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Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1*2. Among heretics, followers of the Veda (Naigamas), guilds (of merchants), corporations (Pfgas), troops (of soldiers), assemblages (of kinsmen), and other (associations) the king must maintain the usages (settled among them), both in fortified towns and in the open country. its value in one country, and the increase of its value in another country, and ‘its origin,’ the country where it comes from. That is the meaning. Viramitrodaya, pp. 434, 435- X, 1. ‘Heretics,’ Kshapazakas (Buddhist or Jain mendicants) and others who detract from the authority of the Veda. ‘ Naigamas,’ traders or merchants. According to the Mitakshara, the term Naigama refers to Pasupatas and others who uphold the authority of the Veda. The term ‘and others’ is used to include corporations of learned Brahmans and other (associations). Viramitrodaya, p. 423. The term samaya, literally ‘compact,’ denotes local or caste usages, the violation of which forms the subject of the tenth title of law. 2. Of the term Naigama, the commentators give the same two different interpretations as in the preceding paragraph. I have referred it to ‘followers of the Veda,’ because it comes immediately after the term ‘heretics.’ The term pfiga has three interpretations in this place. Some say it means ‘companies of traders or others.’ 154 NARADA. X, 3. *3.. Whatever be their laws, their (religious) duties, (the rules regarding) their attendance, and the (particular mode of) livelihood prescribed for them, that the king shall approve of. *4, The king shall prevent them from undertaking such acts as would be either opposed (to the wishes of the king), or contemptible in their nature, or injurious to his interests. *5. Mixed assemblages, unlawful wearing of arms, ‘ and mutual attacks between those persons shall not be tolerated by the king. Others say it denotes ‘associations of persons differing in caste, whose mode of subsistence is not fixed.’ The Viramitrodaya interprets it as referring to riders on elephants, horses, &c. In explanation of the terms vrata, ‘a troop of soldiers,’ and gaa, ‘an assemblage of kinsmen,’ the commentators quote the following text of KAtyayana: ‘A multitude of united men armed with various weapons is called vrata. An assemblage of families is called gana. Manu VIII, 41; YAgvavalkya II, 192, &c.
2An assemblage of families is called gana. Manu VIII, 41; YAgvavalkya II, 192, &c. 3. ‘Their laws,’ such as to speak the truth. ‘Their (religious) duties,’ such as the duty of going about begging alms when the night is over, early in the morning. ‘The rules regarding their attendance,’ the duty of attending, in a temple or other (public hall), for the affairs of the community, when the sound of a drum or other instrument is heard. Viramitrodaya, p. 430. The Ratnakara interprets the term karma, ‘their (religious) duties,’ by ‘their proper occupation for a livelihood.’ The drift of this rule, according to Gagannfiha, is this, that the king must not act otherwise than is consistent with the usages of castes or other corporations. See Colebrooke’s Digest, III, 2, 11. YAgiavalkya II, 192, &c. 4. ‘Contemptible in their nature,’ essentially despicable, such as the eating of betel, which is customary among heretics and others. ‘Injurious to his interests,’ causing pecuniary loss, &c. ‘He shall prevent them from undertaking such acts,’ he shall act so that they do not undertake them. Viramitrodaya, pp. 430, 431. 5. ‘Mixed assemblages,’ meetings or gatherings of persons differing in caste. ‘Unlawful wearing of arms,’ wearing arms without sufficient motives, such as the apprehension of a danger. See Ratndkara, as quoted in Colebrooke’s Digest, III, 2, 25. XI,2. VIOLATION OF A COMPACT; BOUNDARIES. 155 *6. Those who cause dissension among the members of an association, shall undergo punishment of a specially severe kind; because they would prove extremely dangerous, like an (epidemic) disease, if they were allowed to go free. *7, Whenever a criminal act, opposed to the dictates of morality, has been attempted, a king desirous of prosperity shall redress it. ELEVENTH TITLE OF LAW. Bounpary DIspPuTES. *1, Whenever (a decision has to be given) in regard to landed property, whether it be a dike (or bridge), a field, a boundary, a tilled piece of ground, or a waste, it is termed a Boundary Dispute. 2. In all quarrels regarding landed property or boundaries, the decision rests with the neighbours, the inhabitants of the same town or village, the 6. ‘An association,’ a guild of merchants or other corporation. Viramitrodaya, p. 430. 7. When an act tainted with the sin of covetousness or another crime, and opposed to the dictates of revealed and traditional law, such as e.g. the prostitution of widows or other (virtuous females) among heretics or other (sinful men), has been attempted, the king must redress it, though it may have been practised for a long time. Viramitrodaya, p. 431.
3the prostitution of widows or other (virtuous females) among heretics or other (sinful men), has been attempted, the king must redress it, though it may have been practised for a long time. Viramitrodaya, p. 431. XI, 1. The meaning is as follows: ‘A dike,’ an embankment for the purposes of irrigation. ‘A field,’ a cultivated piece of ground (under water). ‘A boundary,’ a landmark. ‘A tilled piece of ground,’ cultivated soil. ‘A waste,’ uncultivated ground. When a decision has to be given in a quarrel with regard to any of these, it is called a lawsuit concerning landed property, or Boundary Dispute. Vframitrodaya, p. 451. 2. Manu VIII, 259; YAgziavalkya II, 150. 156 NARADA. XI, 3. (other) members of the same community, and the senior (inhabitants of the district), *3. (As also) with those living outside on the outskirts of the village and who live by the tillage of fields situated in those parts, and with herdsmen, bird-catchers, hunters, and other inhabitants of the woods, 4. These men shall determine the boundary, in accordance with the (old) landmarks, (such as) chaff of grain, coal, pot-sherds, wells, sanctuaries, trees, 5. Objects of general notoriety, such as ant-hills, artificial mounds, slopes, hills and the like, and fields, gardens, roads, and old dikes. 6. When a piece of ground has been carried off by a stream, or abandoned (by the owner), or when the boundary marks have been destroyed, (they shall fix the boundary) according to the inference to be drawn from (an inspection of) the spot, and according to the traces of possession (held by the former owner). *7, Should the neighbours speak falsely, when called upon to decide a question of this sort, they shall all be punished one by one by the king, each having to pay the fine of the (second or) middlemost degree. *8. The corporation, the senior (inhabitants of 3. The foresters shall only be consulted in default of cultivators whose fields are adjacent to the boundaries of the village. Viramitrodaya, p. 456. Manu VIII, 260. YAgvavalkya II, 150. 4, §- Manu VIII, 246-251; Yagvavalkya II, 151. 7. Manu VIII, 263; Ydagnavalkya II, 153. The fine of the second degree consists of 500 Pamas. 8. The lower degree of punishment in the case of the persons here mentioned seems to be due to the fact that they may be supposed to be interested in the suit. XI, 13. BOUNDARY DISPUTES. 157 the district) and the rest shall also receive punishment one by one: they shall have to pay the fine of the first degree, if they make false statements. *9,. The boundary should not be fixed by one man single-handed, though he be a reliable person. This business should be entrusted to a plurality of persons, because it is an affair of importance. *1o, Should a single man undertake to fix the boundary, (he must do so) after having kept a fast, in a collected frame of mind, wearing a garland of red flowers and a (red) cloak, having strewed earth on his head.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1*2. Among heretics, followers of the Veda (Naigamas), guilds (of merchants), corporations (Pfgas), troops (of soldiers), assemblages (of kinsmen), and other (associations) the king must maintain the usages (settled among them), both in fortified towns and in the open country. its value in one country, and the increase of its value in another country, and ‘its origin,’ the country where it comes from. That is the meaning. Viramitrodaya, pp. 434, 435- X, 1. ‘Heretics,’ Kshapazakas (Buddhist or Jain mendicants) and others who detract from the authority of the Veda. ‘ Naigamas,’ traders or merchants. According to the Mitakshara, the term Naigama refers to Pasupatas and others who uphold the authority of the Veda. The term ‘and others’ is used to include corporations of learned Brahmans and other (associations). Viramitrodaya, p. 423. The term samaya, literally ‘compact,’ denotes local or caste usages, the violation of which forms the subject of the tenth title of law. 2. Of the term Naigama, the commentators give the same two different interpretations as in the preceding paragraph. I have referred it to ‘followers of the Veda,’ because it comes immediately after the term ‘heretics.’ The term pfiga has three interpretations in this place. Some say it means ‘companies of traders or others.’ 154 NARADA. X, 3. *3.. Whatever be their laws, their (religious) duties, (the rules regarding) their attendance, and the (particular mode of) livelihood prescribed for them, that the king shall approve of. *4, The king shall prevent them from undertaking such acts as would be either opposed (to the wishes of the king), or contemptible in their nature, or injurious to his interests. *5. Mixed assemblages, unlawful wearing of arms, ‘ and mutual attacks between those persons shall not be tolerated by the king. Others say it denotes ‘associations of persons differing in caste, whose mode of subsistence is not fixed.’ The Viramitrodaya interprets it as referring to riders on elephants, horses, &c. In explanation of the terms vrata, ‘a troop of soldiers,’ and gaa, ‘an assemblage of kinsmen,’ the commentators quote the following text of KAtyayana: ‘A multitude of united men armed with various weapons is called vrata. An assemblage of families is called gana. Manu VIII, 41; YAgvavalkya II, 192, &c.
2An assemblage of families is called gana. Manu VIII, 41; YAgvavalkya II, 192, &c. 3. ‘Their laws,’ such as to speak the truth. ‘Their (religious) duties,’ such as the duty of going about begging alms when the night is over, early in the morning. ‘The rules regarding their attendance,’ the duty of attending, in a temple or other (public hall), for the affairs of the community, when the sound of a drum or other instrument is heard. Viramitrodaya, p. 430. The Ratnakara interprets the term karma, ‘their (religious) duties,’ by ‘their proper occupation for a livelihood.’ The drift of this rule, according to Gagannfiha, is this, that the king must not act otherwise than is consistent with the usages of castes or other corporations. See Colebrooke’s Digest, III, 2, 11. YAgiavalkya II, 192, &c. 4. ‘Contemptible in their nature,’ essentially despicable, such as the eating of betel, which is customary among heretics and others. ‘Injurious to his interests,’ causing pecuniary loss, &c. ‘He shall prevent them from undertaking such acts,’ he shall act so that they do not undertake them. Viramitrodaya, pp. 430, 431. 5. ‘Mixed assemblages,’ meetings or gatherings of persons differing in caste. ‘Unlawful wearing of arms,’ wearing arms without sufficient motives, such as the apprehension of a danger. See Ratndkara, as quoted in Colebrooke’s Digest, III, 2, 25. XI,2. VIOLATION OF A COMPACT; BOUNDARIES. 155 *6. Those who cause dissension among the members of an association, shall undergo punishment of a specially severe kind; because they would prove extremely dangerous, like an (epidemic) disease, if they were allowed to go free. *7, Whenever a criminal act, opposed to the dictates of morality, has been attempted, a king desirous of prosperity shall redress it. ELEVENTH TITLE OF LAW. Bounpary DIspPuTES. *1, Whenever (a decision has to be given) in regard to landed property, whether it be a dike (or bridge), a field, a boundary, a tilled piece of ground, or a waste, it is termed a Boundary Dispute. 2. In all quarrels regarding landed property or boundaries, the decision rests with the neighbours, the inhabitants of the same town or village, the 6. ‘An association,’ a guild of merchants or other corporation. Viramitrodaya, p. 430. 7. When an act tainted with the sin of covetousness or another crime, and opposed to the dictates of revealed and traditional law, such as e.g. the prostitution of widows or other (virtuous females) among heretics or other (sinful men), has been attempted, the king must redress it, though it may have been practised for a long time. Viramitrodaya, p. 431.
3the prostitution of widows or other (virtuous females) among heretics or other (sinful men), has been attempted, the king must redress it, though it may have been practised for a long time. Viramitrodaya, p. 431. XI, 1. The meaning is as follows: ‘A dike,’ an embankment for the purposes of irrigation. ‘A field,’ a cultivated piece of ground (under water). ‘A boundary,’ a landmark. ‘A tilled piece of ground,’ cultivated soil. ‘A waste,’ uncultivated ground. When a decision has to be given in a quarrel with regard to any of these, it is called a lawsuit concerning landed property, or Boundary Dispute. Vframitrodaya, p. 451. 2. Manu VIII, 259; YAgziavalkya II, 150. 156 NARADA. XI, 3. (other) members of the same community, and the senior (inhabitants of the district), *3. (As also) with those living outside on the outskirts of the village and who live by the tillage of fields situated in those parts, and with herdsmen, bird-catchers, hunters, and other inhabitants of the woods, 4. These men shall determine the boundary, in accordance with the (old) landmarks, (such as) chaff of grain, coal, pot-sherds, wells, sanctuaries, trees, 5. Objects of general notoriety, such as ant-hills, artificial mounds, slopes, hills and the like, and fields, gardens, roads, and old dikes. 6. When a piece of ground has been carried off by a stream, or abandoned (by the owner), or when the boundary marks have been destroyed, (they shall fix the boundary) according to the inference to be drawn from (an inspection of) the spot, and according to the traces of possession (held by the former owner). *7, Should the neighbours speak falsely, when called upon to decide a question of this sort, they shall all be punished one by one by the king, each having to pay the fine of the (second or) middlemost degree. *8. The corporation, the senior (inhabitants of 3. The foresters shall only be consulted in default of cultivators whose fields are adjacent to the boundaries of the village. Viramitrodaya, p. 456. Manu VIII, 260. YAgvavalkya II, 150. 4, §- Manu VIII, 246-251; Yagvavalkya II, 151. 7. Manu VIII, 263; Ydagnavalkya II, 153. The fine of the second degree consists of 500 Pamas. 8. The lower degree of punishment in the case of the persons here mentioned seems to be due to the fact that they may be supposed to be interested in the suit. XI, 13. BOUNDARY DISPUTES. 157 the district) and the rest shall also receive punishment one by one: they shall have to pay the fine of the first degree, if they make false statements. *9,. The boundary should not be fixed by one man single-handed, though he be a reliable person. This business should be entrusted to a plurality of persons, because it is an affair of importance. *1o, Should a single man undertake to fix the boundary, (he must do so) after having kept a fast, in a collected frame of mind, wearing a garland of red flowers and a (red) cloak, having strewed earth on his head.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
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