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Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1The chief prophets recognised by the Qur’4n -are ‘the following: each of whom is said to have had a special revelation, and to possess an appropriate title: Adam, Zafiy allah, the Chosen of God. Noah, Nabfy all&h, the Prophet of God. Abraham, ‘/alfla ’llah, the Friend of God. Jesus, Rft‘ha Hah, the Spirit of God. Mohammed, Rusfil allah, the Apostle of God. Mohammed is also called ‘the seal of the prophets,’ and the saying traditionally attributed to him, ‘There is no prophet after me,’ makes it unlawful to expect the advent of another. Besides these, there are the minor apostles sent:to particular tribes, the stories of some of whom are related in the Qur’an. The practical duties of Islim are, 1. The profession of faith in the unity of God, and the mission of Mohammed. 2. Prayer. 3. Fasting. 4. Almsgiving. 5. Pilgrimage. The first consists in the repetition of the Kelimah or creed, ‘There is no god but God, and Mohammed is the Apostle of God.’ 1 See Part II, p. 25. Ixxii THE QUR'AN. Prayer consists of the recital of a.certain prescribed and invariable formula at five stated times of the day, namely: 1. Between dawn and sunrise. 2. After the sun has begun to decline. 3. Midway between this. 4. Which is said shortly after sunset. 5. At nightfall. These are farz or ‘incumbent ;’ all others are nafl, ‘supererogatory, or sunnah, ‘in accordance with the practices of the prophet.’ The prayers are preceded by wuzt’h, ‘ablution;’ they are commenced in a standing position, qiyam, the hands being so held that the thumbs touch the lobes of the ears, and the face being turned towards the qiblah, that is, in the direction of Mecca. During the prayers inclinations of the body, ruk(’h}4 are made, of which a certain number only are incumbent. The time for prayer is called from the minarets of the mosques by Mu’eDHDHins or ‘criers,” in. the following words : : ‘God is great!’ (four times). ‘I bear witness that there is no god but God’ (twice). ‘I bear witness that Mohammed is the Apostle of God’ (twice). ‘Come hither to prayers!’ (twice). ‘Come hither to salvation!’ (twice). ‘God is great! There is no other god but God!’ and in the early morning the crier adds, ‘ Prayer is better than sleep!’ This formula appears to have been used by Bilal, Mohammed’s own crier, on the establishment of the first mosque in Medinah. It is called the aDHA4n or ‘call.’ _ The word ‘mosque’ is a corruption of masgid, ‘a place of adoration’ (sigdah), and is applied to the whole precincts of a Muslim place of worship. Another name is gami’h, ‘the assembling,’ especially applied to a cathedral mosque. The mosques are always open for public prayers, but on Fridays a special service is held, followed by a ‘Hu¢bah or ‘homily,’ Another of the duties incumbent on every believer
2Another name is gami’h, ‘the assembling,’ especially applied to a cathedral mosque. The mosques are always open for public prayers, but on Fridays a special service is held, followed by a ‘Hu¢bah or ‘homily,’ Another of the duties incumbent on every believer ' « The lowering of the head, by a person praying [or in prayer], after the act of standing, in which the recitation (of portions of the Kur-An] is performed, so that the palms of the hand reach the knees, or so that, the hack becomes depressed,” Lane’s Arabic-English Lexicon. INTRODUCTION. xxiii is that of fasting between dawn and sunset throughout Ramadan, the ninth month of the Muslim year. The fast is a most rigorous one, not even a drop of water being allowed to pass the lips even when Ramadan occurs in the hot season. Only the sick and infirm are allowed exemption. ; One night between the twenty-first and twenty-ninth of Ramadan, the exact date being uncertain, is called the Lailat el Qadr or ‘night of power;’ in it the Quran was said to have been revealed}. Zakat, ‘almsgiving 2’ or ‘ poor rate,’ must be given either in money, stock, or goods, and consists of the bestowal in charity of about one-fortieth of all such property as shall have been a year in the owner’s possession. In Mohammed’s time the zakat was a contribution by his followers to the expenses of the war against the infidels, Sadaqah is the name applied to any charitable gifts beyond that prescribed by law, especially to the offerings on the ’hid al fi¢r, or ‘feast of breaking fast,’ at the expiration of Ramadhan. Wadf is a religious bequest or endowment. The ‘Hagg or ‘ pilgrimage,’ the last of the five incumbent practices of the religion, is a very ancient institution, and one which, as we have seen, Mohammed could not, if he would, have abolished, The ceremonies observed. during the season of the pilgrimage are as follows :— Arrived at the last of the miq4t, or six stages in the immediate vicinity of Mecca, the pilgrim divests himself of his ordinary clothes and assumes the i‘hram. or ‘ garb of sanctity.’ This consists of two wrappers without seams, one of which is bound round the waist, and the other thrown loosely over the shoulders, the head being left uncovered. After putting on this it is unlawful to anoint the head, shave this or any other part of the body, pare the nails, or wear any other garment than the i‘hram. 1 Cf. Chapter XCVII, ver. 1. ? The word originally meant ‘ purity.’ Ixxiv THE QUR'AN. On reaching Mecca he performs the legal ablutions, proceeds to the Sacred Mosque, and having saluted the ‘black stone, makes the tawéf or circuit of-the Kaabah seven times, three times quickly and four times at a slow walk. He then visits the Maqdm Ibrahim or Abraham’s station, and afterwards returns and kisses the black stone. Passing through the gate of the haram leading to Mount Zafa, he runs seven times between the summit of that hill and that of Merwah?.
3He then visits the Maqdm Ibrahim or Abraham’s station, and afterwards returns and kisses the black stone. Passing through the gate of the haram leading to Mount Zafa, he runs seven times between the summit of that hill and that of Merwah?. On the eighth day, called tarwi‘h, the pilgrims assemble in the valley of Min4, where they pass the night. As soon as morning prayers are over they ‘rush tumultuously’ to Mount Arafat, stay there until sunset, and then proceed to a place called Muzdalifeh, where they again pass the night. The next day is the "Hid al Az‘ha, when the pilgrims again repair to the valley of Mina, and go through the ceremony of throwing stones at three pillars, called Gamrah. This is in commemoration of Abraham, or, as some say, of Adam, who, meeting the devil at the same spot, drove him away with stones. The next ceremony is the sacrifice of some animal, a camel, sheep, or goat, in Mina; after which they divest themselves of the pilgrim garb and get themselves shaved, their nails pared, &c. The pilgrim should then rest at Mecca for the three following days, the diy4m et tasriq or ‘days of drying up,’ scil. the blood of the sacrifices. The sacrifice is said to have been instituted in commemoration ‘of Abraham’s proposed ‘sacrifice of his son Ishmael (not Isaac as in the Bible) in accordance with the divine command. The pilgrimage must be performed from the seventh to the tenth of the month DHu’l ‘Higgeh. A visit at any other time of the year is termed ’H omrah, ‘ visitation,’ and though meritorious, has not the same weight as the ‘Hagg itself. 1 See p. xiii and Chapter II, ver. 153. INTRODUCTION. Ixxv The Kaabah is revisited before the pilgrim leaves Mecca, and the ceremony of the Tawaf again performed. From Mecca the pilgrim proceeds to Medinah to visit the tomb of the prophet. He is then entitled to assume the title of El ‘Hagg (in Persian and Hindustani corrupted into “H4g7). It is worth remarking that the word ‘Hagg is identical with the Hebrew word used in Exodus x. 9, where the reason assigned for the departure of the Israelites is that they may ‘hold a feast (‘hagg) unto the Lord’ in the wilderness, Islam inculcates the doctrine of predestination, every act of every living being having been written down from all eternity in the Lau’h el Ma’hf(z, ‘the preserved tablet.’ This predestination is called taqdir, ‘meting out,’ or qismeh, ‘apportioning.’ The reconciliation of such a doctrine with the exercise of free-will, and the difficulty, if it be accepted, of avoiding the ascription of evil as well as good to God, have furnished materials for never-ending disputes amongst Muslim theologians, and have given rise to innumerable heresies. As the present introduction is only intended to furnish the reader with the necessary information to enable him to understand the Qur’an and its system, I will not dwell upon these and kindred matters which belong to the later history of the creed.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
1The chief prophets recognised by the Qur’4n -are ‘the following: each of whom is said to have had a special revelation, and to possess an appropriate title: Adam, Zafiy allah, the Chosen of God. Noah, Nabfy all&h, the Prophet of God. Abraham, ‘/alfla ’llah, the Friend of God. Jesus, Rft‘ha Hah, the Spirit of God. Mohammed, Rusfil allah, the Apostle of God. Mohammed is also called ‘the seal of the prophets,’ and the saying traditionally attributed to him, ‘There is no prophet after me,’ makes it unlawful to expect the advent of another. Besides these, there are the minor apostles sent:to particular tribes, the stories of some of whom are related in the Qur’an. The practical duties of Islim are, 1. The profession of faith in the unity of God, and the mission of Mohammed. 2. Prayer. 3. Fasting. 4. Almsgiving. 5. Pilgrimage. The first consists in the repetition of the Kelimah or creed, ‘There is no god but God, and Mohammed is the Apostle of God.’ 1 See Part II, p. 25. Ixxii THE QUR'AN. Prayer consists of the recital of a.certain prescribed and invariable formula at five stated times of the day, namely: 1. Between dawn and sunrise. 2. After the sun has begun to decline. 3. Midway between this. 4. Which is said shortly after sunset. 5. At nightfall. These are farz or ‘incumbent ;’ all others are nafl, ‘supererogatory, or sunnah, ‘in accordance with the practices of the prophet.’ The prayers are preceded by wuzt’h, ‘ablution;’ they are commenced in a standing position, qiyam, the hands being so held that the thumbs touch the lobes of the ears, and the face being turned towards the qiblah, that is, in the direction of Mecca. During the prayers inclinations of the body, ruk(’h}4 are made, of which a certain number only are incumbent. The time for prayer is called from the minarets of the mosques by Mu’eDHDHins or ‘criers,” in. the following words : : ‘God is great!’ (four times). ‘I bear witness that there is no god but God’ (twice). ‘I bear witness that Mohammed is the Apostle of God’ (twice). ‘Come hither to prayers!’ (twice). ‘Come hither to salvation!’ (twice). ‘God is great! There is no other god but God!’ and in the early morning the crier adds, ‘ Prayer is better than sleep!’ This formula appears to have been used by Bilal, Mohammed’s own crier, on the establishment of the first mosque in Medinah. It is called the aDHA4n or ‘call.’ _ The word ‘mosque’ is a corruption of masgid, ‘a place of adoration’ (sigdah), and is applied to the whole precincts of a Muslim place of worship. Another name is gami’h, ‘the assembling,’ especially applied to a cathedral mosque. The mosques are always open for public prayers, but on Fridays a special service is held, followed by a ‘Hu¢bah or ‘homily,’ Another of the duties incumbent on every believer
2Another name is gami’h, ‘the assembling,’ especially applied to a cathedral mosque. The mosques are always open for public prayers, but on Fridays a special service is held, followed by a ‘Hu¢bah or ‘homily,’ Another of the duties incumbent on every believer ' « The lowering of the head, by a person praying [or in prayer], after the act of standing, in which the recitation (of portions of the Kur-An] is performed, so that the palms of the hand reach the knees, or so that, the hack becomes depressed,” Lane’s Arabic-English Lexicon. INTRODUCTION. xxiii is that of fasting between dawn and sunset throughout Ramadan, the ninth month of the Muslim year. The fast is a most rigorous one, not even a drop of water being allowed to pass the lips even when Ramadan occurs in the hot season. Only the sick and infirm are allowed exemption. ; One night between the twenty-first and twenty-ninth of Ramadan, the exact date being uncertain, is called the Lailat el Qadr or ‘night of power;’ in it the Quran was said to have been revealed}. Zakat, ‘almsgiving 2’ or ‘ poor rate,’ must be given either in money, stock, or goods, and consists of the bestowal in charity of about one-fortieth of all such property as shall have been a year in the owner’s possession. In Mohammed’s time the zakat was a contribution by his followers to the expenses of the war against the infidels, Sadaqah is the name applied to any charitable gifts beyond that prescribed by law, especially to the offerings on the ’hid al fi¢r, or ‘feast of breaking fast,’ at the expiration of Ramadhan. Wadf is a religious bequest or endowment. The ‘Hagg or ‘ pilgrimage,’ the last of the five incumbent practices of the religion, is a very ancient institution, and one which, as we have seen, Mohammed could not, if he would, have abolished, The ceremonies observed. during the season of the pilgrimage are as follows :— Arrived at the last of the miq4t, or six stages in the immediate vicinity of Mecca, the pilgrim divests himself of his ordinary clothes and assumes the i‘hram. or ‘ garb of sanctity.’ This consists of two wrappers without seams, one of which is bound round the waist, and the other thrown loosely over the shoulders, the head being left uncovered. After putting on this it is unlawful to anoint the head, shave this or any other part of the body, pare the nails, or wear any other garment than the i‘hram. 1 Cf. Chapter XCVII, ver. 1. ? The word originally meant ‘ purity.’ Ixxiv THE QUR'AN. On reaching Mecca he performs the legal ablutions, proceeds to the Sacred Mosque, and having saluted the ‘black stone, makes the tawéf or circuit of-the Kaabah seven times, three times quickly and four times at a slow walk. He then visits the Maqdm Ibrahim or Abraham’s station, and afterwards returns and kisses the black stone. Passing through the gate of the haram leading to Mount Zafa, he runs seven times between the summit of that hill and that of Merwah?.
3He then visits the Maqdm Ibrahim or Abraham’s station, and afterwards returns and kisses the black stone. Passing through the gate of the haram leading to Mount Zafa, he runs seven times between the summit of that hill and that of Merwah?. On the eighth day, called tarwi‘h, the pilgrims assemble in the valley of Min4, where they pass the night. As soon as morning prayers are over they ‘rush tumultuously’ to Mount Arafat, stay there until sunset, and then proceed to a place called Muzdalifeh, where they again pass the night. The next day is the "Hid al Az‘ha, when the pilgrims again repair to the valley of Mina, and go through the ceremony of throwing stones at three pillars, called Gamrah. This is in commemoration of Abraham, or, as some say, of Adam, who, meeting the devil at the same spot, drove him away with stones. The next ceremony is the sacrifice of some animal, a camel, sheep, or goat, in Mina; after which they divest themselves of the pilgrim garb and get themselves shaved, their nails pared, &c. The pilgrim should then rest at Mecca for the three following days, the diy4m et tasriq or ‘days of drying up,’ scil. the blood of the sacrifices. The sacrifice is said to have been instituted in commemoration ‘of Abraham’s proposed ‘sacrifice of his son Ishmael (not Isaac as in the Bible) in accordance with the divine command. The pilgrimage must be performed from the seventh to the tenth of the month DHu’l ‘Higgeh. A visit at any other time of the year is termed ’H omrah, ‘ visitation,’ and though meritorious, has not the same weight as the ‘Hagg itself. 1 See p. xiii and Chapter II, ver. 153. INTRODUCTION. Ixxv The Kaabah is revisited before the pilgrim leaves Mecca, and the ceremony of the Tawaf again performed. From Mecca the pilgrim proceeds to Medinah to visit the tomb of the prophet. He is then entitled to assume the title of El ‘Hagg (in Persian and Hindustani corrupted into “H4g7). It is worth remarking that the word ‘Hagg is identical with the Hebrew word used in Exodus x. 9, where the reason assigned for the departure of the Israelites is that they may ‘hold a feast (‘hagg) unto the Lord’ in the wilderness, Islam inculcates the doctrine of predestination, every act of every living being having been written down from all eternity in the Lau’h el Ma’hf(z, ‘the preserved tablet.’ This predestination is called taqdir, ‘meting out,’ or qismeh, ‘apportioning.’ The reconciliation of such a doctrine with the exercise of free-will, and the difficulty, if it be accepted, of avoiding the ascription of evil as well as good to God, have furnished materials for never-ending disputes amongst Muslim theologians, and have given rise to innumerable heresies. As the present introduction is only intended to furnish the reader with the necessary information to enable him to understand the Qur’an and its system, I will not dwell upon these and kindred matters which belong to the later history of the creed.
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
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