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Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1* 33. All subjects are dependent ; the ruler of the country is independent; a student is pronounced to be dependent ; independence belongs to the teacher. 30. A son who has not come to a partition of the family estate with his father, continues dependent on him till the father dies. A. 31. This rule constitutes an exception to the general independence of the son after the death of his father. During the period of his minority, he is unable to contract a valid debt. A. The rule that seniority is based both on capacity and age, is certainly remarkable. It is, however, in accordance with the view enounced further on (XIII, 5) by Nf&rada, that the management of the family property may be undertaken by the youngest brother even, if capable, because the prosperity of a family depends on ability. 32. The king is independent of his subjects. A teacher is independent of his pupils. The head of a household is independent of his family and attendants. A. 33, 34. These two paragraphs are intended to show the respective dependence and independence of wives, sons, householders, &c. A. I, 38. DEBTS; INVALID TRANSACTIONS. 5! * 34. Wives, sons, slaves and other attendants are dependent. The head of the family, to whom the property has descended by right of inheritance, is independent with regard to it. * 35. A child is comparable to an embryo up to his eighth year. A youth, who has not yet reached the age of sixteen, is called Pogamda. * 36. Afterwards he is no longer a minor and independent, in case his parents are dead. While they are alive he can never acquire independence, even though he may have reached a mature age. * 37. Of the two (parents), the father has the greater authority, because the seed is superior (to the womb) ; on failure of the begetter, the mother ; on failure of the mother, the eldest son. * 38. All these persons are independent at all times of those who depend on others. They have 34. Colebrooke (Dig. II, 4, 15) has translated a different reading of paragraph 34, thus,‘A householder is not uncontrolled in regard to what has descended from an ancestor.’ See, as to the distinction between inherited and self-acquired wealth, YAgiiavalkya II, rar. 35. ‘Comparable to an embryo’ is one who is not yet allowed to perform purificatory and other rites. From his eighth year onwards a boy may perform purificatory ceremonies and commence sacred study. He is called Poganda (a young man), because he is not yet capable of transacting legal business. A. This rule of N4rada has become the foundation of the modern law regarding the duration of minority. A controversy has recently arisen as to whether minority terminates at the end or at the beginning of the sixteenth year. Most, if not all, Indian writers seem to agree in taking the latter view. A. seems to be of the same opinion, though he does not express himself very clearly.
2A controversy has recently arisen as to whether minority terminates at the end or at the beginning of the sixteenth year. Most, if not all, Indian writers seem to agree in taking the latter view. A. seems to be of the same opinion, though he does not express himself very clearly. 36. He remains dependent during the lifetime of his parents, i.e. if he continues to live in union of interests with them. A. 38. ‘Coercion,’ i.e. punishment or beating; ‘ relinquishment,’ i.e. renouncing. A. E 2 52 NARADA. T, 39. authority in regard to coercion, the relinquishment and the sale (of property). * 39. If a boy or one who possesses no independence transacts anything, it is declared an invalid transaction by persons acquainted with the law. *4o,. That also which an independent person does, who has lost the control over his actions, is declared an invalid transaction, on account of his want of (real) independence. * 41. Those are declared to have lost the control over their actions who are actuated by love or anger, or tormented (by an illness), or oppressed by fear or misfortune, or biassed by friendship or hatred. 42. That is declared a valid transaction which is done by the senior or head of a family and by one who has not lost the control over his actions. That is not valid which has been transacted by one who does not enjoy independence. 3. Property. 43. All transactions depend on wealth. In order to acquire it, exertion is necessary. To preserve it, 39- Both what a minor does, and the transactions of one grown up but dependent on others, as e.g. of a slave, are declared invalid by those conversant with law. A. 40. ‘One who has lost the control over his actions,’ i.e. one whose natural disposition has been perverted, owing ‘to possession by a demon, or to his addiction to gambling or other vicious propensities. A. 42. Here ends the second section of the law of debt, which treats of valid and invalid transactions. A. 43. ‘All transactions,’ whether originating in virtue, interest, or love. The rule regarding the acquisition (and enjoyment) of wealth is said to be threefold: protection against bipeds, quadrupeds, 1, 47. DEBTS ; PROPERTY. 53 to increase it, and to enjoy it: these are, successively, the three sorts of activity in regard to wealth. 44. Again, wealth is of three kinds : white, spotted, and black. Each of these (three) kinds has seven subdivisions. *45. White wealth is (of the following seven sorts): what is acquired by sacred knowledge, valour in arms, the practice of austerities, with a maiden, through (instructing) a pupil, by sacrificing, and by inheritance. The gain to be derived from exerting oneself to acquire it is of the same description. * 46. Spotted wealth is (of the following seven sorts): what is acquired by lending money at interest, tillage, commerce, in the shape of Sulka, by artistic performances, by servile attendance, or as a return for a benefit conferred on some one.
3* 46. Spotted wealth is (of the following seven sorts): what is acquired by lending money at interest, tillage, commerce, in the shape of Sulka, by artistic performances, by servile attendance, or as a return for a benefit conferred on some one. *47. Black wealth is (of the following seven &c.; increase, through agriculture, lending at interest, trading, and other modes of acquisition ; enjoyment of terrestrial and celestial pleasures. A. 44-54. Vishu, chapter LVIII. 45. ‘What is acquired by sacred knowledge,’ i.e. the gains of sacred study. What is gained by ‘the practice of austerities,’ i. e. by one who duly performs greater and minor observances, optional and regular rites, and on whom worthy people bestow alms for that reason. What is received ‘with a maiden,’ i.e. as her marriage portion. The fruit derived from relinquishing white property is of the same kind, i.e. it is pure likewise. Thus A. 46. ‘Commerce,’ the sale of merchandise. ‘ Sulka,’ the price obtained for giving a damsel in marriage, whether the transaction be lawful or otherwise. ‘ Artistic performances,’ the art of painting or another art. ‘Servile attendance,’ waiting upon, and paying homage to, another man. Wealth obtained by one of these seven modes is called spotted, i.e. of a middling kind. A. Others explain the ambiguous term Sulka differently, as denoting tolls, or a fare for crossing a river, &c. 47. ‘Gambling,’ with dice or otherwise. ‘One afflicted with 54 NARADA. I, 48. sorts): what is acquired as a bribe, by gambling, by bearing a message, through one afflicted with pain, by forgery, by robbery, or by fraud. 48. It is in wealth that purchase, sale, gift, receipt, transactions of every kind, and enjoyment, have their source. 49. Of whatever description the property may be, with which a man performs any transaction, of the same description will the fruit be which he derives from it in the next world and in this. 50. Wealth is again declared to be of twelve sorts, according to the caste of the acquirer. Those modes of acquisition, which are common to all castes, are threefold. The others are said to be ninefold. 51. Property obtained by inheritance, gifts made from love, and what has been obtained with a wife (as her dowry), these are the three sorts of pure wealth, for all (castes) without distinction. 52. The pure wealth peculiar to a Brahman is pain,’ one pained by an attack of disease. ‘ Forging,’ falsification, of gold, silver, or other metals. ‘ Robbery,’ such as theft. ‘ Fraud,’ deception. What has been acquired by one of these seven kinds is called ‘ black wealth,’ i.e. wealth of the lowest kind. A. 48. From these three kinds of wealth, with their twenty-one subdivisions, spring all the various kinds of transactions, and all kinds of enjoyment. A.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1* 33. All subjects are dependent ; the ruler of the country is independent; a student is pronounced to be dependent ; independence belongs to the teacher. 30. A son who has not come to a partition of the family estate with his father, continues dependent on him till the father dies. A. 31. This rule constitutes an exception to the general independence of the son after the death of his father. During the period of his minority, he is unable to contract a valid debt. A. The rule that seniority is based both on capacity and age, is certainly remarkable. It is, however, in accordance with the view enounced further on (XIII, 5) by Nf&rada, that the management of the family property may be undertaken by the youngest brother even, if capable, because the prosperity of a family depends on ability. 32. The king is independent of his subjects. A teacher is independent of his pupils. The head of a household is independent of his family and attendants. A. 33, 34. These two paragraphs are intended to show the respective dependence and independence of wives, sons, householders, &c. A. I, 38. DEBTS; INVALID TRANSACTIONS. 5! * 34. Wives, sons, slaves and other attendants are dependent. The head of the family, to whom the property has descended by right of inheritance, is independent with regard to it. * 35. A child is comparable to an embryo up to his eighth year. A youth, who has not yet reached the age of sixteen, is called Pogamda. * 36. Afterwards he is no longer a minor and independent, in case his parents are dead. While they are alive he can never acquire independence, even though he may have reached a mature age. * 37. Of the two (parents), the father has the greater authority, because the seed is superior (to the womb) ; on failure of the begetter, the mother ; on failure of the mother, the eldest son. * 38. All these persons are independent at all times of those who depend on others. They have 34. Colebrooke (Dig. II, 4, 15) has translated a different reading of paragraph 34, thus,‘A householder is not uncontrolled in regard to what has descended from an ancestor.’ See, as to the distinction between inherited and self-acquired wealth, YAgiiavalkya II, rar. 35. ‘Comparable to an embryo’ is one who is not yet allowed to perform purificatory and other rites. From his eighth year onwards a boy may perform purificatory ceremonies and commence sacred study. He is called Poganda (a young man), because he is not yet capable of transacting legal business. A. This rule of N4rada has become the foundation of the modern law regarding the duration of minority. A controversy has recently arisen as to whether minority terminates at the end or at the beginning of the sixteenth year. Most, if not all, Indian writers seem to agree in taking the latter view. A. seems to be of the same opinion, though he does not express himself very clearly.
2A controversy has recently arisen as to whether minority terminates at the end or at the beginning of the sixteenth year. Most, if not all, Indian writers seem to agree in taking the latter view. A. seems to be of the same opinion, though he does not express himself very clearly. 36. He remains dependent during the lifetime of his parents, i.e. if he continues to live in union of interests with them. A. 38. ‘Coercion,’ i.e. punishment or beating; ‘ relinquishment,’ i.e. renouncing. A. E 2 52 NARADA. T, 39. authority in regard to coercion, the relinquishment and the sale (of property). * 39. If a boy or one who possesses no independence transacts anything, it is declared an invalid transaction by persons acquainted with the law. *4o,. That also which an independent person does, who has lost the control over his actions, is declared an invalid transaction, on account of his want of (real) independence. * 41. Those are declared to have lost the control over their actions who are actuated by love or anger, or tormented (by an illness), or oppressed by fear or misfortune, or biassed by friendship or hatred. 42. That is declared a valid transaction which is done by the senior or head of a family and by one who has not lost the control over his actions. That is not valid which has been transacted by one who does not enjoy independence. 3. Property. 43. All transactions depend on wealth. In order to acquire it, exertion is necessary. To preserve it, 39- Both what a minor does, and the transactions of one grown up but dependent on others, as e.g. of a slave, are declared invalid by those conversant with law. A. 40. ‘One who has lost the control over his actions,’ i.e. one whose natural disposition has been perverted, owing ‘to possession by a demon, or to his addiction to gambling or other vicious propensities. A. 42. Here ends the second section of the law of debt, which treats of valid and invalid transactions. A. 43. ‘All transactions,’ whether originating in virtue, interest, or love. The rule regarding the acquisition (and enjoyment) of wealth is said to be threefold: protection against bipeds, quadrupeds, 1, 47. DEBTS ; PROPERTY. 53 to increase it, and to enjoy it: these are, successively, the three sorts of activity in regard to wealth. 44. Again, wealth is of three kinds : white, spotted, and black. Each of these (three) kinds has seven subdivisions. *45. White wealth is (of the following seven sorts): what is acquired by sacred knowledge, valour in arms, the practice of austerities, with a maiden, through (instructing) a pupil, by sacrificing, and by inheritance. The gain to be derived from exerting oneself to acquire it is of the same description. * 46. Spotted wealth is (of the following seven sorts): what is acquired by lending money at interest, tillage, commerce, in the shape of Sulka, by artistic performances, by servile attendance, or as a return for a benefit conferred on some one.
3* 46. Spotted wealth is (of the following seven sorts): what is acquired by lending money at interest, tillage, commerce, in the shape of Sulka, by artistic performances, by servile attendance, or as a return for a benefit conferred on some one. *47. Black wealth is (of the following seven &c.; increase, through agriculture, lending at interest, trading, and other modes of acquisition ; enjoyment of terrestrial and celestial pleasures. A. 44-54. Vishu, chapter LVIII. 45. ‘What is acquired by sacred knowledge,’ i.e. the gains of sacred study. What is gained by ‘the practice of austerities,’ i. e. by one who duly performs greater and minor observances, optional and regular rites, and on whom worthy people bestow alms for that reason. What is received ‘with a maiden,’ i.e. as her marriage portion. The fruit derived from relinquishing white property is of the same kind, i.e. it is pure likewise. Thus A. 46. ‘Commerce,’ the sale of merchandise. ‘ Sulka,’ the price obtained for giving a damsel in marriage, whether the transaction be lawful or otherwise. ‘ Artistic performances,’ the art of painting or another art. ‘Servile attendance,’ waiting upon, and paying homage to, another man. Wealth obtained by one of these seven modes is called spotted, i.e. of a middling kind. A. Others explain the ambiguous term Sulka differently, as denoting tolls, or a fare for crossing a river, &c. 47. ‘Gambling,’ with dice or otherwise. ‘One afflicted with 54 NARADA. I, 48. sorts): what is acquired as a bribe, by gambling, by bearing a message, through one afflicted with pain, by forgery, by robbery, or by fraud. 48. It is in wealth that purchase, sale, gift, receipt, transactions of every kind, and enjoyment, have their source. 49. Of whatever description the property may be, with which a man performs any transaction, of the same description will the fruit be which he derives from it in the next world and in this. 50. Wealth is again declared to be of twelve sorts, according to the caste of the acquirer. Those modes of acquisition, which are common to all castes, are threefold. The others are said to be ninefold. 51. Property obtained by inheritance, gifts made from love, and what has been obtained with a wife (as her dowry), these are the three sorts of pure wealth, for all (castes) without distinction. 52. The pure wealth peculiar to a Brahman is pain,’ one pained by an attack of disease. ‘ Forging,’ falsification, of gold, silver, or other metals. ‘ Robbery,’ such as theft. ‘ Fraud,’ deception. What has been acquired by one of these seven kinds is called ‘ black wealth,’ i.e. wealth of the lowest kind. A. 48. From these three kinds of wealth, with their twenty-one subdivisions, spring all the various kinds of transactions, and all kinds of enjoyment. A.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
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