned continued on through the various dynasties to the time of Sung. The Sui Catalogue contains the titles of his Text and two works on it; the Thang, those of his Text and his Illustrations; but when we come to the Catalogue of Sung, published under the Yiian dynasty, we find only the Illustrations, in ten books or chapters; and Au-yang Hsit (A.D. 1017 to 1072) tells us that in his time this was all of Han that remained. It continues entire, or nearly so, to the present day. 4. But while those three different recensions of the Shih all disappeared, with the exception of a single treatise of Han Ying, their unhappy fate was owing not more to the convulsions by which the empire was often rent, and the consequent destruction of literary monuments such as we 288 THE SHIH KING.
3have witnessed in China in our own day, than to the A fourth text; appearance of a fourth text, which displaced that of Méo. them by its superior correctness, and the ability with which it was advocated and commented on. This was what is called the Text of MAo. It came into the field rather later than the others; but the Han Catalogue contains the Shih of Mao, in twenty-nine chapters, and a Commentary on it in thirty-nine. According to Kang Hsiian, the author of this was a native of Ld, known as M4o Hing or ‘the Greater M4o,’ who had been a disciple, we are told by Lii Teh-ming, of Hsiin King. The work is lost. He had communicated his knowledge of the Shih, however, to another M4ao,—M4o Kang, ‘the Lesser Mao,’ who was a great scholar, at the court of king Hsien of - Ho-Aien, a son of the emperor King. King Hsien was one of the most diligent labourers in the recovery of the ancient books, and presented the text and work of Hang at the court of his father,—probably in B.c. 129. M&o Kang published Explanations of the Shih, in twenty-nine chapters, —a work which we still possess; but it was not till the reign of Phing (A.D. 1 to 5) that M4o’s recension was received into the Imperial College, and took its place along with those of La, Ki, and Han Ying. The Chinese critics have carefully traced the line of scholars who had charge of M4o’s Text and Explanations down to the reign of Phing. The names of the men and their works are all given. By the end of the first quarter of our first century we find the most famous scholars addicting themselves to M4o’s text. The well-known Kia Khwei (A. D. 30 to 101) published a work on the Meaning and Difficulties of M4o’s Shih, having previously compiled a digest of the differences between its text and those of the other three recensions, at the command of the emperor Ming (A.D. 58 to 75). The equally celebrated Ma Yung (A.D. 79 to 166) followed with another commentary ;—and we arrive at King Hsiian or Kang Khang-kAing (A.D. 127 to 200), who wrote a Supplementary Commentary to the Shih of M4o, and a Chronological Introduction to the Shih. The former of these two works complete, and bs — In INTRODUCTION. 289 portions of the latter, are still extant. After the time of Kang the other three texts were little heard of, while the name of the commentators on M4o’s text speedily becomes legion. It was inscribed, moreover, on the stone tablets of the emperor Ling (A.D. 168 to 189). The grave of M4o Kang is still shown near the village of 3un-ft, in the departmental district of Ho-Aien, Kih-li. 5. Returning now to what I said in the second paragraph, it will be granted that the appearance of three different and
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1Lift Hin’s Catalogue of the Books in the Imperial Library of Han (B.C. 6 to 1) commences, on the Shih King, with a collection of the three texts, in twentyeight chapters. 1 All, in fact, unless we except the six pieces of Part II, of which we have only the titles. It is contended by KQ Hst and others that the text of these had been lost before the time of Confucius, It may have been lost, however, after the sage’s death ; see note on p. 283. 286 THE SHIH KING. i. Immediately after the mention of the general collection in the Catalogue come the titles of two works of commentary on the text of LQ. The former of them was by a Shan Phei of whom we have some account in the Literary Biographies of Han. He was a native of Ld, and had received his own knowledge of the odes from a scholar of K4Ai, called Fau KAid-po. He was resorted to by many disciples, whom he taught to repeat the odes. When the first emperor of the Han dynasty was passing through LO, Shan followed him to the capital of that state, and had an interview with him. Subsequently the emperor WO (B.C. 140 to 87), in the beginning of his reign, sent for him to court when he was more than eighty years old; and he appears to have survived a considerable number of years beyond that advanced age. The names of ten of his disciples are given, all of them men of eminence, and among them Khung An-kwo. Rather later, the most noted adherent of the school of LQ was Wei Hsien, who arrived at the dignity of prime minister (from B.C. 71 to 67), and published the Shih of Ld in Stanzas and Lines. Up and down in the Books of Han and Wei are to be found quotations of the odes, that must have been taken from the professors of the La recension; but neither the text nor the writings on it long survived. They are said to have perished during the Kin dynasty (A. D. 265 to 419). When the Catalogue of the Sui Library was made, None of them were existing. ii. The Han Catalogue mentions five different works on the Shih of Kt. This text was from a Yiian K4, a native of Ki, about whom we learn, from the same collection of Literary Biographies, that he was one of the great scholars of the court in the time of the emperor Xing (B.C. 156 to 141),—a favourite with him, and specially distinguished for his knowledge of the odes and his advocacy of orthodox Confucian doctrine. He died in the succeeding reign of Wd, more than ninety years old; and we are told that. all the scholars of K#i who got a name in those days for their acquaintance with the Shih sprang from his school. Among his disciples was the well- The text of La. The text of KAt. INTRODUCTION. 287
2He died in the succeeding reign of Wd, more than ninety years old; and we are told that. all the scholars of K#i who got a name in those days for their acquaintance with the Shih sprang from his school. Among his disciples was the well- The text of La. The text of KAt. INTRODUCTION. 287 known name of Hsi4-hau Shih-é4ang, who communicated his acquisitions to Hau 3ang, a native of the present Shan-tung province, and author of two of the works in the Han Catalogue. H4u had three disciples of note, and by them the Shih of K/t was transmitted to others, whose names, with quotations from their writings, are scattered through the Books of Han. Neither text nor commentaries, however, had a better fate than the Shih of LO. There is no mention of them in the Catalogue of Sui. They are said to have perished even before the rise of the Xin dynasty. iii. The text of Han was somewhat more fortunate. Hin’s Catalogue contains the names of four works, all by The text of Han Ying, whose surname is thus perpetuated Han Ying. in the text of the Shih that emanated from him. He was a native, we are told, of Yen, and a great scholar in the time of the emperor Wan (B.C. 179 to 155), and on into the reigns of King and Wa. ‘He laboured,’ it is said, ‘to unfold the meaning of the odes, and published an Explanation of the Text, and Illustrations of the Poems, containing several myriads of characters. His text was somewhat different from the texts of Lf and K4i, but substantially of the same meaning.’ Of course, Han founded a-school; but while almost all the writings of his followers soon perished, both the works just mentioned continued on through the various dynasties to the time of Sung. The Sui Catalogue contains the titles of his Text and two works on it; the Thang, those of his Text and his Illustrations; but when we come to the Catalogue of Sung, published under the Yiian dynasty, we find only the Illustrations, in ten books or chapters; and Au-yang Hsit (A.D. 1017 to 1072) tells us that in his time this was all of Han that remained. It continues entire, or nearly so, to the present day. 4. But while those three different recensions of the Shih all disappeared, with the exception of a single treatise of Han Ying, their unhappy fate was owing not more to the convulsions by which the empire was often rent, and the consequent destruction of literary monuments such as we 288 THE SHIH KING.
3have witnessed in China in our own day, than to the A fourth text; appearance of a fourth text, which displaced that of Méo. them by its superior correctness, and the ability with which it was advocated and commented on. This was what is called the Text of MAo. It came into the field rather later than the others; but the Han Catalogue contains the Shih of Mao, in twenty-nine chapters, and a Commentary on it in thirty-nine. According to Kang Hsiian, the author of this was a native of Ld, known as M4o Hing or ‘the Greater M4o,’ who had been a disciple, we are told by Lii Teh-ming, of Hsiin King. The work is lost. He had communicated his knowledge of the Shih, however, to another M4ao,—M4o Kang, ‘the Lesser Mao,’ who was a great scholar, at the court of king Hsien of - Ho-Aien, a son of the emperor King. King Hsien was one of the most diligent labourers in the recovery of the ancient books, and presented the text and work of Hang at the court of his father,—probably in B.c. 129. M&o Kang published Explanations of the Shih, in twenty-nine chapters, —a work which we still possess; but it was not till the reign of Phing (A.D. 1 to 5) that M4o’s recension was received into the Imperial College, and took its place along with those of La, Ki, and Han Ying. The Chinese critics have carefully traced the line of scholars who had charge of M4o’s Text and Explanations down to the reign of Phing. The names of the men and their works are all given. By the end of the first quarter of our first century we find the most famous scholars addicting themselves to M4o’s text. The well-known Kia Khwei (A. D. 30 to 101) published a work on the Meaning and Difficulties of M4o’s Shih, having previously compiled a digest of the differences between its text and those of the other three recensions, at the command of the emperor Ming (A.D. 58 to 75). The equally celebrated Ma Yung (A.D. 79 to 166) followed with another commentary ;—and we arrive at King Hsiian or Kang Khang-kAing (A.D. 127 to 200), who wrote a Supplementary Commentary to the Shih of M4o, and a Chronological Introduction to the Shih. The former of these two works complete, and bs — In INTRODUCTION. 289 portions of the latter, are still extant. After the time of Kang the other three texts were little heard of, while the name of the commentators on M4o’s text speedily becomes legion. It was inscribed, moreover, on the stone tablets of the emperor Ling (A.D. 168 to 189). The grave of M4o Kang is still shown near the village of 3un-ft, in the departmental district of Ho-Aien, Kih-li. 5. Returning now to what I said in the second paragraph, it will be granted that the appearance of three different and
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
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