The Sushruta Samhita — trans. Bhishagratna

CHAPTER V.

Now we shall discourse on the Sariram which treats of the anatomy of the human body (SsTrira-

^ankhya-Vyakaranam). i.

Definition of Garbha and ^arira ;—

The combined semen and ovum (Sukra and Sonita) in the womb, mixed with (the eight categories known as) the Prakriti and (her sixteen modifications known as) Vikdra, and ridden in by the Atmat (self-consicous self^, is called the foetus. There is consciousness in the embryo. The Vatyu (or the vital force) divides it into Dosha, Dhdtu, Mala, etc., limbs, and organs, etc. The Teja (or the heat latent in the fecundated matter) gives rise to the metabolism of the tissues ; the Apa (water) keeps it in a liquid state ; the Kshiti (earth) is embodied in the shape of its species ; and the Akas'a (ether) contributes to its growth and development. A fully developed foetus with all its parts, such as the hands, feet, tongue, nose, ears, buttocks etc. and the sense-organs, is called Satriram or body. The body is composed of six main parts, namely, the four extremities (upper and lower), the trunk or middle body, and the head. 2.

Different members of the body :— Now we shall describe the Pratyangas or members of the body. The head, the belly (Epigastrium), the back, the navel (umbilical region), the forehead, the nose, the chin, the bladder, and the throat (neck), occur singly ; the ears, the eyes, the nostrils, the eye-brows, the temples, the shoulders, the cheek, the armpits, the breasts, the testes, the sides, the buttocks, the arms, the thighs, and the knee-joints, etc., occur in pairs. The fingers and l6o THE SUSHRUTA SAMHITA . [Chap, V.

toes which number twenty in all, and the interior channels (Srotas) of the body, to be presently described, are likewise included within the Pratyangas. These are the different Pratyang'as or members. 3.

Enumeration Of the different limbs and members of the body :— The different

These are the different Pratyang'as or members. 3.

Enumeration Of the different limbs and members of the body :— The different layers of the skin, the Kalas, the Dhatus (root principles, such as blood, chyle, etc.), the Mala (excrements , the Doshas (morbific principles, such as the Vayu, Pittam, or Kapham\ the spleen, the liver, the lungs, the colon and caecum (Unduka), the heart, the cavities or viscera (Asayas), the intestines (Antras), the Vrikkou (Kidneys) the Srotas (internal passages or ducts), the Kandara (nerve trunks), the Jalas (membranes), the Kurchas,* the Rajjus (tendons) the Sevanis (sutures), the Sanghdtas (facets), the Simanta, the bones, the joints, the Snd,yu (ligament), the Pes'i (muscles), the Marmas (vital parts, such as anastomosis of veins and arteries, etc.), the Sira (veins), the Dhamani (arteries), and the Yogavahini Sr5tasf, constitute what is collectively called the organism. 4.

Their number :— The layers fof skin (Tvaka) number seven in all. There are seven connective tissues or fascia (Kalds). The cavities or viscera (Asayas) are seven in all. The root principles (Dhatu) of the body are seven in number. There are seven hundred S'ird (veins), five hundred Pes'i (muscles), nine hundred Snayu (ligaments), three hundred bones, two hundred and ten Sandhi ^joints), one hundred and seven Marmas (vital parts), twenty-four Dhamanis (arteries etc.), three Doshas (morbific principle— such as the V^yu, Pittam, t Those, that are in connection with the Dhamani.

* Meetings of muscles, ligament?, veins, nerves and bones as at the annular ligament.

Chap, v.] SARIRA STHANAM, i6g^

to the Sushira type. The ligaments of the chest, back, sides and head are of the Prithu type. 34—35.

As a boat made of planks and timber fastened together by means of a large number of bindings is enabled to float on the water and to carry cargo ;• so the human frame being bound and fastened at the Sandhis or joints by a large number of ligaments. (Snayu) is enabled to bear pr:^ssure. An injury to,, or diseases of, the bones, veins, joints or muscles are not so detrimental to the system as is the case if the Snayus are affected in any way. Only the physician, who is acquainted with the internal and external ligaments (Sndyus) of the body, is qualified to extract a hidden and imbedded Salyam (extraneous matter etc.) from any part of the body. 36.

Only the physician, who is acquainted with the internal and external ligaments (Sndyus) of the body, is qualified to extract a hidden and imbedded Salyam (extraneous matter etc.) from any part of the body. 36.

The lYIuSCleS (PcsiS) :— The muscles (Pesis) number five hundred in all, of which four hundred are in the four extremities ; Sixty-six* in. the trunk (Koshtha) and thirty-four in the region above the clavicles. 37.

IVIuscIes in the Extremities :— There are three muscles in each of the toes, thus making .fifteen in the toes of one leg ; ten in the anterior part of the foot and the same number (ten") attached to the Kurchcha ; ten in the sole and the ankle-bone (Gulpha, — malledi) ; twenty in the region between the Gulpha and the kneejoint ; five in the knee-joint (Janu) ; twenty in the thigh (Uru) ; and ten in the groin (Vankshana) ; thus making one hundred muscles in all in each leg. The same number is found in each of the other three extremities ; (thus making four hundred in all). 2^.

Muscles in the Koshtha : -(Of the sixtysix muscles in the trunk), three are in the region of thep. 22p. 170 anus (Pa/u) ; one In the penis; one in the perineum (Sevan i) ; two in the scrotum ; five in each of the haunches (Sphik) ; two in the top or head of the bladder ; five in the abdomen (Udara) ; one about the umbilicus ; five along each side (of the spinal column), on the upper part of the back (making ten in all) ; six in the sides ; ten in the chest ; seven around the armpits and shoulders (Akshaka-Ansa) ; two in the region of heart and stomach (Amas'aya) ; and six in the region of the liver, spleen and colon (Unduka). 39.

* Gayadasa reads sixty in the trunks and forty above the clavicles,

IVIuscIesof the Head and Neck :— (Of the thirty-four muscles found in this region), four are in the throat (Grivd) ; eight in the two jaw-bones (Hanu) ; one each in the regions of the throat (Kakalaka and Gala) ; two in the palate ; one in the tongue ; two in the lips : two in the nose ; two in the eyes ; four in the cheeks ; two in the ears ; four in the forehead ; and one in the head. Thus the positions and distributions of the five hundred muscles (Pesis) have been described. 40.

Metrical Text :~The ligaments, veins, bones and joints etc., of a human body, derive their strength from the fact of their being supported by or covered over by the muscles. 41.

Extra IVIuscIes in Women :— Females