Timaeus — Plato

Adeimantus.

with the falsehoods of the

God is truth. 67 Then the superhuman and divine is absolutely incapable of Republic 11. falsehood ? Socrates. Yes. Then is God perfectly simple and true both in word and deed ' ; he changes not ; he deceives not, either by sign or word, by dream or waking vision. Your thoughts, he said, are the reflection of my own. You agree with me then, I said, that this is the second type or form in which we should write and speak about divine things. The gods are not magicians who transform themselves, neither do they deceive mankind in any way. I grant that. Then, although we are admirers of Homer, we do not Away then admire the lying dream which Zeus sends to Agamemnon ; neither will we praise the verses of Aeschylus in which poets! Thetis says that Apollo at her nuptials ' Was celebrating in song her fair progeny whose days were to be long, and to know no sickness. And when he had spoken of my lot as in all things blessed of heaven he raised a note of triumph and cheered my soul. And I thought that the word of Phoebus, being divine and full of prophecy, would not fail. And now he himself who uttered the strain, he who was present at the banquet, and who said this — he it is who has slain my son 2.' These are the kind of sentiments about the gods which will arouse our anger ; and he who utters them shall be refused a chorus ; neither shall we allow teachers to make use of them in the instruction of the young, meaning, as we do, that our guardians, as far as men can be, should be true worshippers of the gods and like them. I entirely agree, he said, in these principles, and promise to make them my laws. * Omitting /card ^avraaiaq. ' From a lost play.

BOOK III.

Republic III. Socrates, Adeimantus. The discouraging lessons of mythology.

The description of the world below in Homer.

Such then, I said, are our principles of theology — somesteph. tales are to be told, and others are not to be told to our ^ disciples from their youth upwards, if we mean them to honour the gods and their parents, and to value friendship with one another. Yes ; and I think that our principles are right, he said. But if they are to be courageous, must they not learn other lessons besides these, and lessons of such a kind as will take away the fear of death? Can any man be courageous who has the fear of death in him? Certainly not, he said. And can he be fearless of death, or will he choose death in battle rather than defeat and slavery, who believes the world below to be real and terrible? Impossible. Then we must assume a control over the narrators of this class of tales as well as over the others, and beg them not simply to revile, but rather to commend the world below, intimating to them that their descriptions are untrue, and will do harm to our future warriors. That will be our duty, he said. Then, I said, we shall have to obhterate many obnoxious passages, beginning with the verses, ' I would rather be a serf on the land of a poor and portionless man than rule over all the dead who have come to nought ^' We must also expunge the verse, which tells us how Pluto feared, ' Lest the mansions grim and squalid which the gods abhor should be seen both of mortals and immortals'^.'

1 Od. xi. 489.

p. 64

TJie teaching of the poets about Hades. 69 And again: — Republic 111. ' O heavens ! verily in the house of Hades there is soul and ghostly Socrates, form but no mind at alP ! ' Adeimantus. Again of Tiresias : — ' [To him even after death did Persephone grant mind,] that he alone should be wise; but the other souls are flitting shades ^' Again : — ' The soul flying from the limbs had gone to Hades, lamenting her fate, leaving manhood and youth'.

Again : — 38 7 ' And the soul, with shrilling cry, passed like smoke beneath the earth ■♦. ' And, — ' As bats in hollow of mystic cavern, whenever any of them has dropped out. of the string and falls from the rock, fly shrilling and cling to one another, so did they with shrilling cry hold together as they moved*.

And we must beg Homer and the other poets not to be Such tales to angry if we strike out these and similar passages, not because ^^ rejected, they are unpoetical, or unattractive to the popular ear, but because the greater the poetical charm of them, the less are they meet for the ears of boys and men who are meant to be free, and who should fear slavery more than death. Undoubtedly.

Also we shall have to reject all the terrible and appalling names which describe the world below — Cocytus and Styx, ghosts under the earth, and sapless shades, and any similar words of which the very mention causes a shudder to pass through the inmost soul of him who hears them.

I do not say that these horrible stories may not have a use of some kind ; but there is a danger that the nerves of our guardians may be rendered too excitable and effeminate by them. There is a real danger, he said. Then we must have no more of them. True. Another and a nobler strain must be composed and sung by us. ' II. xxiii. 103. 2 0(1. X. 495. 3 11^ xvi. 856. * lb. xxiii. 100. 5 Q(| xxiv. 6.