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Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1*175, One whose looks are suspicious is likely to have committed an assault. In all these cases witnesses may be dispensed with; only in the (lastmentioned) case of assault careful investigation is required. 176. Some one might make marks upon his person through hatred, to injure an enemy. In such cases it is necessary to resort to inductive reasoning, (ascertaining) the fact of the matter, and strata gems, in order to get a (reliable) test. 14, False Witnesses. 177. Those must not be examined as witnesses who are interested in the suit, nor friends, nor associates, nor enemies, nor notorious offenders, nor persons tainted (with a heavy sin). *178, Nora slave, nor an impostor, nor one not admitted to Sraddhas, nor a superannuated man, nor a woman, nor a child, nor an oil-maker, nor one 175. ‘Suspicious looks,’ as e.g. a sword smeared with blood. Viramitrodaya. In an analogous text of Sankha, as quoted in the Viframitrodaya, &c., the possession of stolen goods is mentioned as a further manifest proof of crime. 177-187, 190. Manu VIII, 64-67, 71; Yagfavalkya II, 70, 71; Vishnu VIII, 1-5; Gautama XIII, 5. Asahdya observes that the rules regarding incompetent witnesses do not relate to cases of assault only, but to judicial proceedings of every sort. 177. ‘Associates,’ i.e. partners in business. ‘ Notorious offenders,’ persons formerly convicted of perjury or other crimes. A. For different interpretations of some of the terms occurring in this section, see the notes to Professor Bihler’s Manu, and to Burnell- Hopkins’s Manu, VIII, 64, foll. 178. ‘A slave,’ one born in the house. ‘An impostor,’ a I, 181. INCOMPETENT WITNESSES. 87 intoxicated, nor a madman, nor a careless man, nor one distressed, nor a gamester, nor one who sacrifices for a whole village. *179. Nor one engaged in a long journey, nor a merchant who travels into transmarine countries, nor a religious ascetic, nor one sick, nor one deformed, nor one man alone, nor a learned Brahman, nor one who neglects religious customs, nor a eunuch, nor an actor. *180. Nor an atheist, nor a Vratya, nor one who has forsaken his wife or his fire, nor one who makes illicit offerings, nor an associate who eats from the same dish (as oneself), nor an adversary, nor a spy, nor a relation, nor one connected by the same womb. *181. Nor one who has formerly proved an evildoer, nor a public dancer, nor one who lives by fallacious person. ‘One not admitted to Srdddhas,’ one who is not allowed to partake of obsequial feasts. ‘ A superannuated man,’ weak or decrepit persons. ‘One distressed,’ by a calamity. A. 179. ‘One who neglects religious customs,’ one who fails to perform his religious duties. ‘A eunuch,’ one incapable of begetting offspring. A.
2‘ A superannuated man,’ weak or decrepit persons. ‘One distressed,’ by a calamity. A. 179. ‘One who neglects religious customs,’ one who fails to perform his religious duties. ‘A eunuch,’ one incapable of begetting offspring. A. 180. ‘An atheist,’ a heretic. ‘A Vrdtya,’ one for whom the ceremony of initiation has not been performed. ‘His wife,’ his legitimate spouse. ‘His fire,’ the sacred VaitAna fire. ‘One who makes illicit offerings,’ one who performs sacrifices for persons of bad fame. ‘An associate who eats from the same dish,’ one with whom one keeps up commensality. ‘A spy,’ employed in the service of the king. ‘One connected by the same womb,’ a uterine brother. 181. ‘One who has formerly proved an evil-doer,’ one afflicted with an ugly disease, the consequence of wicked acts committed in a previous existence; or one guilty of robbery or other crimes. ‘One who lives by poison,’ one who buys or sells poison. ‘A snake-catcher,’ one who catches venomous reptiles. ‘A poisoner,’ one who, actuated by hatred, gives poison to other people. ‘An incendiary,’ one who sets fire to houses, &c. Kin4sa (a ploughman), “a Sidra,’ or ‘a miser.’ A. 88 NARADA. T, 182. poison, nor a snake-catcher, nor a poisoner, nor an incendiary, nor a ploughman, nor the son of a Sfdra woman, nor one who has committed a minor offence. *182. Nor one oppressed by fatigue, nor a ferocious man, nor one who has relinquished worldly appetites, nor one penniless, nor a member of the lowest castes, nor one leading a bad life, nor a student before his course of study is completed, nor an oilman, nor a seller of roots. *183. Nor one possessed by a demon, nor an enemy of the king, nor a weather-prophet, nor an astrologer, nor a malicious person, nor one selfsold, nor one who has a limb too little, nor a Bhagavrttti. *184. Nor one who has bad nails or black teeth, nor one who betrays his friends, nor a rogue, nor a seller of spirituous liquor, nor a juggler, nor an 182. ‘A ferocious man,’ one who perpetrates illicit acts of violence. ‘One who has relinquished worldly appetites,’ an ascetic. ‘One penniless,’ one who has lost his whole wealth through gambling or other extravagance. ‘A member of the lowest castes,’ a Kandala. ‘One leading a bad life,’ an infidel. A. The term milika denotes ‘a seller of roots,’ according to A. The Viramitrodaya interprets it by ‘ one who practises incantations with roots.’
3‘A member of the lowest castes,’ a Kandala. ‘One leading a bad life,’ an infidel. A. The term milika denotes ‘a seller of roots,’ according to A. The Viramitrodaya interprets it by ‘ one who practises incantations with roots.’ 183. A. explains varshanakshatrasfi#aka as a single term, denoting ‘an astrologer.’ The Viramitrodaya, more appropriately, divides it into two terms: ‘one who prophesies rain,’ i.e. a weatherprophet, and ‘an astronomer,’ i.e. an astrologer. The term aghasamsin, ‘a malicious person,’ is in the Vframitrodaya interpreted by ‘one who makes public the failings of other people.’ ‘One selfsold,’ one who has entered the state of slavery for money. ‘One who has a limb too little,’ i.c. an arm or a foot. ‘A Bhagavritti,’ one who lives by the prostitution of his wife, or one who suffers his mouth to be used like a female part (bhaga). A. 184. ‘A cruel man,’ a hard-hearted man; or Ugra is used as a proper noun denoting the offspring of a Kshatriya with a Sfdra wife. A. I, 190. “INCOMPETENT WITNESSES. 89 avaricious or cruel man, nor an enemy of a company (of traders) or of an association (of clansmen). *185. Nor one who takes animal life, nora leather manufacturer, nor a cripple, nor an outcast, nor a forger, nor a quack, nor an apostate, nor a robber, nor one of the king’s attendants. *186. Nor a Brahman who sells human beings, cattle, meat, bones, honey, milk, water, or butter, nor a member of a twice-born caste guilty of usury. *187. Nor one who neglects his duties, nor a Kulika, nora bard, nor one who serves low people, nor one who quarrels with his father, nor one who causes dissension. These are the incompetent witnesses. *188. The slaves, impostors, and other incompetent witnesses who have been enumerated above, shall be witnesses nevertheless in suits of a specially grave character. *189. Whenever a heinous crime, or a robbery, or adultery, or one of the two kinds of insult has been committed, he must not inquire (too strictly) into the (character of the) witnesses. *190. A child also cannot be (made a witness), nor a woman, nor one man alone, nora cheat, nora relative, noran enemy. These persons might give false evidence. 185. ‘One who takes animal life,’ a butcher. ‘A forger,’ one who falsifies documents or coined money. ‘A quack,’ one who practises incantations and the like with mysterious formulas, medicines, &c. ‘An apostate,’ one who has left the order of religious mendicants. ‘ An attendant of the king,’ a menial. A. 187. ‘A Kulika, a judge; or the head of a caste or guild. ‘One who causes dissension,’ one who causes friends or others to fall out with one another. Viramitrodaya. 189. Manu VIII, 72; YAgaavalkya II, 72; Gautama XIII, 9; Vishnu VIII, 6. 90 NARADA. I, 191. *191. A child would speak falsely from ignorance, a woman from want of veracity, an impostor from habitual depravity, a relative from affection, an enemy from desire of revenge.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1*175, One whose looks are suspicious is likely to have committed an assault. In all these cases witnesses may be dispensed with; only in the (lastmentioned) case of assault careful investigation is required. 176. Some one might make marks upon his person through hatred, to injure an enemy. In such cases it is necessary to resort to inductive reasoning, (ascertaining) the fact of the matter, and strata gems, in order to get a (reliable) test. 14, False Witnesses. 177. Those must not be examined as witnesses who are interested in the suit, nor friends, nor associates, nor enemies, nor notorious offenders, nor persons tainted (with a heavy sin). *178, Nora slave, nor an impostor, nor one not admitted to Sraddhas, nor a superannuated man, nor a woman, nor a child, nor an oil-maker, nor one 175. ‘Suspicious looks,’ as e.g. a sword smeared with blood. Viramitrodaya. In an analogous text of Sankha, as quoted in the Viframitrodaya, &c., the possession of stolen goods is mentioned as a further manifest proof of crime. 177-187, 190. Manu VIII, 64-67, 71; Yagfavalkya II, 70, 71; Vishnu VIII, 1-5; Gautama XIII, 5. Asahdya observes that the rules regarding incompetent witnesses do not relate to cases of assault only, but to judicial proceedings of every sort. 177. ‘Associates,’ i.e. partners in business. ‘ Notorious offenders,’ persons formerly convicted of perjury or other crimes. A. For different interpretations of some of the terms occurring in this section, see the notes to Professor Bihler’s Manu, and to Burnell- Hopkins’s Manu, VIII, 64, foll. 178. ‘A slave,’ one born in the house. ‘An impostor,’ a I, 181. INCOMPETENT WITNESSES. 87 intoxicated, nor a madman, nor a careless man, nor one distressed, nor a gamester, nor one who sacrifices for a whole village. *179. Nor one engaged in a long journey, nor a merchant who travels into transmarine countries, nor a religious ascetic, nor one sick, nor one deformed, nor one man alone, nor a learned Brahman, nor one who neglects religious customs, nor a eunuch, nor an actor. *180. Nor an atheist, nor a Vratya, nor one who has forsaken his wife or his fire, nor one who makes illicit offerings, nor an associate who eats from the same dish (as oneself), nor an adversary, nor a spy, nor a relation, nor one connected by the same womb. *181. Nor one who has formerly proved an evildoer, nor a public dancer, nor one who lives by fallacious person. ‘One not admitted to Srdddhas,’ one who is not allowed to partake of obsequial feasts. ‘ A superannuated man,’ weak or decrepit persons. ‘One distressed,’ by a calamity. A. 179. ‘One who neglects religious customs,’ one who fails to perform his religious duties. ‘A eunuch,’ one incapable of begetting offspring. A.
2‘ A superannuated man,’ weak or decrepit persons. ‘One distressed,’ by a calamity. A. 179. ‘One who neglects religious customs,’ one who fails to perform his religious duties. ‘A eunuch,’ one incapable of begetting offspring. A. 180. ‘An atheist,’ a heretic. ‘A Vrdtya,’ one for whom the ceremony of initiation has not been performed. ‘His wife,’ his legitimate spouse. ‘His fire,’ the sacred VaitAna fire. ‘One who makes illicit offerings,’ one who performs sacrifices for persons of bad fame. ‘An associate who eats from the same dish,’ one with whom one keeps up commensality. ‘A spy,’ employed in the service of the king. ‘One connected by the same womb,’ a uterine brother. 181. ‘One who has formerly proved an evil-doer,’ one afflicted with an ugly disease, the consequence of wicked acts committed in a previous existence; or one guilty of robbery or other crimes. ‘One who lives by poison,’ one who buys or sells poison. ‘A snake-catcher,’ one who catches venomous reptiles. ‘A poisoner,’ one who, actuated by hatred, gives poison to other people. ‘An incendiary,’ one who sets fire to houses, &c. Kin4sa (a ploughman), “a Sidra,’ or ‘a miser.’ A. 88 NARADA. T, 182. poison, nor a snake-catcher, nor a poisoner, nor an incendiary, nor a ploughman, nor the son of a Sfdra woman, nor one who has committed a minor offence. *182. Nor one oppressed by fatigue, nor a ferocious man, nor one who has relinquished worldly appetites, nor one penniless, nor a member of the lowest castes, nor one leading a bad life, nor a student before his course of study is completed, nor an oilman, nor a seller of roots. *183. Nor one possessed by a demon, nor an enemy of the king, nor a weather-prophet, nor an astrologer, nor a malicious person, nor one selfsold, nor one who has a limb too little, nor a Bhagavrttti. *184. Nor one who has bad nails or black teeth, nor one who betrays his friends, nor a rogue, nor a seller of spirituous liquor, nor a juggler, nor an 182. ‘A ferocious man,’ one who perpetrates illicit acts of violence. ‘One who has relinquished worldly appetites,’ an ascetic. ‘One penniless,’ one who has lost his whole wealth through gambling or other extravagance. ‘A member of the lowest castes,’ a Kandala. ‘One leading a bad life,’ an infidel. A. The term milika denotes ‘a seller of roots,’ according to A. The Viramitrodaya interprets it by ‘ one who practises incantations with roots.’
3‘A member of the lowest castes,’ a Kandala. ‘One leading a bad life,’ an infidel. A. The term milika denotes ‘a seller of roots,’ according to A. The Viramitrodaya interprets it by ‘ one who practises incantations with roots.’ 183. A. explains varshanakshatrasfi#aka as a single term, denoting ‘an astrologer.’ The Viramitrodaya, more appropriately, divides it into two terms: ‘one who prophesies rain,’ i.e. a weatherprophet, and ‘an astronomer,’ i.e. an astrologer. The term aghasamsin, ‘a malicious person,’ is in the Vframitrodaya interpreted by ‘one who makes public the failings of other people.’ ‘One selfsold,’ one who has entered the state of slavery for money. ‘One who has a limb too little,’ i.c. an arm or a foot. ‘A Bhagavritti,’ one who lives by the prostitution of his wife, or one who suffers his mouth to be used like a female part (bhaga). A. 184. ‘A cruel man,’ a hard-hearted man; or Ugra is used as a proper noun denoting the offspring of a Kshatriya with a Sfdra wife. A. I, 190. “INCOMPETENT WITNESSES. 89 avaricious or cruel man, nor an enemy of a company (of traders) or of an association (of clansmen). *185. Nor one who takes animal life, nora leather manufacturer, nor a cripple, nor an outcast, nor a forger, nor a quack, nor an apostate, nor a robber, nor one of the king’s attendants. *186. Nor a Brahman who sells human beings, cattle, meat, bones, honey, milk, water, or butter, nor a member of a twice-born caste guilty of usury. *187. Nor one who neglects his duties, nor a Kulika, nora bard, nor one who serves low people, nor one who quarrels with his father, nor one who causes dissension. These are the incompetent witnesses. *188. The slaves, impostors, and other incompetent witnesses who have been enumerated above, shall be witnesses nevertheless in suits of a specially grave character. *189. Whenever a heinous crime, or a robbery, or adultery, or one of the two kinds of insult has been committed, he must not inquire (too strictly) into the (character of the) witnesses. *190. A child also cannot be (made a witness), nor a woman, nor one man alone, nora cheat, nora relative, noran enemy. These persons might give false evidence. 185. ‘One who takes animal life,’ a butcher. ‘A forger,’ one who falsifies documents or coined money. ‘A quack,’ one who practises incantations and the like with mysterious formulas, medicines, &c. ‘An apostate,’ one who has left the order of religious mendicants. ‘ An attendant of the king,’ a menial. A. 187. ‘A Kulika, a judge; or the head of a caste or guild. ‘One who causes dissension,’ one who causes friends or others to fall out with one another. Viramitrodaya. 189. Manu VIII, 72; YAgaavalkya II, 72; Gautama XIII, 9; Vishnu VIII, 6. 90 NARADA. I, 191. *191. A child would speak falsely from ignorance, a woman from want of veracity, an impostor from habitual depravity, a relative from affection, an enemy from desire of revenge.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
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