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Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
126. This primeval set of rules has been declared for cultivators of the soil. 27. One able to work up gold, silver, thread, wood, stone, or leather, and acquainted with the articles to be manufactured (with such materials), is called Silpin (an artizan or artist) by the wise. 28. When goldsmiths or other (artists) practise their art jointly, they shall share the profits in due proportion, corresponding to the nature of their work. 27,28. Ratn. p. 124; Col, Dig. II, 3, 52; Viv. p. 70; Viram. p- 396. Some compilations exhibit the readings kupya, ‘base metals,’ for ripya, ‘silver;’ pattra, ‘leaves,’ for. sfitra, ‘ thread ;* tattatkalabhig#ah, ‘acquainted with the minute particles of these materials,’ for fa phal&bhig#ah, ‘and acquainted with the articles to be manufactured.’ XV, 41 RESUMPTION OF GIFTS. 34I 29. The headman among a number of workmen jointly building a house or temple, or digging a pool or making articles of leather, is entitled to a double share (of the remuneration). 30. The same rule has been declared by virtuous men for musicians; he who knows how to beat the time shall take a share and a half, but the singers shall take equal shares. 31. When anything has been brought from a hostile country by freebooters, with the permission of their lord, they shall give a sixth part to the king and share (the remainder) in due proportion. 32. Four shares shall be awarded to their chief; he who is (specially) valiant shall receive three shares; one (particularly) able shall take two; and the remaining associates shall share alike. XV. Resumption oF GIFTS. 1. The system of rules relative to Concerns of a Partnership has been fully declared thus; the rules regarding what may, or may not, be given, valid, and invalid gifts, will be declared (next). 2g. Ratn. p. 125; Col. Dig. II, 3, 54; May. p. r21; Viv. p. 70; Viram. p. 390. The last two works read vapi for vapi, and under this reading the clause ‘ or digging a pool’ would have to be omitted. The Mayfkha reads dharmika, ‘sacred articles,’ for Aarmika, ‘articles made of leather.’ 30. Ratn. p. 125; Col. Dig. II, 3, 55; Viv. p. 71; Viram. p. 391; May. p. 121. 31, 32. Ratn. p. 125; Col. Dig. II, 3, 56; Viv. p. 71; Viram. p- 391. ‘ Their chief,’ i.e. one who exerts mind and body. Ratn., Viv. XV, 1. Ratn. p.127; Col. Dig. II, 4,1; Viram. p. 392. 342 BRIHASPATI. XV, 2. 2. That which may not be given is declared to be of eight sorts, joint property, a son, a wife, a pledge, one’s entire wealth, a deposit, what has been borrowed for use, and what has been promised to another. 3. What remains after defraying (the necessary expenses for) the food and clothing of his family, may be given by a man; otherwise (by giving more than that), the religious merit (supposed to be acquired by the giver) though tasting like honey at first, will change into poison in the end.
23. What remains after defraying (the necessary expenses for) the food and clothing of his family, may be given by a man; otherwise (by giving more than that), the religious merit (supposed to be acquired by the giver) though tasting like honey at first, will change into poison in the end. 4. When any field (or house) is given away, belonging to a number of houses or fields acquired in one of the seven modes of (lawful) acquisition, it is ordained to be viewed as a valid gift, whether it have been inherited from the father or acquired by the donor himself. 5. Self-acquired property may be given away at pleasure (by its owner); a pledge may be disposed of according to the rules of mortgage; in the case of property received as a marriage portion, or inherited from an ancestor, the bestowal of the whole is not admitted. 6. When, however, a marriage gift, or inherited property, or what has been obtained by valour, is 3. Ratn. p.127; Col. Dig. II, 4, 5; Viv. p. 72; Viram. p. 392. 3. Ratn. p. 129; Viv. p. 75; Col. Dig. II, 4, 18. 4, 8 Viv. p. 76. The seven modes of acquisition are, according to Manu (X, 115), inheritance, finding, purchase, conquest, lending at interest, doing work, and the acceptance of gifts from virtuous men. The prohibition to give away the whole, in 5, relates to property acquired by valour as well, according to the Ratn4kara. The clause translated by ‘bestowal of the whole’ may also mean, ‘every gift,’ i.e. a gift not sanctioned by the persons referred to in 6. 4-7. Ratn. p. 130; Col. Dig. II, 4, 18. XVI, 1. MASTER AND SERVANT. 343 given with the assent of the wife, kinsmen, or supreme ruler, the gift acquires validity. 7. Co-heirs (or joint-tenants), whether divided in interests or not, have an equal claim to the immovable wealth; a single (parcener) has no power to give, mortgage, or sell the whole (wealth). 8. The following eight sorts of gifts are recognised as valid by persons acquainted with the law of gift, viz. wages, (what was given) for the pleasure (of hearing bards, or the like), the price of merchandise, the fee paid for (or to) a damsel, (and what was given) to a benefactor (as a return for his kindness), through reverence, kindness, or affection. 9. What has been given by one angry, or resenting an injury, or through inadvertence, or by one distressed, by a minor, a madman, one terrified, intoxicated, overaged, cast out from society, idiotic, or afflicted with grief or an illness, 10. Or what is given in jest; all such gifts are declared to be void gifts. 11. When anything has been given through desire of a reward, or to an unworthy man mistaken for a worthy person, or for an immoral purpose, the owner may resume the gift. XVI. Master AND SERVANT. 1. What may not be given and kindred subjects have been declared; the law of servants shall be propounded next. (There) the title of Breach of Promised Obedience is treated first. 8. Ratn. p. 133; Col. Dig. II, 4, 49; Viv. p. 81.
3XVI. Master AND SERVANT. 1. What may not be given and kindred subjects have been declared; the law of servants shall be propounded next. (There) the title of Breach of Promised Obedience is treated first. 8. Ratn. p. 133; Col. Dig. II, 4, 49; Viv. p. 81. 9, 10. Ratn. p. 136; Viv. p. 83; Col. Dig. II, 4, 62. 11. Ratn. p. 136; Viv. p. 83; Col. Dig. II, 4, 62. XVI, 1, 2. Ratn. p. 139; Col. Dig. HI, 1,1; Viv. p. 84. 344 BRIHASPATI. XVI, 2. 2. The titles of non-payment of wages, and then (of disputes) between the owner (of cattle) and his servants are to follow in due order. Such are the three divisions of (the law of) servants. 3. They are pronounced to be of many sorts, according to their particular caste and occupation ; and fourfold, according as they serve for science, human knowledge (or skill), love, or gain. 4. Each of these is again divided (into several species), according to the difference of occupation. 5. Science is declared to be a knowledge of (one of) the three Vedas, called Rig-veda, SAama-veda, and Yagur-veda; for the purpose of acquiring such knowledge, he should pay obedience to a spiritual teacher, as ordained in law. 6. Arts (consisting of) work in gold, base metals, and the like, and the art of dancing and the rest are termed human knowledge; he who studies them should do work at his teacher's house. 7. He who has intercourse with another man’s female slave, should be considered as a slave for the sake of his paramour; he must do work for her master, like another hired servant. 8. The servant for gain (or pay) is declared to be of many sorts, another is the servant for a share (of the gain). Of all, a low, a middle, and a high sort is distinguished. 9. A servant engaged for a day, a month, half a month, a sixmonth, two months, or a year, must do 3, 4. Ratn. p. 140; Col. Dig. III, 1, 4; Viv. p. 84. 5. Ratn. p.140; Col. Dig. III, 1, 8; Viv. p. 86. 6. Ratn. p. 141; Col. Dig. III, 1, 16; Viv. p. 86. 4. Viv. p. 87; Col. Dig. III, 1, 32. 8-11. Ratn. pp. 142, 143; Col. Dig. HI, 1, 24. XVI, 16. MASTER AND SERVANT. 345 the work which he promised to do, and receives the stipulated fee. 10. The warrior is the highest of these; the cultivator of the soil is the middlemost; the porter is declared to be the lowest, and so is (a servant) employed in household work. 11. A servant for a share of the gain is declared to be twofold, either serving a husbandman or an owner of cattle; he shall receive, no doubt, a share of the grain produced, or of the milk. 12. A third or a fifth (of the produce) shall be awarded to the cultivator of the soil as his share. 13. Let that cultivator to whom food and clothing is given take a fifth of the crop; and let him who serves in consideration of the profit (alone) take a third part of the grain produced. 14. Should a hired servant fail in the performance of ever so small a part of his master’s work, he forfeits his wages, and may be sued in court for his offence.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
126. This primeval set of rules has been declared for cultivators of the soil. 27. One able to work up gold, silver, thread, wood, stone, or leather, and acquainted with the articles to be manufactured (with such materials), is called Silpin (an artizan or artist) by the wise. 28. When goldsmiths or other (artists) practise their art jointly, they shall share the profits in due proportion, corresponding to the nature of their work. 27,28. Ratn. p. 124; Col, Dig. II, 3, 52; Viv. p. 70; Viram. p- 396. Some compilations exhibit the readings kupya, ‘base metals,’ for ripya, ‘silver;’ pattra, ‘leaves,’ for. sfitra, ‘ thread ;* tattatkalabhig#ah, ‘acquainted with the minute particles of these materials,’ for fa phal&bhig#ah, ‘and acquainted with the articles to be manufactured.’ XV, 41 RESUMPTION OF GIFTS. 34I 29. The headman among a number of workmen jointly building a house or temple, or digging a pool or making articles of leather, is entitled to a double share (of the remuneration). 30. The same rule has been declared by virtuous men for musicians; he who knows how to beat the time shall take a share and a half, but the singers shall take equal shares. 31. When anything has been brought from a hostile country by freebooters, with the permission of their lord, they shall give a sixth part to the king and share (the remainder) in due proportion. 32. Four shares shall be awarded to their chief; he who is (specially) valiant shall receive three shares; one (particularly) able shall take two; and the remaining associates shall share alike. XV. Resumption oF GIFTS. 1. The system of rules relative to Concerns of a Partnership has been fully declared thus; the rules regarding what may, or may not, be given, valid, and invalid gifts, will be declared (next). 2g. Ratn. p. 125; Col. Dig. II, 3, 54; May. p. r21; Viv. p. 70; Viram. p. 390. The last two works read vapi for vapi, and under this reading the clause ‘ or digging a pool’ would have to be omitted. The Mayfkha reads dharmika, ‘sacred articles,’ for Aarmika, ‘articles made of leather.’ 30. Ratn. p. 125; Col. Dig. II, 3, 55; Viv. p. 71; Viram. p. 391; May. p. 121. 31, 32. Ratn. p. 125; Col. Dig. II, 3, 56; Viv. p. 71; Viram. p- 391. ‘ Their chief,’ i.e. one who exerts mind and body. Ratn., Viv. XV, 1. Ratn. p.127; Col. Dig. II, 4,1; Viram. p. 392. 342 BRIHASPATI. XV, 2. 2. That which may not be given is declared to be of eight sorts, joint property, a son, a wife, a pledge, one’s entire wealth, a deposit, what has been borrowed for use, and what has been promised to another. 3. What remains after defraying (the necessary expenses for) the food and clothing of his family, may be given by a man; otherwise (by giving more than that), the religious merit (supposed to be acquired by the giver) though tasting like honey at first, will change into poison in the end.
23. What remains after defraying (the necessary expenses for) the food and clothing of his family, may be given by a man; otherwise (by giving more than that), the religious merit (supposed to be acquired by the giver) though tasting like honey at first, will change into poison in the end. 4. When any field (or house) is given away, belonging to a number of houses or fields acquired in one of the seven modes of (lawful) acquisition, it is ordained to be viewed as a valid gift, whether it have been inherited from the father or acquired by the donor himself. 5. Self-acquired property may be given away at pleasure (by its owner); a pledge may be disposed of according to the rules of mortgage; in the case of property received as a marriage portion, or inherited from an ancestor, the bestowal of the whole is not admitted. 6. When, however, a marriage gift, or inherited property, or what has been obtained by valour, is 3. Ratn. p.127; Col. Dig. II, 4, 5; Viv. p. 72; Viram. p. 392. 3. Ratn. p. 129; Viv. p. 75; Col. Dig. II, 4, 18. 4, 8 Viv. p. 76. The seven modes of acquisition are, according to Manu (X, 115), inheritance, finding, purchase, conquest, lending at interest, doing work, and the acceptance of gifts from virtuous men. The prohibition to give away the whole, in 5, relates to property acquired by valour as well, according to the Ratn4kara. The clause translated by ‘bestowal of the whole’ may also mean, ‘every gift,’ i.e. a gift not sanctioned by the persons referred to in 6. 4-7. Ratn. p. 130; Col. Dig. II, 4, 18. XVI, 1. MASTER AND SERVANT. 343 given with the assent of the wife, kinsmen, or supreme ruler, the gift acquires validity. 7. Co-heirs (or joint-tenants), whether divided in interests or not, have an equal claim to the immovable wealth; a single (parcener) has no power to give, mortgage, or sell the whole (wealth). 8. The following eight sorts of gifts are recognised as valid by persons acquainted with the law of gift, viz. wages, (what was given) for the pleasure (of hearing bards, or the like), the price of merchandise, the fee paid for (or to) a damsel, (and what was given) to a benefactor (as a return for his kindness), through reverence, kindness, or affection. 9. What has been given by one angry, or resenting an injury, or through inadvertence, or by one distressed, by a minor, a madman, one terrified, intoxicated, overaged, cast out from society, idiotic, or afflicted with grief or an illness, 10. Or what is given in jest; all such gifts are declared to be void gifts. 11. When anything has been given through desire of a reward, or to an unworthy man mistaken for a worthy person, or for an immoral purpose, the owner may resume the gift. XVI. Master AND SERVANT. 1. What may not be given and kindred subjects have been declared; the law of servants shall be propounded next. (There) the title of Breach of Promised Obedience is treated first. 8. Ratn. p. 133; Col. Dig. II, 4, 49; Viv. p. 81.
3XVI. Master AND SERVANT. 1. What may not be given and kindred subjects have been declared; the law of servants shall be propounded next. (There) the title of Breach of Promised Obedience is treated first. 8. Ratn. p. 133; Col. Dig. II, 4, 49; Viv. p. 81. 9, 10. Ratn. p. 136; Viv. p. 83; Col. Dig. II, 4, 62. 11. Ratn. p. 136; Viv. p. 83; Col. Dig. II, 4, 62. XVI, 1, 2. Ratn. p. 139; Col. Dig. HI, 1,1; Viv. p. 84. 344 BRIHASPATI. XVI, 2. 2. The titles of non-payment of wages, and then (of disputes) between the owner (of cattle) and his servants are to follow in due order. Such are the three divisions of (the law of) servants. 3. They are pronounced to be of many sorts, according to their particular caste and occupation ; and fourfold, according as they serve for science, human knowledge (or skill), love, or gain. 4. Each of these is again divided (into several species), according to the difference of occupation. 5. Science is declared to be a knowledge of (one of) the three Vedas, called Rig-veda, SAama-veda, and Yagur-veda; for the purpose of acquiring such knowledge, he should pay obedience to a spiritual teacher, as ordained in law. 6. Arts (consisting of) work in gold, base metals, and the like, and the art of dancing and the rest are termed human knowledge; he who studies them should do work at his teacher's house. 7. He who has intercourse with another man’s female slave, should be considered as a slave for the sake of his paramour; he must do work for her master, like another hired servant. 8. The servant for gain (or pay) is declared to be of many sorts, another is the servant for a share (of the gain). Of all, a low, a middle, and a high sort is distinguished. 9. A servant engaged for a day, a month, half a month, a sixmonth, two months, or a year, must do 3, 4. Ratn. p. 140; Col. Dig. III, 1, 4; Viv. p. 84. 5. Ratn. p.140; Col. Dig. III, 1, 8; Viv. p. 86. 6. Ratn. p. 141; Col. Dig. III, 1, 16; Viv. p. 86. 4. Viv. p. 87; Col. Dig. III, 1, 32. 8-11. Ratn. pp. 142, 143; Col. Dig. HI, 1, 24. XVI, 16. MASTER AND SERVANT. 345 the work which he promised to do, and receives the stipulated fee. 10. The warrior is the highest of these; the cultivator of the soil is the middlemost; the porter is declared to be the lowest, and so is (a servant) employed in household work. 11. A servant for a share of the gain is declared to be twofold, either serving a husbandman or an owner of cattle; he shall receive, no doubt, a share of the grain produced, or of the milk. 12. A third or a fifth (of the produce) shall be awarded to the cultivator of the soil as his share. 13. Let that cultivator to whom food and clothing is given take a fifth of the crop; and let him who serves in consideration of the profit (alone) take a third part of the grain produced. 14. Should a hired servant fail in the performance of ever so small a part of his master’s work, he forfeits his wages, and may be sued in court for his offence.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
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