Timaeus — Plato

p. 170

The actual falls sJiort of the ideal.

Republic V. Socrates, Glaucon. (2) but is none the worse for this.

(3) Although the ideal cannot be realized, one or two"* changes, or rather a single change, might revolutionize a State.

Socrates goes forth to meet the wave.

prove the possibility of a city being ordered in the manner described ? Surely not, he replied. That is the truth, I said. But if, at your request, I am to try and show how and under what conditions the possibihty is highest, I must ask you, having this in view, to repeat your former admissions. What admissions? I want to know whether ideals are ever fully realized in 473 language?

Does not the word express more than the fact, and must not the actual, whatever a man may think, always, in the nature of things, fall short of the truth? What do you say? I agree.

Then you must not insist on my proving that the actual State will in every respect coincide with the ideal : if we are only able to discover how a city may be governed nearly as we proposed, you will admit that we have discovered the possibility which you demand ; and will be contented. I am sure that I should be contented — will not you? Yes, I will.

Let me next endeavour to show what is that fault in States which is the cause of their present maladministration, and what is the least change which will enable a State to pass into the truer form ; and let the change, if possible, be of one thing only, or, if not, of two ; at any rate, let the changes be as few and slight as possible. Certainly, he replied.

I think, I said, that there might be a reform of the State if only one change were made, which is not a slight or easy though still a possible one. What is it? he said. Now then, I said, I go to meet that which I liken to the greatest of the waves ; yet shall the word be spoken, even though the wave break and drown me in laughter and dishonour ; and do you mark my words. Proceed.

I said : Until philosophers are kings ^ or the kings and pi'inces of this world have the spirit and power of philosophy, and political greatness and wisdom meet in one^ and those

When philosophers are kiftgs. 1 7 1 conunoner natures 7vho pursue either to the exclusion of the Republic v. other are compe/kd to stand aside, cities will never have rest Socrates, from their evils, — no, nor the human race, as I believe, — and ^^^^'-o^ then only will this our State have a possibility of life and '^-'"eswiii ■^ ^ • ^ ./ never cease behold the light of day.

Such was the thought, my dear from ni until Glaucon, which I would fain have uttered if it had not seemed '^'"'^ ^""^^ ^ ' governed by too extravagant ; for to be convinced that in no other State can philosophers.' there be happiness private or pubhc is indeed a hard thing. Socrates, what do you mean?

I would have you consider that the word which you have uttered is one at which numerous persons, and very respectable persons too, in a what will the 474 figure pulling off their coats all in a moment, and seizing ^^'■•^'^ ^ay to any weapon that comes to hand, will run at you might and main, before you know where you are, intending to do heaven knows what ; and if you don't prepare an answer, and put yourself in motion, you will be ' pared by their fine wits,' and no mistake.

You got me into the scrape, I said. And I was quite right ; however, I will do all I can to get you out of it ; but I can only give you good-v/ill and good advice, and, perhaps, I may be able to fit answers to your questions better than another — that is all. And now, having such an auxiliary, you must do yoiu: best to show the unbelievers that you are right. I ought to try, I said, since you offer me such invaluable assistance.

And I think that, if there is to be a chance of But who is a our escaping, we must explain to them whom we mean when philosopher? we say that philosophers are to rule in the State ; then we shall be able to defend ourselves : There will be discovered to be some natures who ought to study philosophy and to be leaders in the State ; and others who are not born to be philosophers, and are meant to be followers rather than leaders.

Then now for a definition, he said. Follow me, I said, and I hope that I may in some way or other be able to give you a satisfactory explanation. Proceed. I dare say that you remember, and therefore I need not Parallel of remind you, that a lover, if he is worthy of the name, ought ^^e lover, to show his love, not to some one part of that which he loves, but to the whole.