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Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
120. Manu VII, 96. 22-23. Manu VII, 97. 24. Manu VII, 130. The’ amount depends on the nature of the soil and the manner of cultivation. 230 GAUTAMA. X, 25. (amounting to) one-tenth, one-eighth, or one-sixth (of the produce). 25. Some declare, that (there is a tax) also on cattle and gold, (viz.) one-fiftieth (of the stock). 26. In the case of merchandise one-twentieth (must be paid by the seller) as duty, 27. (And) of roots, fruits, flowers, medicinal herbs, honey, meat, grass, and firewood one-sixtieth. 28. For it is the duty (of the king) to protect the (tax-payers). 29. But to (the collection of) these (taxes) he shall always pay particular attention. 30. He shall live on the surplus. 31. Each artisan shall monthly do one (day’s) work (for the king). 32. Hereby (the taxes payable by) those who 25. Manu VII, 130. The above translation follows Haradatta’s explanation, while Sir W. Jones’ rendering of Manu gives a different meaning to the identical words. 26. Manu VII, 127. 24. Manu X, 120. 28. Manu VII, 128. 29. Manu VII, 128, 139. - 30. Haradatta takes this Sftra differently. He says, ‘ Adhika, ‘‘additional,” means the money which is paid on account of (the additional occupations) which have been explained above (Sftra 4 seq.): “To protect all created beings,” &c. Thereon shall he live, he himself, his servants, his elephants, horses, and his other (animals).’ If this explanation is adopted, the Stra ought to be translated thus, ‘He shall live on (the taxes paid for his) additional (occupations).’ It seems, however, more probable that Gautama means to say that the king shall live on the surplus which remains after providing for the external and internal security of the kingdom, and that his object is to forbid the application of the whole revenue to the personal expenses of the ruler. 31. Manu VII, 131. 32. Haradatta says that wood-carriers, dancers, and the like are intended. X, 43. LAWFUI. OCCUPATIONS AND LIVELIHOOD. 231 support themselves by personal labour have been explained, 33. And (those payable by) owners of ships and carts. 34. He must feed these (persons while they work for him). 35. The merchants shall (each) give (every month one) article of merchandise for less than the market value. 36. Those who find lost (property) the owner of which is not (known), shall announce it to the king. 37. The king shall cause it to be proclaimed (by the public crier), and (if the owner does not appear) hold it in his custody for a year. 38. Afterwards one-fourth (of the value goes) to the finder (and) the remainder to the king. 39. A (man becomes) owner by inheritance, purchase, partition, seizure, or finding. 40. Acceptance is for a Brahmaza an additional (mode of acquisition) ; 41. Conquest for a Kshatriya ; 42. Gain (by labour) for a Vaisya or Sidra. 43. Treasure-trove is the property of the king, 36-38. Manu VIII, 30-36; Yag#avalkya II, 33, 173; Macnaghten, Mitékshara V, 1, 6.
240. Acceptance is for a Brahmaza an additional (mode of acquisition) ; 41. Conquest for a Kshatriya ; 42. Gain (by labour) for a Vaisya or Sidra. 43. Treasure-trove is the property of the king, 36-38. Manu VIII, 30-36; Yag#avalkya II, 33, 173; Macnaghten, Mitékshara V, 1, 6. 39. Manu X, 115; Mayfkha IV, 1, 2; Colebrooke, Mitakshara I, 1, 8; Ill, Digest IV, 22. ‘Partition, i.e. the division (of the estate) between brothers and other (coparceners); seizure, i.e. the appropriation before (others) of forest trees and other things which have no owner; finding, i.e. the appropriation of lost property the owner of which is unknown, such as treasuretrove.’— Haradatta. 43. Manu VIII, 38; YAgaavalkya II, 34; Macnaghten, MitaksharA V, 1, 10. 7 . 232 GAUTAMA. X, 44. 44. Excepting (such as is found) by a Brahmana who lives according to (the law). 45. Some declare, that a finder of a non-Braéhmanical caste even, who announces (his find to the king), shall obtain one-sixth (of the value). 46. Having recovered property stolen by thieves, he shall return it to the owner; 47. Or (if the stolen property is not recovered) he shall pay (its value) out of his treasury. 48. The property of infants must be protected until they attain their majority or complete their studentship. ‘49. The additional (occupations) of a Vaisya are, agriculture, trade, tending cattle, and lending money at interest. '50. The Sidra (belongs to) the fourth caste, which has one birth (only). 44. Manu VIII, 37; Yagdavalkya II, 34; Macnaghten loc. cit. 46. Manu VIII, 40; YAgéavalkya II, 36; Macnaghten, Mitakshara V, 1, 14. 47. Apastamba II, 10, 26, 8; Macnaghten loc. cit. 48. Manu VIII, 27. 49. Apastamba II, 5, 10, 7. 50. Apastamba I,1,1,6; Manu X, 4. Between this Stra and the next, my MSS. insert an additional one, not found in Professor Stenzler’s edition, SQdrasy4pi nishekapumsavanasimantonnayanagétakarmanamakara # opanishkramam4nnaprasana £aulanyamantrakazi yathakaélam upadish/aniA, ‘for the Sidra also the Nisheka (or impregnation), the Pumsavana (or rite for securing male offspring), the Stmantonnayana (or arranging the parting of a pregnant wife), the Gdtakarman (or ceremony on the birth of the child), the name-giving, the first walk in the open air, the first feeding, and the aula (or tonsure of the child’s head) are prescribed to be performed at the proper periods, but without the recitation of sacred texts.’ But I am inclined to consider it spurious: first, because there is no proper commentary; secondly, because the enumeration of the Samskdras given here does not agree with X, 64. LAWFUL OCCUPATIONS AND LIVELIHOOD. 233 51. For him also (are prescribed) truthfulness, meekness, and purity. 52. Some (declare), that instead of sipping water, he shall wash his hands and feet. 53. (He shall also offer) the funeral oblations, 54. Maintain those depending upon him, 55. Live with his wife (only), 56. And serve the higher (castes).
352. Some (declare), that instead of sipping water, he shall wash his hands and feet. 53. (He shall also offer) the funeral oblations, 54. Maintain those depending upon him, 55. Live with his wife (only), 56. And serve the higher (castes). 57. From them he shall seek to obtain his livelihood. 58. (He shall use their) cast-off shoes, umbrellas, garments, and mats (for sitting on), 59. (And) eat the remnants of their food; 60. And (he may) live by (practising) mechanical arts; 61. And the Arya under whose protection he places himself, must support him even if he (becomes) unable to work. 62. And a man of higher caste (who is his master and has fallen into distress must be maintained) by him, 63. His hoard shall serve this purpose. 64. If permission has been given to him, he that given above, VIII, 14; and thirdly, because, according to the practice of Gautama, this Stra should begin with ‘tasy4pi’ instead of with ‘ Sidrasy4pi,’ and the ‘tasyApi’ in the next would become superfluous. The rule agrees however with Manu X, 63, 127. 51. Manu IX, 335. 53- Manu X, 127-128. 55- ‘Another commentator explains the Sfitra to mean that he shall live with his wife only, and never enter another order (i.e. never become a student, hermit, or ascetic). —Haradatta. 56. Apastamba, I, 1, 1, 7-8; Manu X, 121-123. 57. Manu X, 124. 58-59. Manu X, 125. 60. Manu X, gg. 234 GAUTAMA. X, 65. may use the exclamation namah (adoration) as his Mantra. 65. Some (declare), that he himself may offer the Pakayagaas. 66. And all men must serve those who belong to higher castes. 67. If Aryans and non-Aryans interchange their occupations and conduct (the one taking that of the other, there is) equality (between them). CHAPTER XI. 1. The king is master of all, with the exception of Brahmazas. 2. (He shall be) holy in acts and speech, 3. Fully instructed in the threefold (sacred science) and in logic, 4. Pure, of subdued senses, surrounded by com- 65. Manu X, 127. Regarding the Pakayagfias, see above, VIII, 18. 67. ‘There is equality between them, i.e. the one need not serve the other. A Sfidra need not serve even a Brahmaza, (much less) any other (twice-born man) who lives the life of a non-Aryan (SQdra). A Sfdra, even, who conducts himSelf like an Aryan must not be despised by men of other castes, who follow the . occupations of non-Aryans, on account of his inferior birth.’— Haradatta. XI. 1. Macnaghten, Mitakshara I, 1, 27; Manu IX, 313-322; Weber, Ind. Stud. X, 29, 60. 2. Manu VII, 26. ‘ Holy in acts,’ i.e. constantly acting in conformity with the Sastras; ‘holy in speech,’ i.e. when administering justice he shall not speak partially. 3. Manu VII, 43; Yag#avalkya I, 310. Haradatta thinks that the term ‘the threefold sacred science includes the fourth Veda also, because it consists chiefly of Rzkas and Yagus formulas.’ 4. Manu VII, 30-31 ; Yaghavalkya I, 354; Apastamba II, 11, 24, 18. ‘Of subdued senses, i.e. free from the (seven) vices
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
120. Manu VII, 96. 22-23. Manu VII, 97. 24. Manu VII, 130. The’ amount depends on the nature of the soil and the manner of cultivation. 230 GAUTAMA. X, 25. (amounting to) one-tenth, one-eighth, or one-sixth (of the produce). 25. Some declare, that (there is a tax) also on cattle and gold, (viz.) one-fiftieth (of the stock). 26. In the case of merchandise one-twentieth (must be paid by the seller) as duty, 27. (And) of roots, fruits, flowers, medicinal herbs, honey, meat, grass, and firewood one-sixtieth. 28. For it is the duty (of the king) to protect the (tax-payers). 29. But to (the collection of) these (taxes) he shall always pay particular attention. 30. He shall live on the surplus. 31. Each artisan shall monthly do one (day’s) work (for the king). 32. Hereby (the taxes payable by) those who 25. Manu VII, 130. The above translation follows Haradatta’s explanation, while Sir W. Jones’ rendering of Manu gives a different meaning to the identical words. 26. Manu VII, 127. 24. Manu X, 120. 28. Manu VII, 128. 29. Manu VII, 128, 139. - 30. Haradatta takes this Sftra differently. He says, ‘ Adhika, ‘‘additional,” means the money which is paid on account of (the additional occupations) which have been explained above (Sftra 4 seq.): “To protect all created beings,” &c. Thereon shall he live, he himself, his servants, his elephants, horses, and his other (animals).’ If this explanation is adopted, the Stra ought to be translated thus, ‘He shall live on (the taxes paid for his) additional (occupations).’ It seems, however, more probable that Gautama means to say that the king shall live on the surplus which remains after providing for the external and internal security of the kingdom, and that his object is to forbid the application of the whole revenue to the personal expenses of the ruler. 31. Manu VII, 131. 32. Haradatta says that wood-carriers, dancers, and the like are intended. X, 43. LAWFUI. OCCUPATIONS AND LIVELIHOOD. 231 support themselves by personal labour have been explained, 33. And (those payable by) owners of ships and carts. 34. He must feed these (persons while they work for him). 35. The merchants shall (each) give (every month one) article of merchandise for less than the market value. 36. Those who find lost (property) the owner of which is not (known), shall announce it to the king. 37. The king shall cause it to be proclaimed (by the public crier), and (if the owner does not appear) hold it in his custody for a year. 38. Afterwards one-fourth (of the value goes) to the finder (and) the remainder to the king. 39. A (man becomes) owner by inheritance, purchase, partition, seizure, or finding. 40. Acceptance is for a Brahmaza an additional (mode of acquisition) ; 41. Conquest for a Kshatriya ; 42. Gain (by labour) for a Vaisya or Sidra. 43. Treasure-trove is the property of the king, 36-38. Manu VIII, 30-36; Yag#avalkya II, 33, 173; Macnaghten, Mitékshara V, 1, 6.
240. Acceptance is for a Brahmaza an additional (mode of acquisition) ; 41. Conquest for a Kshatriya ; 42. Gain (by labour) for a Vaisya or Sidra. 43. Treasure-trove is the property of the king, 36-38. Manu VIII, 30-36; Yag#avalkya II, 33, 173; Macnaghten, Mitékshara V, 1, 6. 39. Manu X, 115; Mayfkha IV, 1, 2; Colebrooke, Mitakshara I, 1, 8; Ill, Digest IV, 22. ‘Partition, i.e. the division (of the estate) between brothers and other (coparceners); seizure, i.e. the appropriation before (others) of forest trees and other things which have no owner; finding, i.e. the appropriation of lost property the owner of which is unknown, such as treasuretrove.’— Haradatta. 43. Manu VIII, 38; YAgaavalkya II, 34; Macnaghten, MitaksharA V, 1, 10. 7 . 232 GAUTAMA. X, 44. 44. Excepting (such as is found) by a Brahmana who lives according to (the law). 45. Some declare, that a finder of a non-Braéhmanical caste even, who announces (his find to the king), shall obtain one-sixth (of the value). 46. Having recovered property stolen by thieves, he shall return it to the owner; 47. Or (if the stolen property is not recovered) he shall pay (its value) out of his treasury. 48. The property of infants must be protected until they attain their majority or complete their studentship. ‘49. The additional (occupations) of a Vaisya are, agriculture, trade, tending cattle, and lending money at interest. '50. The Sidra (belongs to) the fourth caste, which has one birth (only). 44. Manu VIII, 37; Yagdavalkya II, 34; Macnaghten loc. cit. 46. Manu VIII, 40; YAgéavalkya II, 36; Macnaghten, Mitakshara V, 1, 14. 47. Apastamba II, 10, 26, 8; Macnaghten loc. cit. 48. Manu VIII, 27. 49. Apastamba II, 5, 10, 7. 50. Apastamba I,1,1,6; Manu X, 4. Between this Stra and the next, my MSS. insert an additional one, not found in Professor Stenzler’s edition, SQdrasy4pi nishekapumsavanasimantonnayanagétakarmanamakara # opanishkramam4nnaprasana £aulanyamantrakazi yathakaélam upadish/aniA, ‘for the Sidra also the Nisheka (or impregnation), the Pumsavana (or rite for securing male offspring), the Stmantonnayana (or arranging the parting of a pregnant wife), the Gdtakarman (or ceremony on the birth of the child), the name-giving, the first walk in the open air, the first feeding, and the aula (or tonsure of the child’s head) are prescribed to be performed at the proper periods, but without the recitation of sacred texts.’ But I am inclined to consider it spurious: first, because there is no proper commentary; secondly, because the enumeration of the Samskdras given here does not agree with X, 64. LAWFUL OCCUPATIONS AND LIVELIHOOD. 233 51. For him also (are prescribed) truthfulness, meekness, and purity. 52. Some (declare), that instead of sipping water, he shall wash his hands and feet. 53. (He shall also offer) the funeral oblations, 54. Maintain those depending upon him, 55. Live with his wife (only), 56. And serve the higher (castes).
352. Some (declare), that instead of sipping water, he shall wash his hands and feet. 53. (He shall also offer) the funeral oblations, 54. Maintain those depending upon him, 55. Live with his wife (only), 56. And serve the higher (castes). 57. From them he shall seek to obtain his livelihood. 58. (He shall use their) cast-off shoes, umbrellas, garments, and mats (for sitting on), 59. (And) eat the remnants of their food; 60. And (he may) live by (practising) mechanical arts; 61. And the Arya under whose protection he places himself, must support him even if he (becomes) unable to work. 62. And a man of higher caste (who is his master and has fallen into distress must be maintained) by him, 63. His hoard shall serve this purpose. 64. If permission has been given to him, he that given above, VIII, 14; and thirdly, because, according to the practice of Gautama, this Stra should begin with ‘tasy4pi’ instead of with ‘ Sidrasy4pi,’ and the ‘tasyApi’ in the next would become superfluous. The rule agrees however with Manu X, 63, 127. 51. Manu IX, 335. 53- Manu X, 127-128. 55- ‘Another commentator explains the Sfitra to mean that he shall live with his wife only, and never enter another order (i.e. never become a student, hermit, or ascetic). —Haradatta. 56. Apastamba, I, 1, 1, 7-8; Manu X, 121-123. 57. Manu X, 124. 58-59. Manu X, 125. 60. Manu X, gg. 234 GAUTAMA. X, 65. may use the exclamation namah (adoration) as his Mantra. 65. Some (declare), that he himself may offer the Pakayagaas. 66. And all men must serve those who belong to higher castes. 67. If Aryans and non-Aryans interchange their occupations and conduct (the one taking that of the other, there is) equality (between them). CHAPTER XI. 1. The king is master of all, with the exception of Brahmazas. 2. (He shall be) holy in acts and speech, 3. Fully instructed in the threefold (sacred science) and in logic, 4. Pure, of subdued senses, surrounded by com- 65. Manu X, 127. Regarding the Pakayagfias, see above, VIII, 18. 67. ‘There is equality between them, i.e. the one need not serve the other. A Sfidra need not serve even a Brahmaza, (much less) any other (twice-born man) who lives the life of a non-Aryan (SQdra). A Sfdra, even, who conducts himSelf like an Aryan must not be despised by men of other castes, who follow the . occupations of non-Aryans, on account of his inferior birth.’— Haradatta. XI. 1. Macnaghten, Mitakshara I, 1, 27; Manu IX, 313-322; Weber, Ind. Stud. X, 29, 60. 2. Manu VII, 26. ‘ Holy in acts,’ i.e. constantly acting in conformity with the Sastras; ‘holy in speech,’ i.e. when administering justice he shall not speak partially. 3. Manu VII, 43; Yag#avalkya I, 310. Haradatta thinks that the term ‘the threefold sacred science includes the fourth Veda also, because it consists chiefly of Rzkas and Yagus formulas.’ 4. Manu VII, 30-31 ; Yaghavalkya I, 354; Apastamba II, 11, 24, 18. ‘Of subdued senses, i.e. free from the (seven) vices
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
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