Timaeus — Plato

152 The breeding of animals. Republic V. they will be together, and will be brought up together, and Socrates, wiU associate at gymnastic exercises.

And so they will Glaucon. i^g drawn by a necessity of their natures to have intercourse meet at com- ^^j^-j^ each othcr — neccssity is not too strong a word, I think? mon meals , , , and exercises, Yes, lie Said j — ncccssity, not geometrical, but another sort and will be q£ neccssitv which lovers know, and which is far more condrawn to one _ _ •' another by an vinciug and Constraining to the mass of mankind.

True, I said ; and this, Glaucon, like all the rest, must proceed after an orderly fashion ; in a city of the blessed, licentiousness is an unholy thing which the rulers will forbid. Yes, he said, and it ought not to be permitted. Then clearly the next thing will be to make matrimony sacred in the highest degree, and what is most beneficial will be deemed sacred? Exactly.

459 The breeding And how Can marriages be made most beneficial? — that is ofhuman ^ Question which I put to vou, because I see in your house bemgs, as of ^ r j ^ j animals, to be dogs for hunting, and of the nobler sort of birds not a few. from the best -^q^ J besccch you, do tell me, have you ever attended and from those ' ■' ' ' ^ who are of a to their pairing and breeding? ripe age. In what particulars?

Why, in the first place, although they are all of a good sort, are not some better than others? True. And do you breed from them all indifferently, or do you take care to breed from the best only? From the best. And do you take the oldest or the youngest, or only those of ripe age? I choose only those of ripe age. And if care was not taken in the breeding, your dogs and birds would greatly deteriorate? Certainly.

And the same of horses and of animals in general? Undoubtedly. Good heavens! my dear friend, I said, what consummate skill will our rulers need if the same principle holds of the human species! Certainly, the same principle holds ; but why does this involve any particular skill?

Hymeneal festivals. 1 5 3 Because, I said, our rulers will often have to practise Republic v. upon the body corporate with medicines. Now you know Socrates, that when patients do not require medicines, but have only ^'^^^'^-o^- to be put under a recfinien, the inferior sort of practitioner Useful Ues *^ o ' i < yg^y honest is deemed to be good enough ; but when medicine has to be knaveries.' given, then the doctor should be more of a man.

That is quite true, he said ; but to what are you alluding? I mean, I replied, that our rulers will find a considerable dose of falsehood and deceit necessary for the good of their subjects : we were saying that the use of all these things regarded as medicines might be of advantage. And we were very right. And this lawful use of them seems likely to be often needed in the regulations of marriages and births. How so?

Why, I said, the principle has been already laid down that Arrangements the best of either sex should be united with the best as often, ^°'' '^^ ""' , ' provement of and the inferior with the inferior, as seldom as possible; and the breed; that they should rear the offspring of the one sort of union, but not of the other, if the flock is to be maintained in first-rate condition.

Now these goings on must be a secret which the rulers only know, or there will be a further danger of our herd, as the guardians may be termed, breaking out into rebeUion. Very true. Had we not better appoint certain festivals at which we will and for the bring together the brides and bridegrooms, and sacrifices will ^^^guif^'O" of ^ c> o 7 population.

460 be offered and suitable hymeneal songs composed by our poets : the number of weddings is a matter which must be left to the discretion of the rulers, whose aim will be to preserve the average of population? There are many other things which they will have to consider, such as the effects of wars and diseases and any similar agencies, in order as far as this is possible to prevent the State from becoming either too large or too small.

Certainly, he replied. We shall have to invent some ingenious kind of lots which Pairing by lot. the less worthy may draw on each occasion of our bringing them together, and then they will accuse their own ill-luck and not the rulers.

To be sure, he said. And I think that our braver and better youth, besides their other honours and rewards, might have greater facilities of intercourse with women given them ; their bravery will be a reason, and such fathers ought to have as many sons as possible. True.

And the proper officers, whether male or female or both, for offices are to be held by women as well as by men — Yes — The proper officers will take the offspring of the good parents to the pen or fold, and there they will deposit them with certain nurses who dwell in a separate quarter ; but the offspring of the inferior, or of the better when they chance to be deformed, will be put away in some mysterious, unknown place, as they should be.

Yes, he said, that must be done if the breed of the guardians is to be kept pure. They will provide for their nurture, and will bring the mothers to the fold when they are full of milk, taking the greatest possible care that no mother recognises her own child ; and other wet-nurses may be engaged if more are required.

Care will also be taken that the process of suckhng shall not be protracted too long ; and the mothers will have no getting up at night or other trouble, but will hand over all this sort of thing to the nurses and attendants. You suppose the wives of our guardians to have a fine easy time of it when they are having children. Why, said I, and so they ought. Let us, however, proceed with our scheme.

We were saying that the parents should be in the prime of life? Very true. And what is the prime of life? May it not be defined as a period of about twenty years in a woman's life, and thirty in a man's? Which years do you mean to include? A woman, I said, at twenty years of age may begin to bear children to the State, and continue to bear them until forty ; a man may begin at five-and-twenty, when he has passed the