Timaeus — Plato

Rep7iblic VI. Socrates, Adeimantus. The enemies of philosophy, when they hear the truth, are gradually propitiated, and at length become quite gentle.

There may have been one son of a king a philosopher who has remained uncorrupted and has a State obedient to his will.

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The secofid educatioii, lasting through life.

Republic VI. socratks, Adeimantus.

Our constitution then is not unattainable.

Recapitulation.

The ruler may impose the laws and institutions which we have been describing, and the citizens may possibly be willing to obey them? Certainly. And that others should approve, of what we approve, is no miracle or impossibility? I think not. But we have sufficiently shown, in what has preceded, that all this, if only possible, is assuredly for the best. We have.

And now we say not only that our laws, if they could be enacted, would be for the best, but also that the enactment of them, though difficult, is not impossible. Very good. And so with pain and toil we have reached the end of one subject, but more remains to be discussed; — how and by what studies and pursuits will the saviours of the constitution be created, 'and at what ages are they to apply themselves to their several studies? Certainly.

I omitted the troublesome business of the possession of women, and the procreation of children, and the appointment of the rulers, because I knew that the perfect State would be eyed with jealousy and was difficult of attainment ; but that piece of cleverness was not of much service to me, for I had to discuss them all the same.

The women and children are now disposed of, but the other question of the rulers must be investigated from the very beginning.

We were saying, as you will remember, that they were to be lovers of their country, tried by the test of pleasures and pains, and neither 503 in hardships, nor in dangers, nor at any other critical moment were to lose their patriotism — he was to be rejected who failed, but he who always came forth pure, hke gold tried in the refiner's fire, was to be made a ruler, and to receive honours and rewards in life and after death.

This was the sort of thing which was being said, and then the argument turned aside and veiled her face ; not liking to stir the question which has now arisen. I perfectly remember, he said. Yes, my friend, I said, and I then shrank from hazarding

The tratntJig of the rulers. 203 the bold word ; but now let me dare to say — that the perfect Republic vi. guardian must be a philosopher. Socrates, Yes, he said, let that be affirmed. Ade.mantus. And do not suppose that there will be many of them ; for '^^^ guardian ^ * ■' ^ must be a the gifts which were deemed by us to be essential rarely philosopher, crow together ; they are mostly found in shreds and patches.

"^^^ ^ phiiosoo o -^ •' ^ pher must be What do you mean? he said. a person of You are aware, I replied, that quick intelligence, memory, ''^'^^ ^'^^^ s'agacity, cleverness, and similar qualities, do not often grow Thecontrast together, and that persons who possess them and are at and solid temthe same time high-spirited and magnanimous are not so p^'^'"^"^^- constituted by nature as to live orderly and in a peaceful and settled manner ; they are driven any way by their impulses, and ail solid principle goes out of them.

Very true, he said. On the other hand, those steadfast natures which can better be depended upon, which in a battle are impregnable to fear and immovable, are equally immovable when there is anything to be learned ; they are always in a torpid state, and are apt to yawn and go to sleep over any intellectual toil. Quite true.

And yet we were saying that both qualities were necessary They must in those to whom the higher education is to be imparted, and ^ ""' ^ • who are to share in any office or command. Certainly, he said. And will they be a class which is rarely found? Yes, indeed.

Then the aspirant must not only be tested in those labours He who is to and dancrers and pleasures which we mentioned before, but ^^•^j^°'"- '-' ^ ' mand must there is another kind of probation which we did not mention be tested in — he must be exercised also in many kinds of knowledge, to ^f^knoJiedgc see whether the soul will be able to endure the highest of all, 504 or will faint under them, as in any other studies and exercises.

Yes, he said, you are quite right in testing him. But what do you mean by the highest of all knowledge? You may remember, I said, that we divided the soul into three parts ; and distinguished the several natures of justice, temperance, courage, and wisdom? Indeed, he said, if I had forgotten, I should not deserve to hear more.