The Varieties of Religious Experience — William James

p. 406but what the five senses supply ; and we have seen and shall see again that mystics may emphatically deny that the senses play any part in the very highest type of knowledge which their transports yield. In the Christian church there have always been mystics. Although many of them have been viewed with suspicion, some have gained favor in the eyes of the authorities.

The experiences of these have been treated as precedents, and a codified system of mystical theology has been based upon them, in which everything legitimate finds its place.^ The basis of the system is ^ orison ' or meditation, the methodical elevation of the soul towards God. Through the practice of orison the higher levels of mystical experience may be attained.

It is odd that Protestantism, especially evangelical Protestantism, should seemingly have abandoned everything methodical in this line. Apart from what prayer may lead to, Protestant mystical experience appears to have been almost exclusively sporadic. It has been left to our mind-curers to reintroduce methodical meditation into our religious life.

The first thing to be aimed at in orison is the mind's detachment from outer sensations, for these interfere with its concentration upon ideal things. Such manuals as Saint Ignatius's Spiritual Exercises recommend the disciple to expel sensation by a graduated series of efforts to imagine holy scenes.

The acme of this kind of discipline would be a semi-hallucinatory mono-ideism — an imaginary figure of Christ, for example, coming fully to 1 GoRREs's Chi'istliche Mystik gives a full account of the facts. So does Ribet's Mystique Divine, 2 vols., Paris, 1890. A still more methodical modern work is the Mystica Theologia of Vallgornera, 2 vols., Turin, 1890.

p. 107occupy the mind. Sensorial images of this sort, whether literal or symbolic, play an enormous part in mysticism.^ But in certain cases imagery may fall away entirely, and in the very highest raptures it tends to do so. The state of consciousness becomes then insusceptible of any verbal description. Mystical teachers are unanimous as to this.

Saint John of the Cross, for instance, one of the best of them, thus describes the condition called the ' union of love,' which, he says, is reached by ^ dark contemplation. In this the Deity compenetrates the soul, but in such a hidden way that the soul — " finds no terms, no means, no comparison whereby to render the sublimity of the wisdom and the delicacy of the spiritual feeling with which she is filled. . . .

We receive this mystical knowledge of God clothed in none of the kinds of images, in none of the sensible representations, which our mind makes use of in other circumstances.

Accordingly in this knowledge, since the senses and the imagination are not employed, we get neither form nor impression, nor can we give any account or furnish any likeness, although the mysterious and sweet-tasting wisdom comes home so clearly to the inmost parts of our soul. Fancy a man seeing a certain kind of thing for the first time in his life.

He can understand it, use and enjoy it, but he cannot apply a name to it, nor communicate any idea of it, even though all the while it be a mere thing of sense. How much greater will be his powerlessness when it goes beyond the senses ! This is the peculiarity of the divine language. The more infused, intimate, spiritual, and supersensible it is, the more does it exceed the senses, both inner and outer, and impose silence upon them. . . .

The soul then feels as if placed in a vast and profound solitude, to which no created thing has access, in an immense and boundless desert, desert the more delicious the ^ M. Rec£jac, in a recent volume, makes them essential. Mysticism he defines as " the tendency to draw near to the Absolute morally, and by the aid of Symbols. See his Fondements de la Connaissance mystique, Paris, 1897, p. 66. But there are unquestionably mystical conditions in which sensible symbols play no part.

408 THE Varieties of religious experience more solitary it is.

There, in this abyss of wisdom, the soul grows by what it drinks in from the well-springs of the comprehension of love, . . . and recognizes, however sublime and learned may be the terms we employ, how utterly vile, insignificant, and improper they are, when we seek to discourse of divine things by their means." ^ 1 cannot pretend to detail to you the sundry stages of the Christian mystical life.^ Our time would not suffice, for one thing ; and moreover, I confess that the subdivisions and names which we find in the Catholic books seem to me to represent nothing objectively distinct.

So many men, so many minds : I imagine that these experiences can be as infinitely varied as are the idiosyncrasies of individuals. The cognitive aspects of them, their value in the way of revelation, is what we are directly concerned with, and it is easy to show by citation how strong an impression they leave of being revelations of new depths of truth.

Saint Teresa is the expert of experts in describing such conditions, so I will turn immediately to what she says of one of the highest of them, the * orison of union. " In the orison of union," says Saint Teresa, " the soul is fully awake as regards God, but wholly asleep as regards things of this world and in respect of herself.

During the short time the union lasts, she is as it were deprived of every feeling, and even if she would, she could not think of any single thing. ^ Saint John of the Cross : The Dark Night of the Soul, book ii. ch. xvii., in Vie et (Euvres, 3me edition, Paris, 1893, iii. 428-432. Chapter xi. of book ii. of Saint John's Ascent of Carmel is devoted to showing the harmfulness for the mystical life of the use of sensible imagery.

2 In particular I omit mention of visual and auditory hallucinations, verbal and graphic automatisms, and such marvels as * levitation,' stigmatization, and the healing of disease. These phenomena, which mystics have often presented (or are believed to have presented), have no essential mystical significance, for they occur with no consciousness of illumination whatever, when they occur, as they often do, in persons of non-mystical mind. Consciousuess of illumination is for lis the essential mark of ' mystical ' states.