The Varieties of Religious Experience — William James

p. 343of religion's account, so long as the religious person's intellect is on the stage which the despotic kind of God satisfies. But as soon as the God is represented as less intent on his own honor and glory, it ceases to be a danger. Fanaticism is found only where the character is masterful and aggressive.

In gentle characters, where devoutness is intense and the intellect feeble, we have an imaginative absorption in the love of God to the exclusion of all practical human interests, which, though innocent enough, is too one-sided to be admii*able. A mind too narrow has room but for one kind of affection. When the love of God takes possession of such a mind, it expels all human loves and human uses.

There is no EngHsh name for such a sweet excess of devotion, so I will refer to it as a theopathic condition. The blessed Margaret Mary Alacoque may serve as an example. " To be loved here upon the earth," her recent biographer exclaims : " to be loved by a noble, elevated, distinguished being ; to be loved with fidelity, with devotion, — what enchantment !

But to be loved by God ! and loved by him to distraction [aime jusqu'a la folie] ! — Margaret melted away with love at the thought of such a thing. Like Saint Philip of Neri in former times, or like Saint Francis Xavier, she said to God : ' Hold back, O my God, these torrents which over- \ whelm me, or else enlarge my capacity for their reception.

" i / The most signal proofs of God's love which Margaret Mary received were her hallucinations of sight, touch, and hearing, and the most signal in turn of these were the revelations of Christ's sacred heart, " surrounded with rays more brilliant than the Sun, and transparent like a crystal. The wound which he received on the cross visibly appeared upon it. There ^ BouGAUD : Hist, de la bienheureuse Marguerite Marie, Paris, 1894, p. 145.

p. 344was a crown of thorns round about this divine Heart, and a cross above it. At the same time Christ's voice told her that, unable longer to contain the flames of his love for mankind, he had chosen her by a miracle to spread the knowledge of them.

He thereupon took out her mortal heart, placed it inside of his own and inflamed it, and then replaced it in her breast, adding : " Hitherto thou hast taken the name of my slave, hereafter thou shalt be called the well-beloved disciple of my Sacred Heart. In a later vision the Saviour revealed to her in detail the ' great design ' which he wished to establish through her instrumentality.

" I ask of thee to bring it about that every first Friday after the week of holy Sacrament shall be made into a special holy day for honoring my Heart by a general communion and by services intended to make honorable amends for the indignities which it has received.

And I promise thee that my Heart will dilate to shed with abundance the influences of its love upon all those who pay to it these honors, or who bring it about that others do the same. " This revelation," says Mgr. Bougaud, " is unquestionably the most important of all the revelations which have illumined the Church since that of the Incarnation and of the Lord's Supper. . . .

After the Eucharist, the supreme effort of the Sacred Heart." ^ Well, what were its good fruits for Margaret Mary's life? Apparently little else but sufferings and prayers and absences of mind and swoons and ecstasies. She became increasingly useless about the convent, her absorption in Christ's love, — " which grew upon her daily, rendering her more and more incapable of attending to external duties.

They tried her in the infirmary, but without much success, although her kindness, zeal, and devotion were without bounds, and her charity rose to acts of such a heroism that our readers would not bear the recital ^ BouGAUD : Hist, de la bienheureuse Marguerite Marie, Paris, 1894, pp. 365, 241.

p. 345of them. They tried her in the kitchen, but were forced to give it up as hopeless — everything dropped out of her hands. The admirable humility with which she made amends for her clumsiness could not prevent this from being prejudicial to the order and regularity which must always reign in a community.

They put her in the school, where the little girls cherished her, and cut pieces out of her clothes [for relics] as if she were already a saint, but where she was too absorbed inwardly to pay the necessary attention. Poor dear sister, even less after her visions than before them was she a denizen of earth, and they had to leave her in her heaven." ^ Poor dear sister, indeed !

Amiable and good, but so feeble of intellectual outlook that it would be too much to ask of us, with our Protestant and modern education, to feel anything but indulgent pity for the kind of saintship which she embodies.

A lower example still of theopathic saintliness is that of Saint Gertrude, a Benedictine nun of the thirteenth century, whose ' Revelations,' a well-known mystical authority, consist mainly of proofs of Christ's partiality for her undeserving person.

Assurances of his love, intimacies and caresses and compliments of the most absurd and puerile sort, addressed by Christ to Gertrude as an individual, form the tissue of this paltry-minded recital.^ In reading such a narrative, ^ BouGAUD : Op. cit., p. 267.

2 Examples : " Suffering from a headache, she sought, for the glory of God, to relieve herself by holding certain odoriferous substances in her mouth, when the Lord appeared to her to lean over towards her lovingly, and to find comfort Himself in these odors. After having gently breathed them in. He arose, and said with a gratified air to the Saints, as if contented with what He had done : * See the new present which my betrothed has given Me !

' " One day, at chapel, she heard supernaturally sung the words, * SanctuSf Sanctus, Sanctus. The Son of God leaning towards her like a sweet lover, and giving to her soul the softest kiss, said to her at the second Sanctus : ' In this Sanctus addressed to my person, receive with this kiss all the sanctity of my divinity and of my humanity, and let it be to thee a sufficient preparation for approaching the communion table". And the next follow-