The Sushruta Samhita — trans. Bhishagratna

Hence, a wise physician should advise those and similar other measures to allay insomnia. 40-41.

Excessive sleep should be remedied by emetics, Sansodhana measures, fastings, bleeding, and works which tend to disturb the mental equanimity of man. Keeping up at night is beneficial to persons afflicted with obesity, poison or the deranged Kapham ; so also a nap in the day is beneficial to people troubled with hiccough, colic pain, dysentery, indigestion, or thirst. 42-43.

Somnolence or Drowsiness etc. : -in

this kind of ligHt sleep, or in th^ preliminary stage of sleep, the sense organ? are overpowered and remain only partially cognisant of their respective objects and all (subjective and objective) symptoms of a sleepy person such as, yawning, sense off atigue and heaviness o( the limbs, present themselves in succession ; these are the special features of Tandrai. One (prolonged) inhaling of the air through a widely open mouth and subsequent exhaling with the contraction of the limbs and tearful eyes are (all together) called Jrimbha^ or yawning.

A sense of fatigue without any physical labour which comes upon a person unaccompanied by hurried respiration is called Klama. It obstructs the proper functions of the senses as also the workings of the active organs.* An inordinate love of pleasure and a great aversion to pain, attended with an apathy to all sorts ofChap. IV.] SARIRA STHANAM. 1 53 work even with the capacity of carrying them through is called Alasyam (laziness). Nausea, without vomiting of invested food, attended with salivation and formation of sputum, and cardiac distress are the symptoms of Utklesham. A sweet taste in the mouth, drowsiness, a beating pain in the heart, dizziness, and non-relish for food are the signs of Glaiai (languor). A feeling as if the whole body were wrapped in a wet sheet, accompanied by an extreme heaviness of the heart, is called Gauravam. 44- 50-

* Hand, leg, anus, and generative organ etc.

Loss of consciousness (Murchchai) is due to an excess of the deranged Pittam and to the quality of the Tamas ; vertigo (Bhrama) is due to an aggravated state of the Vdyu, Pittam, and to the quality of the Rajas ; drowsiness (Tandra() is due to a similar condition of the Vdyu, Kapham and to the quality of the Tamas ; while sleep (Nidratj is produced by the predominance of Kapham and to the quality of the Tamas in the organism. 51.

51.

The growch of a foetus in the womb is effected by the serum (Rasa) prepared out of the food (assimilated by its mother) incarcerated by the Vdyu in the internal passage of its body. 52.

Memorable Verses :— Be it dearly understood that there exists fire or heat (Jyoti) in the umbilical region of the foetus which is fanned by its bodily Vdyu and thus contributes to the growth of its body. The same Vayu in combination with the heat (thus generated), expands the upward, downward, and lateral channels (in the body of the embryo) and thus leads to the growth of the foetus. The eyes (Dristi— aperture of sight) and the hair-follicles of a man do not

* lo the text we find the word "Indriya" which refers to both Jnanendriya (sensory functions) and Karmendriya (motor functions) of the body.

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I$4 THE SUSHRUTA SAMHITA. [Chap. IV.

participate at all (in the general expansion of the body). This is a law of nature, and is the opinion of Dhanvantari. .On the other hand the growth of hair and finger nails continue even when the body enters the stage of decay. This also is a law of nature. SS'S^*

The Temperaments :— The temperaments (Prakriti) of persons may be of seven different types, according as the deranged Doshas of the body are involved therein, either severally, or in combination of two or of all the three together. The temperament (Prakriti) of a man is determined by the preponderance of the particular Doshas at the time of his generation (actual combination of the semen and ovum) and is marked by that preponderant Dosha. The characteristics of the different Prakritis are now described. 57-58.

Vataja-Temperament :— A man of Vdtika-

The characteristics of the different Prakritis are now described. 57-58.

Vataja-Temperament :— A man of Vdtika-

temparament is wakeful, averse to bathing and cold contact, unshapely, thievish, vain, dishonest and fond of music ; the soles of his feet, and the palms of his hands are much fissured ; has often a rough and grisly beard and moustache, finger nails and hairs in him ; he is hot-tempered and is given to biting his finger nails and grinding his teeth (when asleep). Morally he is impulsive, unsteady in his friendship, ungrateful, lean, and rough ; his body is marked with a large number of prominent veins (Dhamani) ; he is incoherent in his habit and vacillating in his temper.- He is a fast walker and dreams of scaling the skies in his sleep. His eyes are always moving. His mind is never steady. He makes few friends, is capable of accumulating very little money and talks incoherently. The traits of his characteretc. seem to resemble those of a goat, jackal, hare, mouse, camel, dog, vulture, crow, and of an ass. 59-60.

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Chap. IV.] SARIRA STHANAM. 1 55

Pittvaja-Tcmperamcnt :— A man of

Pittvaja temperament perspires copiously emitting a fetid smell. His limbs are loosely shaped and yellowish in colour. The finger nails, eyes, palate, tongue, lips, soles and palms of such a person are copper-coloured. He looks ugly with wrinkles, baldness and grey hair; he eats much, is averse to warmth and irritable in temper, though he cools down very soon. He is a man of middling strength and lives up to middle age. He is intelligent and possesses a good retentive memory and loves to monopolise the conversation (by pulling down any speaker that may be present). He is vigorous and is simply irresistible in battle. He dreams in his sleep of such things as meteors, lightning-flashes, fire, Ndgeshvara, Palas'a or Karnikara plants. He is never overpowered with fear nor bends before a powerful antagonist ; he protects the suppliant and is very often afflicted with suppuration in the cavity of the mouth. The traits of his character resemble those of a serpent, an owl, a Gandharba (heavenly musician), Yaksha, cat, monkey^ tiger, bear, and of a mongoose. 61-64.

Kaphaja-Tempcrament : —The complexion