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Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1XX, 1). » 10, B.c. 640. Z. leaves home at the age of twenty (ibid. 7). A.R. I, B.C. 630. Beginning of the tenth millennium. Z. goes forth to his conference with the sacred beings on the 45th day of the 31st year of Vist&sp’s reign (Dk. VII, iii, 51-62; viii, 51; Zs. XXI, 1-4). 3, B.c. 628. Z. returns from his first conference in two years, and preaches to Afirvaita-dang and the Karaps without success (Dk. VII, iv, 2-20). » II, B.c. 620. After his seventh conference, in the tenth year he goes to Vistasp; Médydm4h is also converted (ibid. 1, 65 ; Zs. XXI, 3; XXIII, 1. 2, 8). » 13,B.C. 618. Twelve years after Z. went to conference, Vistasp accepts the religion, though hindered for two years by the Karaps (Dk. VII, v, 1; Zs. XXIII, 5, 7). »» 20,B.C. 611. A Kavig, son of Kfindah, is converted (Zs. XXIII, 8). 1» 30, B.c. 601. Defeat of Argdsp and his Khyons (ibid.). » 40, B.C. 591. Vohfiném is born (ibid.). About this time the Avesta is written by Gamasp from the teaching of Z. (Dk. IV, 21; V, iii, 4; VI, v, 11). » 48, B.C. 583. Z. passes away, or is killed, aged seventy-seven years and forty days, on the 41st day of the year (Dk. V, iii, 2; VII, v, 1; Zs. XXIII, 9). » 58, 8B.c. 573. Arrival of the religion is known in all regions (Dk. VI, vi, 12). » 63, B.c. 568. Frashdéstar passes away (Zs. XXIII, 10). » 64, B.C. 567. GAmasp passes away (ibid.). » 73, B.C. 558. Hangafirfsh, son of Gamasp, passes away (ibid.). » 80, B.c. 551. Asmdk-khanvat6é passes away, and Akht the wizard is killed (ibid.). » 91, B.c. 540. Accession of Vohfiman, son of Spend-dad (Bd. XXXIV, 4, 8). » 100, B.C. 531. Sénd is born (Dk. VII, vii, 6). 200, B.C. 431. Sénd passes away (ibid.; Zs. XXIII, 11). »» 203, B.c. 428. Accession of Himat (Bd. XXXIV, 8). » {Here ends the fragment of the old millennial system preserved in the Bundahis which omits thirty-five years in INTRODUCTION. XXX1 this place, as explained in § 54, with the effect of postponing the end of the millennium. It then proceeds to finish the chronology in its own fashion; mentioning only three historical names, which are here added; the thirty-five omitted years being also inserted. ] A.R. 268, B.c. 363. Accession of Daraf (ibid.). ” ” ” ? . ” > . ” ” 280, B.c. 351. Accession of Darai, descendant of Dart (ibid.). 294, B.c. 337. Accession of Alexander? (ibid.). 300, B.c. 331. Invasion by Alexander. Sénd’s hundreddiscipledom ends, the religion is disturbed, and the monarchy contested (Zs. XXIII, 11, 12; AV. I, 2-6). 308, B.c. 323. Death of Alexander (Bd. XXXIV, 8). 400, B.C. 231. Benightedness arises (Dk. VII, vii, 9). 440-560, B.c. 191-71 % Orthodoxy is still upheld by four successive high-priests (Dk. VII, vii, 8—10). 800-950, A.D. 170-320. The ninth and tenth centuries are represented as very evil and miserable (ibid. viii, 2-45, 61). 971, a.D. 341, Afishédar is born (ibid. 55-57).
2VII, vii, 9). 440-560, B.c. 191-71 % Orthodoxy is still upheld by four successive high-priests (Dk. VII, vii, 8—10). 800-950, A.D. 170-320. The ninth and tenth centuries are represented as very evil and miserable (ibid. viii, 2-45, 61). 971, a.D. 341, Afishédar is born (ibid. 55-57). Io0ot, a.D. 371. Beginning of the eleventh millennium, when the sun stands still for ten days, and Afshédar is thirty years old and confers with the sacred beings (ibid. 58-60). 1400-1500, A.D. 770-870. In this century the wizard Mahrkfis produces seven awful winters successively, in which most of mankind and animals perish, including himself (ibid. ix, 3). 1971, a.D. 1341. Afish€dar-m4h is born (ibid. 18-20). 2001, A.D. 1371. Beginning of the twelfth millennium, when the sun stands still for twenty days, and Afishédar-m4h is thirty years old and confers with the sacred beings (ibid. 21-23). 2971, A.D. 2341. Sdsh4ns is born (ibid. x, 15-18). 3001, A.D. 2371. Beginning of the preparation for the Renovation, when the sun stands still for thirty days, and Sésh4ns is thirty years old (ibid. 19); but another passage (ibid. xi, 2) implies that this is the date of his birth. 3028, a.p. 2398. The renovation of the universe occurs at the end of the fifty-seventh year of Séshdns (ibid. 4, 7). 1 He became king of Macedon B. C. 336, and of Persia in 331. 2 The erroneous dates in the Bundahis chronology (see § 57) alter this period to B.C. 156-36. XXXil PAHLAVI TEXTS. 56. We must suppose that the millennial chronology, which the Bundahis discontinues in the middle of the tenth millennium, was originally completed to the end of Time, as attempted in this synopsis, in accordance with the statements in Byt. and Dk. But the allusions to future events and denunciations of coming evils were, no doubt, of a mythological or general character, such as those still surviving in Dk. VII, vii, 29-32; viii, 40, 41, 44-46, 48-60 ; ix-xi. Whenever we meet with seemingly prophetic descriptions and denunciations, which clearly allude to historical events, such as those in Dk. VII, vii, 3-28 ; viii, 2, 10, 23, 32-36, 42, 43, 47, 61, they must, of course, be treated as interpolations of a later date than the events themselves. And there are several passages that may belong to either class.
3VII, vii, 3-28 ; viii, 2, 10, 23, 32-36, 42, 43, 47, 61, they must, of course, be treated as interpolations of a later date than the events themselves. And there are several passages that may belong to either class. 57. It has been already shown, in § 54, that the death of Alexander, which the Bundahis places in A.R. 273, must have occurred in A.R. 308 according to other traditional records. If this error of thirty-five years stood alone, it might be considered accidental; but when we find that the Bundahis supplies only 284 years for the AskAnians, to fill up the whole interval of 548 years between Alexander and Ardashir, son of Papak, we must conclude that these two errors were intended for the purpose which they both fulfil, that of postponing the end of the tenth millennium. On the other hand, the Sds4nians who ruled for 425 years, are allowed 460 years in the Bundahis, which just counterbalances the thirty-five years omitted after the time of Himai. This third error may be considered unintentional, as it probably arose from counting the year of each succession twice over, first in the reign of the deceased king, and again in that of his successor. 58. The extent to which the Bundahis chronology is distorted, by these three errors, will be better understood on inspection of the following tabular statement than from any description of the results, merely observing that the year of the religion (A.R.) is given according to Bundahis dates in the first column, and according to real dates in the second. Several intermediate events have been inserted, INTRODUCTION. XXXIli for the sake of illustration, and each of their Bundahis dates includes its proper proportion of the errors }:— Bd. date. Real date. Real date. Bd. date. A.R. 265, A.R. 300. Invasion by Alexander . . B.C. 331, B.C. 331. 19 273) », 308. Death of Alexander. . . ,, 323, 9, 323. » 321, 5, 400. Real date of A.R. 400 . . x» 231, 5, 275. » 400, 4, 553. Bd.dateofa.R. 400. . . 5, 78, 4, 196. » 528, ,, 800, Real date of a.R.800 . . A.D. 170, ,, » 537, » 886. Accession of Ardashir . . ,, 226, ,, 39. » 625, 5, 900. Real dateof a.R. goo . 1 270, A.D. 10. » 647, » 939. Accession of Shahpfhar Il. 9» 3090, 5 §3. 2» 713) 5, ooo, Real date of A.R. 1000 . . = 4, 370, 4, 118, » 786, ,, 1068, Accession of Yazdakard II. ,, 438, 5, 91. » 800, ,, 1081. Bd.dateofa.R. 800 . . 4, 451, 4) 205. »» 841, ,, 1118. Accession of Kavid . . . ,, 488, ,, 246. » 884, ,, 1158. Execution of the Mazdakites ,, 528, ,, 289. » 887, ,, 1161. Accession of Khasr6I . . 4, 831, 5, 292. » 900, 5, 1173. Bd. date of A.R.goO. . . 4, 543, 9, 305+ 9 951, 5, 1220. Accessionof Khisr6 TI. . 4, §90, 5, 356. » ooo, ,, 1265. Hd. date of A.R. 1000. 1» 635, 5) 405. » 017, ,, 1281. Death of Yazdakard III. » 651, 4, 422.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1XX, 1). » 10, B.c. 640. Z. leaves home at the age of twenty (ibid. 7). A.R. I, B.C. 630. Beginning of the tenth millennium. Z. goes forth to his conference with the sacred beings on the 45th day of the 31st year of Vist&sp’s reign (Dk. VII, iii, 51-62; viii, 51; Zs. XXI, 1-4). 3, B.c. 628. Z. returns from his first conference in two years, and preaches to Afirvaita-dang and the Karaps without success (Dk. VII, iv, 2-20). » II, B.c. 620. After his seventh conference, in the tenth year he goes to Vistasp; Médydm4h is also converted (ibid. 1, 65 ; Zs. XXI, 3; XXIII, 1. 2, 8). » 13,B.C. 618. Twelve years after Z. went to conference, Vistasp accepts the religion, though hindered for two years by the Karaps (Dk. VII, v, 1; Zs. XXIII, 5, 7). »» 20,B.C. 611. A Kavig, son of Kfindah, is converted (Zs. XXIII, 8). 1» 30, B.c. 601. Defeat of Argdsp and his Khyons (ibid.). » 40, B.C. 591. Vohfiném is born (ibid.). About this time the Avesta is written by Gamasp from the teaching of Z. (Dk. IV, 21; V, iii, 4; VI, v, 11). » 48, B.C. 583. Z. passes away, or is killed, aged seventy-seven years and forty days, on the 41st day of the year (Dk. V, iii, 2; VII, v, 1; Zs. XXIII, 9). » 58, 8B.c. 573. Arrival of the religion is known in all regions (Dk. VI, vi, 12). » 63, B.c. 568. Frashdéstar passes away (Zs. XXIII, 10). » 64, B.C. 567. GAmasp passes away (ibid.). » 73, B.C. 558. Hangafirfsh, son of Gamasp, passes away (ibid.). » 80, B.c. 551. Asmdk-khanvat6é passes away, and Akht the wizard is killed (ibid.). » 91, B.c. 540. Accession of Vohfiman, son of Spend-dad (Bd. XXXIV, 4, 8). » 100, B.C. 531. Sénd is born (Dk. VII, vii, 6). 200, B.C. 431. Sénd passes away (ibid.; Zs. XXIII, 11). »» 203, B.c. 428. Accession of Himat (Bd. XXXIV, 8). » {Here ends the fragment of the old millennial system preserved in the Bundahis which omits thirty-five years in INTRODUCTION. XXX1 this place, as explained in § 54, with the effect of postponing the end of the millennium. It then proceeds to finish the chronology in its own fashion; mentioning only three historical names, which are here added; the thirty-five omitted years being also inserted. ] A.R. 268, B.c. 363. Accession of Daraf (ibid.). ” ” ” ? . ” > . ” ” 280, B.c. 351. Accession of Darai, descendant of Dart (ibid.). 294, B.c. 337. Accession of Alexander? (ibid.). 300, B.c. 331. Invasion by Alexander. Sénd’s hundreddiscipledom ends, the religion is disturbed, and the monarchy contested (Zs. XXIII, 11, 12; AV. I, 2-6). 308, B.c. 323. Death of Alexander (Bd. XXXIV, 8). 400, B.C. 231. Benightedness arises (Dk. VII, vii, 9). 440-560, B.c. 191-71 % Orthodoxy is still upheld by four successive high-priests (Dk. VII, vii, 8—10). 800-950, A.D. 170-320. The ninth and tenth centuries are represented as very evil and miserable (ibid. viii, 2-45, 61). 971, a.D. 341, Afishédar is born (ibid. 55-57).
2VII, vii, 9). 440-560, B.c. 191-71 % Orthodoxy is still upheld by four successive high-priests (Dk. VII, vii, 8—10). 800-950, A.D. 170-320. The ninth and tenth centuries are represented as very evil and miserable (ibid. viii, 2-45, 61). 971, a.D. 341, Afishédar is born (ibid. 55-57). Io0ot, a.D. 371. Beginning of the eleventh millennium, when the sun stands still for ten days, and Afshédar is thirty years old and confers with the sacred beings (ibid. 58-60). 1400-1500, A.D. 770-870. In this century the wizard Mahrkfis produces seven awful winters successively, in which most of mankind and animals perish, including himself (ibid. ix, 3). 1971, a.D. 1341. Afish€dar-m4h is born (ibid. 18-20). 2001, A.D. 1371. Beginning of the twelfth millennium, when the sun stands still for twenty days, and Afishédar-m4h is thirty years old and confers with the sacred beings (ibid. 21-23). 2971, A.D. 2341. Sdsh4ns is born (ibid. x, 15-18). 3001, A.D. 2371. Beginning of the preparation for the Renovation, when the sun stands still for thirty days, and Sésh4ns is thirty years old (ibid. 19); but another passage (ibid. xi, 2) implies that this is the date of his birth. 3028, a.p. 2398. The renovation of the universe occurs at the end of the fifty-seventh year of Séshdns (ibid. 4, 7). 1 He became king of Macedon B. C. 336, and of Persia in 331. 2 The erroneous dates in the Bundahis chronology (see § 57) alter this period to B.C. 156-36. XXXil PAHLAVI TEXTS. 56. We must suppose that the millennial chronology, which the Bundahis discontinues in the middle of the tenth millennium, was originally completed to the end of Time, as attempted in this synopsis, in accordance with the statements in Byt. and Dk. But the allusions to future events and denunciations of coming evils were, no doubt, of a mythological or general character, such as those still surviving in Dk. VII, vii, 29-32; viii, 40, 41, 44-46, 48-60 ; ix-xi. Whenever we meet with seemingly prophetic descriptions and denunciations, which clearly allude to historical events, such as those in Dk. VII, vii, 3-28 ; viii, 2, 10, 23, 32-36, 42, 43, 47, 61, they must, of course, be treated as interpolations of a later date than the events themselves. And there are several passages that may belong to either class.
3VII, vii, 3-28 ; viii, 2, 10, 23, 32-36, 42, 43, 47, 61, they must, of course, be treated as interpolations of a later date than the events themselves. And there are several passages that may belong to either class. 57. It has been already shown, in § 54, that the death of Alexander, which the Bundahis places in A.R. 273, must have occurred in A.R. 308 according to other traditional records. If this error of thirty-five years stood alone, it might be considered accidental; but when we find that the Bundahis supplies only 284 years for the AskAnians, to fill up the whole interval of 548 years between Alexander and Ardashir, son of Papak, we must conclude that these two errors were intended for the purpose which they both fulfil, that of postponing the end of the tenth millennium. On the other hand, the Sds4nians who ruled for 425 years, are allowed 460 years in the Bundahis, which just counterbalances the thirty-five years omitted after the time of Himai. This third error may be considered unintentional, as it probably arose from counting the year of each succession twice over, first in the reign of the deceased king, and again in that of his successor. 58. The extent to which the Bundahis chronology is distorted, by these three errors, will be better understood on inspection of the following tabular statement than from any description of the results, merely observing that the year of the religion (A.R.) is given according to Bundahis dates in the first column, and according to real dates in the second. Several intermediate events have been inserted, INTRODUCTION. XXXIli for the sake of illustration, and each of their Bundahis dates includes its proper proportion of the errors }:— Bd. date. Real date. Real date. Bd. date. A.R. 265, A.R. 300. Invasion by Alexander . . B.C. 331, B.C. 331. 19 273) », 308. Death of Alexander. . . ,, 323, 9, 323. » 321, 5, 400. Real date of A.R. 400 . . x» 231, 5, 275. » 400, 4, 553. Bd.dateofa.R. 400. . . 5, 78, 4, 196. » 528, ,, 800, Real date of a.R.800 . . A.D. 170, ,, » 537, » 886. Accession of Ardashir . . ,, 226, ,, 39. » 625, 5, 900. Real dateof a.R. goo . 1 270, A.D. 10. » 647, » 939. Accession of Shahpfhar Il. 9» 3090, 5 §3. 2» 713) 5, ooo, Real date of A.R. 1000 . . = 4, 370, 4, 118, » 786, ,, 1068, Accession of Yazdakard II. ,, 438, 5, 91. » 800, ,, 1081. Bd.dateofa.R. 800 . . 4, 451, 4) 205. »» 841, ,, 1118. Accession of Kavid . . . ,, 488, ,, 246. » 884, ,, 1158. Execution of the Mazdakites ,, 528, ,, 289. » 887, ,, 1161. Accession of Khasr6I . . 4, 831, 5, 292. » 900, 5, 1173. Bd. date of A.R.goO. . . 4, 543, 9, 305+ 9 951, 5, 1220. Accessionof Khisr6 TI. . 4, §90, 5, 356. » ooo, ,, 1265. Hd. date of A.R. 1000. 1» 635, 5) 405. » 017, ,, 1281. Death of Yazdakard III. » 651, 4, 422.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
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