Timaeus — Plato

productions? To secure such an exchange was, as you will remember, one of our principal objects when we formed them into a society and constituted a State. Clearly they will buy and sell. Then they will need a market-place, and a money-token for purposes of exchange. Certainly.

Suppose now that a husbandman, or an artisan, brings some production to market, and he comes at a time when there is no one to exchange with him, — is he to leave his calling and sit idle in the market-place? Not at all ; he will find people there who, seeing the want, undertake the office of salesmen.

In well-ordered states they are commonly those who are the weakest in bodily strength, and therefore of little use for any other purpose ; their duty is to be in the market, and to give money in exchange for goods to those who desire to sell and to take money from those who desire to buy. This want, then, creates a class of retail-traders in our State.

Is not ' retailer ' the term which is applied to those who sit in the market-place engaged in buying and selling, while those who wander from one city to another are called merchants? Yes, he said.

And there is another class of servants, who are intellectually hardly on the level of companionship ; still they have plenty of bodily strength for labour, which accordingly they sell, and are called, if I do not mistake, hirelings, hire being the name which is given to the price of their labour. True. Then hirelings will help to make up our population ? Yes. And now, Adeimantus, is our State matured and perfected ? I think so.

Where, then, is justice, and where is injustice, and in what part of the State did they spring up? Probably in the dealings of these citizens with one another. I cannot imagine that they are more likely to be found any where else. I dare say that you are right in your suggestion, I said ;

A city of pigs. 53 we had better think the matter out, and not shrink from the Republic 11. enquiry. Socrates, Let us then consider, first of all, what will be their way of ^Jlaucon. hfe, now that we have thus established them. Will they not ^ p'^*"''^ "5 ■' ^ pnmitive life. produce corn, and wine, and clothes, and shoes, and build houses for themselves?

And when they are housed, they will work, in summer, commonly, stripped and barefoot, but in winter substantially clothed and shod. They will feed on barley-meal and flour of wheat, baking and kneading them, making noble cakes and loaves ; these they will serve up on a mat of reeds or on clean leaves, themselves reclining the while upon beds strewn with yew or myrtle.

And they and their children will feast, drinking of the wine which they have made, wearing garlands on their heads, and hymning the praises of the gods, in happy converse with one another. And they will take care that their families do not exceed their means ; having an eye to poverty or war. But, said Glaucon, interposing, you have not given them a relish to their meal.

True, I replied, I had forgotten ; of course they must have a relish — salt, and olives, and cheese, and they will boil roots and herbs such as country people prepare ; for a dessert we shall give them figs, and peas, and beans ; and they will roast myrtle-berries and acorns at the fire, drinking in moderation.

And with such a diet they may be expected to live in peace and health to a good old age, and bequeath a similar hfe to their children after them. Yes, Socrates, he said, and if you were providing for a city of pigs, how else would you feed the beasts? But what would you have, Glaucon? I replied. Why, he said, you should give them the ordinary conveniences of life.

People who are to be comfortable are accustomed to lie on sofas, and dine off tables, and they should have sauces and sweets in the modern style.

Yes, I said, now I understand : the question which you a luxurious would have me consider is, not only how a State, but how a State must be , , ' -^ ' ^ called into luxunous State is created ; and possibly there is no harm in existence, this, for in such a State we shall be more likely to see how justice and injustice originate. In my opinion the true and healthy constitution of the State is the one which I have

p. 54

Not a mere State but a luxurious State.

Republic II. Socrates, Glaucon.

and in this many new callings will be required.

The territory of our State must be enlarged ; and hence will arise war between us and our neighbours.