Pahlavi Texts, Part IV: Contents of the Nasks — SBE Vol. 37 (trans. E. W. West, 1892)

contains particulars about the thief, with his arrest as the special thief of that which is seized (tereftS) by him; the premeditated sin, the imprisonment and fettering, the punishment appointed for atonement of the sin, the execution of the duty,

1 The name of the eleventh Nask (see Chap. XII).

* Corresponding to the sixteenth word, ahur4i, in the Ahunavair, according to B. P. Riv.; but it is the eighteenth Nask in other Rivayats. Ganab4-sar-nigad means ‘the thief’s head downstricken ;’ but it is misread Dvsrfgad, DvAsrfingad, Dvdsrfgid, or Dv4sr6b, in the Rivayats, which also state that it contained sixty-five kardah, or subdivisions, which agree with the numbers of sections mentioned in Chaps. XXI, XXIII, XXIV. This Nask is evidently named from the contents of its first section, and possibly from its initial words.

CHAPTER XX, I163-XxXI, 6. 75

and the amount of the reward (navisn) ; the amount of speciality in the ransom (nav&k) of every one, each separately; the act anxd place of punishment, what is the person who is strangling and the mode, how those who are therein strangling are drawn forth (nazi-attd) successively, axa which is set to work first.

• 2. About a person whose offending limbs ave bound, the degree of tightness of the binding and fettering, and the formula (nirang) of decxg bound for the sin of theft. 3. About imprisonment, and the imprisonment which accusers Aave to provide, af their own expense, zf they are those who are privileged; and whatever is on the same subject. 4. The number of places for fetters, and those which the thief, whoever He zs, possesses, each separately.
• 5. How far, how, azd for what putting on of fetters (garov-dahisnth) those accusers have to provide a thief’s fetters, too, a¢ their own expense, 2f they are those who are privileged; the place for the requisite privileged putting on of fetters, the sin owing to putting on more fetters of a different kind, and that which is owing to neglecting the putting on of the fetters which ‘hey have to provide; the limit as regards the deserving of more fettering, the number of grades of theft beyond the limit of deserving fettering, and those which are below the limit of deserving fettering.

6. About the kinds of theft, and the excessive sinfulness of a thief through cutting! and wounding the body; the undiscoverableness which is specially as regards a thief at a distance (pavan hAsar), he

1 Assuming that gQdand6 stands for khidané.

"6 "so DENKARD, BOOK VIII.

who is on the spot dezg he who is within one step ; theft, with plunder, injuring the existence ?, minor injury, and other sins, may de in confederacy® beforehand oy afterwards. 7. About the thievish design of a theft which is not abetted (14 ham), a theft with equal shares, and a theft with different shares.

7. About the thievish design of a theft which is not abetted (14 ham), a theft with equal shares, and a theft with different shares.

8. About the sin of assisting a thief (dig atyy4rak), of making investigation and releasing, of a sentence of acquittal, and of a listener to a thief; he who is a giver of assistance to a thief is carried off for theft ; also decisions about theft by a child, dy a childless woman, and dy her who is pregnant; likewise their maintenance aad earnings (vindisn6) in retributive work, and the work of a pregnant thief.

9. About the accumulated property of the innumerable which they would keep away from thieves, both the thief by means of zs hands, and him who is a thief not by means of 4zs hands. 10. About the testimony of a thief, that is, for what z¢ is admissible when ’ he advances as a thief; how at the ¢2mme when zt ts necessary to seize and bind Aim, and how at the time when it is necessary to flatter (nivakhtan6) and deceive Aim until ome attains to absolute power (kam-k4rth) thereby. 11. About rewards (navisn6) with thieves. 12. About the difference of theft from plunder.

13. About property which any one, carrying z¢ off,

* See Chap. XIX, 1.

* P&z. hidhih, probably for a Pahl. adjective hadak from Av. hadha, and referring to accomplices before and after the fact (see Chap. XVIII, 5).

5 Assuming that mfin stands for amat, their Iranian equivalents being nearly alike, and the latter word being used in the succeeding clauses.

CHAPTER XXI, 7—XXII, 3. 77

has to bring back to z¢s owners; such as that which the frontier people may take away from foreigners, that which the judge may ‘ake away from thieves, and the share which he may take away from any one not interfering! with thieves. 14. And about protectors and defenders of a thief, and also many other legal decisions as regards theft.

CuHarPTeR XXII.

Ganabé-sar-nigad Nask.

1. The second section is miscellaneous (hamdadak6): about the authority for the enquiry (khv4st-radakth) of a father into the sin of a grown-up son, when unaware of the sin of his son at the time it is committed ; that ofa son into that of a father, and of others grown-up, as to one another, when they are not abettors of the sin; and that of a husband into the sin of a wife, when not and when ? co-operating and unrestraining. 2. About arrival a¢ the period for the teaching of children by a guardian or father, and the mode of his teaching; the period at which the sin of a child Aas reached a beginning, the extent of the sin of childhood, the retribution in childhood, and that also at maturity; the sin due to not teaching a child who is to be taught, avd whatever is on the same subject.

3. About the freedom from slaughter which is to

+ Av. asterethwan. The share being a bribe for purchasing non-interference. In each case the property is to be restored to its original owner who had been robbed by the foreigners or thieves.

3. About the freedom from slaughter which is to

+ Av. asterethwan. The share being a bribe for purchasing non-interference. In each case the property is to be restored to its original owner who had been robbed by the foreigners or thieves.

* Perhaps the repetition of the word amat, ‘and when’ is a blunder of the copyist.

p. 78

keep away the destruction of the world; and what is the mode of distributing the property of a man of the valiant after 42s slaughter. 4. About the sin of having given implements of slaughter to a woman, a child, ov a foreigner. 5. About a woman who, as regards two men worthy of death, demands the head of the one, avd is seeking a son in the other one.

6. About a warrior, without provisions (atdsak96), who, on the march, 4as come upon pasture, corn, and sheep whose shepherd? is a stranger to him, and whatever is on the same subject. 7. About considering property inexpedient, and the decision thereon.

8. About the amount of delay of a judge on becoming aware that the plaintiff is falsely petitioning and the defendant is falsely confessing. 9. About the amount of delay of the judge, and in the court of justice (d4ad g4s); and whatever is on the same

' The Pahlavi word is written 0-00 twenty-four times, and “000 once, in this Book, but its reading is not quite certain. It means ‘shepherd’ throughout Chaps. XXIII, XXXIX, and in XXXI, 17, 31, XL, 3; but is used for ‘herdsman’ in XXXIX, 3, and for ‘follower’ in XXXI, 2. This last meaning is strongly in favour of the reading pastg, for pastk, ‘following,’ an adjectival form derived from pas, ‘after,’ which, when used as a noun, would imply ‘one who follows,’ as drovers and shepherds are accustomed to do, with a few local exceptions. The Pahlavi spelling of the word is uniformly inconsistent with the reading pAs, ‘ guard, protector;’ and it seems hazardous to trace it to a possible Avesta adjective pasvya, from pasu, ‘a sheep,’ because the latter word becomes p4h in Pahlavi. The word also occurs in Pahl. Vend. XV, 116; it is a transcript of Av. fshenghf and fshenghyé6 in Yas. XXXI, 10b, XLIX, ga, and of fshé in Vend. XIII, 10, 11; so that it may perhaps be read fsheg, or fshé, as a mere transcript from the Avesta.

CHAPTER XXII, 4-18. 79

subject. 10. About a decision regarding a judge who explained a doubtful opinion as a certainty, and that which'is certain as a doubtful decision, and would make an undecided matter decided. 11. About the opinion as to certainty amd that as to doubtfulness, making a decision, avd whatever is on the same subject.

11. About the opinion as to certainty amd that as to doubtfulness, making a decision, avd whatever is on the same subject.

12. About the business of commissioned judges, from him who is lowest fo him who is highest, one above the other one. 13. Decisions about adjudication; that which is legal when two judges are together, that which is legal with ether one judge or two judges together, and whatever is on the same subject. 14. About the statements of a decision regarding interpretations (p4dd-khdn4nd)1, and whatever is on the same subject. 15. About the proportion of the time of judges for decision, that for summoning witnesses to the judges, avd that for the proceedings (sasisnd). 16. About the judge who is doubly satisfied *, azd him who is not doubly satisfied; a/so the time from a judge's not deng doubly satisfied till his de¢ng doubly satisfied. 17. About a judge of four customs, and zs decision thereon; one who knows the decree and would act to effect z/,and one who knows 7¢ and would not act. 18. About the supremacy of a judge as to adjudication so far as ¢here is a false decision therein ; how it is when 4e zs at a distance (pavan hAsar), and how it is when he is on the spot ; he who is at a

* Pahl. padd-khan = Pers. paf‘Avan.

* Paz. vayézust, Av. vayézust6=dvayézust6. Farh. Oim, p. 43, ll. 10-12, has ‘the Vayézust6, who is a judge, explains this, so that the petitioner who is doubtful is a hearer of certainty ; it is, as one says, deliberately weighed.’

p. 80

distance becomes a superior therein, when he comes back to the place of justice before the end of a Hasar', 19. About other false teaching of a judge which is manifest therefrom, azd the retribution for the false teaching ; the false summoning, false investigation, and false evidence of the complainant (mdst-hédmé6nd) saving been his own, and a separate atonement unto the afflicted ove has to atone for the affair; 2¢ having been mitigated by no good work. 20. About the trouble of adjudication to the priestly authorities (radAn). 21. About the proficiency ofa woman or child who is acquainted with the law?, for a judgeship, dezng above ‘hat of a full-grown man unacquainted with the law.

22. About assisting the want of one’s own disciple for a master for the recited law, and the sin due to not assisting, such as that when, wanting assistance, z¢ is allowable for the afflicted ome to beg an assistant from foreigners, and according to his petition is the bringing of a foreigner for assistance ; and whatever is on the same subject. 23. About the supremacy of Rashnd ® the righteous.

24. About several persons who are engaged in legal proceedings about the keeping and non-division of property not their own, and the decision as regards for whom one has in keeping that property which is not his own. 25. About actions which are not inconsistent and those which are inconsistent. 26. About the decision of a judge of congregational actions.

25. About actions which are not inconsistent and those which are inconsistent. 26. About the decision of a judge of congregational actions.

27. About the offence which accusers would commit, as regards the law, by means of the law, z¢ decng

™ See Chap. XX, 68. * See Chap. XX, 74. * See Chap. XX, 153.

CHAPTER XXII, IQ—XXIII, 5. 81

not allowable to commit z¢ with their own hands; also as regards any one’s property, about which ¢here is a dispute, even though with a certainty as to its ownership,

CuHaPTeR XXIII,

Ganabé-sar-nigad Nask.

1. One section of ¢he next twelve is the Pasishadrvastdn (‘ shepherd’s-dog code’), about the shepherd who is selecting a shepherd’s dog for the sheep, and the shepherd with various shepherd’s dogs; about the shepherd’s comprehension of their serviceableness, one with the other, avd whatever is on the same subject. 2. The extent of authorised efficiency (salit-gartkith) accomplished by the shepherd’s-dog nature of a shepherd’s dog, after his deeng appointed by the shepherd.

3. About the shepherd’s preparing the means of bedding! for the shepherd’s dog, giving the amount of the price of the daily food of a shepherd's dog, provisions for the dog in the winter, and the preparation of a fire beforehand which it is necessary to make in the sheepfold (pah-hastd). 4. About the mode of preparing the appointed fireplace of the sheepfold, the position of the shepherd’s dog and the dog’s fire, the means of lodging and provisioning the shepherd's dog in the sheepfold, the sin owing to the occasions when one proceeds to provide another mode, and whatever is on the same subject.

5. About the diligence of the shepherd’s dog, and about zs being guardian of the sheep asleep at night

1 Or ‘covering,’ gimaké,
(37) G

p. 82

5. About the diligence of the shepherd’s dog, and about zs being guardian of the sheep asleep at night

1 Or ‘covering,’ gimaké,
(37) G

p. 82

in flocks? dreading distress; the dog, ¢heiry protection, is not provided with bedding, zor with pillow, and they are happy; every night 4e has to come out, through the whole flock, three times, besides when one of the guards (pa@4n5), who is apprehensive, counts them, who, every day at dawn, has to walk out among the sheep, with good words, to inspect them, to apply remedies properly ¢o the sheep that are sick, wounded, bruised, ov defective, and to be they guardian ; a/so the sin owing to worrying ¢hem, and whatever is on the same subject. 6. About that which is to be done by him as regards the breeding of the sheep, ad likewise for the sake of the young ones; avd the sin when he does not do tt, or shall act otherwise. 7. About his fully understanding where and which is the sheep for cach young one. 8. About his habit and means of keeping away the thief azd the wolf from the sheep, and the preservation of the sheep thereby when an awful cloud and wind and rain arise, ov when the position of those distressed ones, at the fords of rivers, comes opposite a locality (nisisno) of bad footing ; when 2¢ is not possible for him Zo save all, he has to save the greater in value, or the more in number.

9. About his having guarded a sheep from the pasture of others aad the retribution for the sin of not Aaving guarded as to the eating amd damaging of the corn and pasture of others by the sheep. 10. About the extent of preservation by the shepherd’s dog’s driving the sheep from the corn avd pasture of others of various species, such as that which one calls the very stupid (géltar) pig; there is, more-

Paz. pastvan for pasAvan (pl. of pasu).

CHAPTER XXIII, 6-18. 83

over, the specified pasture as regards those sheep, but the pig, which feeds upon its own predecessors, is also that whzch may commit another sin, for it feeds upon even zs progeny at birth.

• 11. About the indication of an assembly place (garang) for the sheep, in a warm or cool locality, by the shepherd’s dog. 12. About the characteristics of sheep from one to four years of age. 13. About the village (vis) of the shepherd, where the shepherd's dog is known when he arrives; how it is when a sheep as to be kept out of the sheepfold dy the shepherd’s dog, and how it is when z¢ has to be driven by him to the village of the heedful shepherd.
• 14. About the coming of the shepherd unto a sheep, and the path from the village which the shepherd has provided for? the flock.

14. About the coming of the shepherd unto a sheep, and the path from the village which the shepherd has provided for? the flock.

• 15. About a shepherd when he withholds the daily food of a shepherd’s dog, and the exhaustion of life thereby; after the fourth deprival of food (atapak-d4d6) ? z¢ is allowable for the shepherd's dog to kill a sheep for nourishment. 16. About a sheep, whzch comes astray into the flock to be slaughtered, decmg the perquisite of the butcher (bahar-t kfist4r), and that of the shepherd’s dog being its dog® and the appointed number of one sheep. 17. About ¢heiy extent of movement, and their pregnancy and growing old (bar va-khas4n).
• 18. About the sin of the shepherd, as regards the shepherd’s dog, through injustice as to work,

? Assuming that valman stands for vad.

* See Chap. XVII, 6.

* The dog who allowed the sheep to stray being thus punished, by becoming the prey of the dog into whose flock the sheep strayed, who also receives a sheep as his share of the butchering.

G2

p. 84

reward, and chastisement; and of the shepherd's dog, as regards the shepherd, through improperly tending a sheep, ov worrying z¢ by exertion; also his chastisement, and the payment that occurs for the incompetence aad unworthiness therein ; destdes adjudications between the shepherd azd shepherd's dog.

19. About the instruction which the shepherd gives to the shepherd’s dog, through reminders (pavan ay4dih4), to control a sheep, when, the shepherd’s dog having heard some musical notes (srddd g4s4n6), the instruction took place in the form of words; and, when the notes weve not heard, even bya blow(zatam), the means of that instructor being a blow. 20. About the peculiarity of the shepherd’s dog as regards z¢s employment (régk4r). at the periods of satisfying menstrual excitement, solemnizing the season-festivals, axa other important good works.

CuaPTER XXIV.
Ganabé-sar-nigad Nask.

• 1. The first section of the /as¢ thirty-five is the Stéristan (‘ deast-of-burden code’), particulars about the sin, affecting the soul, due to unlawfully striking and wounding as regards beasts of burden and cattle ; and the retribution and compensation for it to one’s own cattle, that in case of a beast of burden and that in case of a sheep (animéé), during life.
• 2. That which avzses when one smites them with a brand (dakhshak); that when oxe smites them on the flank, azd that when 2¢ zs in front of them; that

CHAPTER XXIII, 19—XXIV, IO. 85

2. That which avzses when one smites them with a brand (dakhshak); that when oxe smites them on the flank, azd that when 2¢ zs in front of them; that

CHAPTER XXIII, 19—XXIV, IO. 85

when their flanks are so smitten is complete smiting. 3. Of the smiting, too, of other members, the smiting in front, though the smiting de such as when ° one so smites for smiting on the flank, is not complete smiting. 4. And that which amounts to as much as a complete smiting, when ome so smites as for smiting on the flank, is such as that when one casts off the skin, and that when ome casts off the flesh, thereby, that when ome is cutting it, ov that when wounds (khtm4n) or serpent-scourging (m4rvan6)! are ufon it.

5. It is also about making the dog which drives the sheep (pasfis-hafirvd) dumb. 6. About bruising the limbs and plucking the feathers of birds, such as the case when z¢ zs complete smiting, and such as that when z¢ zs not complete smiting. 7. And unlawfully destroying as regards fish, such as when it would make their flesh uneatable. 8. An account as to noticeably and worryingly beating cattle, about decrees of whatever kinds as to each separate beating worryingly that is to be considered as noticeable beating, azd many decrees as to whatever is on the same subject. 9. About the retribution for making clothing of skins and woven wool (tadak3), and the sin of any one owing to kindling a fire therewith, ov roasting flesh which is stolen ov plundered.

10, About the good work of all that is wise activity, and the reward of the happy place?; the sin of everything that is ignorant activity, and the

1 See Chap. XVIII, 2,6; or it may be muharvané, ‘cauterizing.’ ® Heaven..

p. 86

bridge Zenalty of the evil place’; connected therewith, to make him who is righteous develope in wisdom, and to make him who is wicked diminish in ignorance, is the world.

CHAPTER XXV.

Ganabé-sar-nigad Nask.

1. The second section is the Ar’gist4n (‘value code’), particulars about the value of small consumption of animate, and also that of inanimate, property; with the desirableness of information thereon, each separately. 2. The value of not destroying a righteous man even for a decree and justice, and of atonement for injuring the existence? of the fire of Varahran *.

CuapTrerR X XVI.

Ganabé-sar-nigad Nask.

1. The third section is the Aratéstdristan (‘warrior code’), particulars about the worthiness of destroying a wolf; anzd, among wolves, the greater need of destroying (zanisntarth) those with two legs than those with four legs.

2. About selecting the daily supplies of warriors, the beasts of durden, clothing, and equipment of warriors, and other appurtenances (av4rvtg4nakth) which are to be given to them; adso selecting a horse and accoutrements (zénd-afz4r) for each one.

’ Falling into hell owing to the narrowness of the Kinvad bridge to the other world, occasioned by an excess of sin over good works (see Dd. XXI, 5-7).

’ Falling into hell owing to the narrowness of the Kinvad bridge to the other world, occasioned by an excess of sin over good works (see Dd. XXI, 5-7).

* See Chap. XIX, 1. * The sacted Bahirém fire.

CHAPTER XXV, I-XXVI, 12. 87

3. About having a man’s horse trained before one sends 42m to smite enemies. 4. About the efficacy of the resources avd care of a warrior in the destruction which enemies occasion ; a/so the army and the slaughter of war. 5. About the sin of the village and abode of the warriors on the occurrence of a battle, and what is the retribution for wounds and damage ; what is that which is disfiguring (aptrayak) therein, and what is that which is worthy of death therein.

6. About the characteristics of the wearing of armour (zén4vandth) and not wearing of armour dy warriors. 7. About the rank of the general (sipahpad6), and other officers (padan) over the troops, as to daily suppies, pay, and dignity; also their subordinates (aztrag), and the number of troopers (gird) ¢o each one of the officers. 8. About the anxieties of a trooper for the protection of person and family. 9. About the number of troopers when the king of kings goes to battle. 10. About the proportion of daily provision for two warriors, the meat and milk and bread thereof, which are for the sake of providing guidance and causing contests of the warriors in that good eating; also the reason of certifying (gévAtk) its distribution and weighing, the beast of burden of the original village (bOn kékth) }, and zés means of deing sent unto the troops. 11. About cutting the herbs for the veterinary surgeon (stér bezashkd), the store of accoutrements, avd other things which are necessary with an army. 12. About the feeding of warriors oz the day of battle, the meat and whatsoever are their eatables ; even so the food of the horses.

1 Whence the supplies come.

p. 88

13. About the wealth which foreigners bring away, and this which is declared thereof, that is, ‘I, too, am assisting even the wolf. 14. About the display of esteem by warriors together, the union of friendship one with the other, obedient unto their commander of the troops, and mindfully resigning themselves to death, there being seen a spiritual reward, without doubt, in the future existence.

14. About the display of esteem by warriors together, the union of friendship one with the other, obedient unto their commander of the troops, and mindfully resigning themselves to death, there being seen a spiritual reward, without doubt, in the future existence.

15. About the choice of a commander over the troops; also as to 4zs coming and understanding the habits of his troops, each separately, through the capability of skill which is theirs. 16. About estimating the strength aad resources of the troops, with those of ¢ke?y enemies ; that is, how the battle is to be engaged in, ov how the case is when it is to be avoided. 17. About the provision of anything requisite? which warriors shall leave for safety when there ts danger in the neighbourhood from a distant stronghold, or danger ¢o a neighbouring stronghold from afar. 18. About ¢he case where, when it is necessary to engage in battle, the horse of a warrior has not arrived, and zt is allowable to seize upon several horses from a herd of horses. 19. About the watchful sentinel (nigAhakd pAsp4nd), and of what kind is the information from which this is manifest, to the army and commander of the troops, that the enemy is well dead, or fled.

20. About a demonstration whereby they produce terror and apprehension in the enemy. 21. About an altercation of the commander of the troops with foreigners before a battle ; altercation also through an envoy, and calling them into subjection to the

' Or ‘of value;’ khv4stak6 having both meanings,

CHAPTER XXVI, 13-26. 89

king of kings and the religion of the sacred beings, 22. About admonition to the troops, and declaring the share and arrangement of special duty of each one in the fight; announcing to the troops the recompense of the active, telling ad informing the troops of the reason of being worthy of death, of the worthiness of destroying foreigners, of the command of the sacred beings as to their destruction when they shall not accept the Irdnian nationality (Airth), and the equally great reward and recompense for their destruction announced by revelation, the legal code (d4distantkth) of Iran.

23. About not uttering words of irritation on the day of battle, ad not mentioning, among the troops, any intelligence which gives the troops apprehension, but only that which is agreeable and pleasing, through giving heartiness and increasing the strength. 24. About the sacred ceremonial on the day of battle axd evil deeds of war ;—a twig of the sacred twigs of that ceremonial, and the Avesta as regards fighting, decng the first arrow well delivered into the mark shot a¢;—the consecration of the water which is nearest to the place of battle, even by bringing holy-water; and the sequence of the fight, that is, with which arms amd appliances 7¢ is first to be fought, azd successively unto those which are the last.

25. About the proportion of those who keep the arms (z4é) for the combatants, and, after a victory over foreigners, are taking away the hostages and captives, out of the foreigners, from the combatants ; also they return from them. 26. At what degree of distance from them ¢hey have to carry the arms and appliances and the restoratives for the unfatigued rere) DINKARD, BOOK VIII.

and the fatigued; and, the accoutrements Jeng deposited, a warm bath prepared, and relaxation of the body effected, the reward of merit is given. 27. One has to search offenders, to bring restoratives for the unfatigued and the fatigued, to deliver the accoutrements back to the arsenal (gang6), to allot the share of the hostage brought back to his own people, and also much else on the same subject.

Cuaprer XXVII.

Ganabé-sar-nigad Nask.

1. The fourth section is miscellaneous: about a warm bath dezmg in a house of what kind, the position of security of the fireplace, the watchfulness to be upheld there, azd whatever is on the same subject. 2. About the strength that a horse has to exert for the sake of the earth, and that which is to be exerted in that mode for the sake of fire. 3. About food azd other matters which may be prepared with fire, ad the security of the fire in like manner. 4. About fire which, even on the road, is Jree from throwing away, bodily refuse’, and dead matter®, and from the injury and harm owing thereto; the various safeguards of fire from deg given to an infidel (ag-dén6) ov a child; the distance of the fire from a rivulet®; the penalty for throwing z¢ away, ov other sin as regards it ; and the

1 See Chap. XIX, 3.

2 Any solid portion of a corpse, or carcase, of a human being, dog, or other animal.

® Which might extinguish it and, thereby, render the person who had charge of the fire grievously sinful.

CHAPTER XXVI, 27—XXVII, 12. gI

proportion of nourishment and preparation for the fire in summer, avd also in winter.

5. About picketing (bav4 nisAstand) a horse, that is, how z¢ zs justifiable when z¢ zs in water and dust, how it is so when really in very distressing bodily refuse, and how it is so when even in bodily refuse that zs tolerable. 6. About the proportion of nourishment for mankind, fire, and cattle. 7. About receiving a guest, the praise of liberality, and the grandeur of the liberal, the contempt for stinginess, and the want of the wanderer.

8. About the mode of wearing garments in a dwelling of Mazda-worshippers, even so far as a bandage of four rags for protection'; the care of them each separately, the wages of the makers and ornamenters of each one, azd whatever is on the same subject. 9. About Aaveng procured a streetkeeper (kQgp4n6) for the Mazda-worshippers, the business of the street-keeper thereof, avd whatever is on the same subject.

9. About Aaveng procured a streetkeeper (kQgp4n6) for the Mazda-worshippers, the business of the street-keeper thereof, avd whatever is on the same subject.

10. About preparing in the summer a store for the winter. 11. About reaping a field of corn, the Avesta? for the first reaping, and Zavzng consecrated the first sheaf with the dedication (shniman) to Athaymazd the lord. 12. About the union of those of the good religion together, both in removing want and z# union even with infidels in that which

1 Reading vad-ig vand-1-f 4 16t65-f panakfh, and taking 16t6 as equivalent to Pers. latah. We might suppose that the phrase meant ‘a belt of the four strings (rfi'dd) of protection,’ but the number would not correspond to the three times the sacred threadgirdle passes round the waist, nor would the material of rQdé, ‘ catgut,’ be appropriate for the girdle.

* The scriptural formula to be recited in its original language.

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is not detrimental to the religion, azd whatever is on the same subject. 13. About duty as regards the produce of plants azd animals; first, suitable eating ; and secondly, moderate eating and avoidance of profusion.

14. About possessions which belong to the nobles, and those which belong to the multitude; 2 what manner that which belongs to the multitude as to come into the possession of the nobles; azd whatever is on the same subject. 15. About the enviousness (zigdrith) of the beast of durden, ox, and sheep, and also of people; that is, in how many of the multitudes, each separately, it is produced; and whatever is on the same subject. 16. And also much other adjudication and information on similar intelligence.

17. Perfect is the excellence of righteousness.

CuaPrer XXVIII.

1. One section of the frst thirty of the H dsparam ‘is the Aérpatist4n ? (‘ przest code’), particulars about a case where one has to provide for a priestly assembly (aérpatistAn), which is a birth ; how the case is when 2¢ is important to go, how it is when one

1 Corresponding to the seventeenth word, 4, in the Ahunavair, according to B. P. Riv.; and it is the seventeenth Nask in all Rivayats. This name should probably be Avisp-kharam, meaning ‘free from all defect ;’ but it is called Hfispfram, Asp4ram, or Asp&rfim in the Rivayats, which also state that it contained sixtyfour, or sixty, kardah or subdivisions. The former number agrees with the total of the sections mentioned in Chaps. XXVIII, XXXII, XXXVI.

* A considerable portion of this section is still extant, combined with a larger portion of the next section, the Nirangistin, whose name is applied to the whole text.

°

CHAPTER XXVII, 13—XXVII, 8. 93

XXVIII,
XXXII, XXXVI.

* A considerable portion of this section is still extant, combined with a larger portion of the next section, the Nirangistin, whose name is applied to the whole text.

°

CHAPTER XXVII, 13—XXVII, 8. 93

stays at his own ouse, and how it is when z¢ is not allowable to go; also deciding about the chzef priest (aérpatd), and the proportion of priests (Asrik6) who are superior, of those who are intermediate, and of those who are inferior in the estimation of the wisdom of the righteous, 2. About the priest whom one is sending, and the wayfaring garments and appliances which are to be given to him.

3. About the disciple, as reverent towards the chief priest ; the labour in receiving the sacred words and teaching ¢hem to the disciple; the advice of the chief priest to the priests ; azd the muttered phrases at the time of contamination dy dead matter. 4. About what priest—on the arrival of a priest back at the district from which ove sends 4zm—is to be appointed, as priest for the district from which he came, by the district governor and those of the district, for teaching avd instruction in the district.

5. About which are /hose reckoned as the five dispositions! of a priest that are the glorification of the priest's statements of the law, from the first of his statements in succession unto the last, axa whatever is on the same subject.

6. About the subjects regarding which a priest of concealed parentage is to be asked, wzth the prelude and sequel of the same subject. 7. About the bridge Jenxalty* of a priest through sinfulness, 27 a separate fargard®, 8. About a priest they may carry away from a district, owing to anxiety for forming a priestly assembly, who becomes worried in forming z¢.

1 See Bd. XIX, 36 n. * See Chap. XX, 63. ® See Chap. I, 20.

p. 94

9. About the superiority of priests in means of knowledge, one as regards another; the extent of superiority through which the greater suitability for authority, of one as regards another’, arises; and whatever is on the same subject.

CuarTter X XIX.
LHispiram Nask.

1. One section is the Nirangist4n (‘rztual code’), particulars about the ritual of the ceremonial of the sacred beings, that which is important and goes to the bridge of judgment?; the exceeding meritoriousness owing to an ample number of RAspts? in the ceremonial ; and, as to the Avesta, the Zéti and RAspt are both for various phrases, those which are for the speaking of the one are for the hearing of the other. 2. About the sacred cake‘, and whatever is on the same subject. 3. About abstaining from the drinking of wines at the same time as the ceremonial. 4. About the quality (sAm4n) of the voice in reciting the Avesta in a ceremonial, and the

2. About the sacred cake‘, and whatever is on the same subject. 3. About abstaining from the drinking of wines at the same time as the ceremonial. 4. About the quality (sAm4n) of the voice in reciting the Avesta in a ceremonial, and the

1 Reading sagAktarth-t aévaké min tané pavan patth, but there are only faint traces of the third, fourth, and fifth words, as the decayed folio of the manuscript has been patched, and the repairer forgot to record the missing words at the time he did his work. His marginal note refers to a defect in the next line of the manuscript.

* The Xinvad bridge, at which the departed soul is believed to give a full account of its actions during life (see Chap. XIV, 8).

5 See Chap. VII, 5.

* The drén, or sacred cake, is a small pancake which is consecrated in the ceremonies, and dedicated to some particular spirit by means of a shnfiman, or propitiatory dedication (see Sls. ITI, 32). It is tasted by the priests and by the participators in certain ceremonies (see Haug’s Essays, pp. 396, 404, 408).

CHAPTER XXVIII, 9-XXIX, 14. 95

Avesta which is twice recited and thrice ov four times recited. 5. About the ceremonial, and the conducting of that ceremonial whose Zéti, or RAspt, is a Tandpthar semner?, 6. About the Zéti duty of a woman? or child. 7. About a decision as regards him who is cursed by the Mazda-worshipping religion.

8. About the sin of him who does not solemnize a season-festival 3, and how the case is when it is solemnized by him. 9. About the limits of the five periods * of the day and night, and the ceremonies of the same periods. 10. About the kinds of peculiarity of the things for the season-festivals and other good works produced authorisedly.

11. About the quantity of holy-water which is due to one sheep’, the inspection azd consideration in providing the sheep, the freedom from sickness due to contamination and other defects even in a lawful place, and the exemption from the appliances and attacks of noxious creatures; the ritual for making z¢°, and deciding about the maker, producer, and carrier, the taster avd the giver to him. 12. The reason of the slaughter, azd whatever is on the same subject.

13. About the position and duty of the Zéti and R4spts in the ceremonial. 14. About the perfect ceremonial, the gift to a righteous man who as

' See Chap. XX, 65. * See Sls. X, 35.

3 See Chap. VII, 1.

* These periods, or watches, are from dawn till noon, noon till 3 P.M., 3 P.M. till dusk, dusk till midnight, and midnight till dawn.

5 When slaughtered to provide the necessary meat-offerings
(see Sls. XI, 4-6).

* The holy-water apparently.

p. 96

become a teacher avd examiner of the wisdom of the righteous, azd whatever is on the same subjects.

till dusk, dusk till midnight, and midnight till dawn.

5 When slaughtered to provide the necessary meat-offerings
(see Sls. XI, 4-6).

* The holy-water apparently.

p. 96

become a teacher avd examiner of the wisdom of the righteous, azd whatever is on the same subjects.

• 15. About the sacred shirt and ¢hread-girdle, that is, from what it is proper ¢o make them, and whatever is on the same subjects. 16. About gathering and tying the sacred twigs, amd on the same subject.
• 17. About the proportion of firewood in various parts of the ceremonial, azd the mode of bringing it forward ; that for the household fire, azd the priestly fire of Bahiraim (Varahrdn).

18. About a ceremonial amid great opudence, that which is amid medium opudence, that which is amid little opulence, and a decision as regards want of opulence. 19. About always celebrating the ceremonies of the sacred beings for that which has occurred, and not neglecting ¢hem in any way. 20. About ¢he cases where mankind observantly, and also unobservantly, celebrate the ceremonies of the sacred beings ; that is, which is he who observantly and he who unobservantly does so ; weth advice about observantly celebrating the ceremonies of the sacred beings.

21. About the cleanliness of the body and clothing of the celebrator of the ceremony, the assurance of his mind from sin, the ablution of the apparatus of the place of the exalted (vuland4nth), the cleanliness: of the place of the ceremonial, the distance therefrom for azy degree of manifest pollution and stench, axd whatever is on the same subject.

22, About the ceremonial of the waters and their creatures, the vigour! of healthfulness, the possession of the brilliancy of heaven, the bountifulness of

1 Or it may be ‘holy-water.’

CHAPTER XXIX, I5-XXX, 2. 97

the spirit of the waters, and whatever is on the same subject. 23. About the celebration of a ceremonial, which is an ordinance of duties for the sake of a happy state of gladness (khQp parkAnth) and happy consequences ; and also many other statements on the same subject. 24. A dou¢ the ceremonial as proper and improper, beneficial axd not beneficial.

25. About the families of Zaratist, Hvév}, and Vist4sp, as regards the account (aishmarisnd) and ceremonial of the religion and their nature.

CHAPTER XXX.
HHaispiram Nask.

24. A dou¢ the ceremonial as proper and improper, beneficial axd not beneficial.

25. About the families of Zaratist, Hvév}, and Vist4sp, as regards the account (aishmarisnd) and ceremonial of the religion and their nature.

CHAPTER XXX.
HHaispiram Nask.

1. One section is the Géharikistan (‘gualty code’), particulars about natural superiority; not the modified (gastak6), but the lawful, approved ?, and specific state of superiority; not acquired by the slender power ® of the world, but 4y seeking virtuous living through causing the prosperity of every person ; aéso the authorisation of superiority, amd the proportion of advantage therein. 2. About a superiority unimpoverished (anydrizd), with one unimpoverished with a nature unspent (an-afirdzd), with ove unspent with an impoverished (nydrtzd), and ome impoverished with an impoverished; also the extent of impoverishment and non-impoverishment, that is, with whom 2¢ zs not customarily of much

1 An ancestor of several persons mentioned in the Avesta, including the two brothers, GAmasp the prime minister of king Vistasp, and Frashéstar the father-in-law of Zaratfist.

* Assuming that pasandak stands for pasandak; otherwise, we may read pishontk, ‘ provided.’

* Reading tang-karth, but it may be tund-karth, ‘the severe labour.’

(37] Hp. 98 consequence (pavan freh-ar’g6), with whom 2¢ zs so customarily, azd with whom, owing to an exception, z¢ zs not customarily of much consequence on account of z¢s much consequence for an uninformed Zerson, that is, with whom 2z¢ zs as z¢ were proper with a servant of sin. 3. And superiority is a furtherance of living beings, and pervades the natural extent thereof.

4. About him who would sell property not his own, and him who would buy z¢. 5. About selling a sheep frequenting the house, azd one not frequenting the house. 6. About various precautions as to samples of various things. 7. About selling beasts of burden, cattle, slaves, servants, amd other property, of the nature of whose species ove zs aware through speaking about the nature of different species; avd the retribution for the sin of whatever is on the same subject. 8. That which is an obvious agreement for selling with defects’, when it is declared of beasts of durden ; and that which is ever defective on selling.

g. About a house in which a person, or dog, has passed away through contagious sickness, ad the clothing which the man wore owing to that sickness ; that is, how it is when spoiled for selling for three years, how it is when z¢ zs so for two years, and how it is when it 7s so for one year. 10. About a house in which a person, or dog, Zas reposed in a contagious sickness, avd not passed away after Azs descent therefrom ; ad the clothing which the man wore in that sickness ; that is, how it is when spoiled for selling Sor two years, how it is when 2z¢ zs so for one year, and how it is when z¢ zs so for thirty nights; and whatever is on the same subject.

? That is, without a warranty.

CHAPTER XXX, 3-XXXI, 5. 99

• 11. About forming a family (géhartk kardan6) with foreigners, that is, how it is when allowable.
• 12. About a sheep of good breed for the three nights', and zts slaughter after the three nights; likewise many other decisions as regards superiority and sheep of a good breed.

CuHapTeR XXXI.
Hispéram Nask,

1. A miscellaneous section is about taking anything which is not one’s own at the ¢zme when he does not think that they see him and they do see him, at the me when he thinks that they see him and they do not see him, avd at the “me when he thinks that they see him and they do see him. 2. About giving righteous instruction, that is, what happens, azd how, at the ¢7me when the follower? asks again. 3. About the sin of imprisoning the needy, exalting falsehood, and approving deceit.

4. About the action and command which diminish, or alter, a liberal gift to any one. 5. About the limit of the open-handedness of a wife who should be privileged, and who is reverent towards 4er husband, out of anything t#a¢ has not reached the husband ; how it is when the husband is foolish, how it is when at 7s legally, how when derived from what zs legally property, ad how adout that which is unspent savings (anydraizd abun); adso the limit of the reverence of a wife for a husband, azd whatever is on the same subject.

1 The three nights after a death; the sheep is to be slaughtered on the fourth day, including the day of death (see Sls. XVII, 2-5). * See Chap. XXII, 6n. H 2

p. 100

6. About causing the conveyance of a maiden from the house of er fathers, ov guardians, to the village of Aer husband, to hold the position of housemistress of the husband; of the wife when she becomes reverent and propitiatory towards him, and admonishing 4er when she speaks thus: ‘I am thy wife, du¢ 1 wzd/ not perform a wife's duties for thee ;’ also the quarrelling of a husband with 4zs wife, and carrying z¢ on Zo the bridge of judgment.

7. About the blood on a woman who wants washing, and the bridge fenal/ty upon him who has sexual intercourse with a woman who wants washing, with her who is a foreigner, ov any other of those not authorisedly for intercourse; the confusion of germs by the woman who grants intercourse to foreigners, avd other sin which they may commit about like matters. 8. About a wife claimed from foreigners ; that is, how it is when allowable.

• 9. About the preparation of a wife for the control of a son, the period for z¢ and for suckling, and the wish for a son which is present with a husband. 10. About the sin of a man owing to rejecting the controlling of 42s son by a sister oy grown-up daughter.
• 11. About three things through which mankind become sinful and injuring their own property, and the possession of them is not to be taken away.
• 12. About ¢hose who may not inflict lawful chastisement with oppressive demeanour.

• 11. About three things through which mankind become sinful and injuring their own property, and the possession of them is not to be taken away.
• 12. About ¢hose who may not inflict lawful chastisement with oppressive demeanour.

13. About that which a man is to be made to provide in feasting and gifts, for 42s store of good works, on his wife bringing forth. 14. How it is when he is a man of wisdom, azd how it is when he zs a disciple ; how it is when 7¢ zs a male birth, and how it is when z¢ zs a female. 15. The advantage

CHAPTER XXXI, 6—22. 10!

and benefit therefrom ; the religious announcement of a name for the #ew-born, should it be a male, or should it be a female; the good work owing to the decision of a religious appointment of a name for the progeny, [and the sin]! owing to giving again to it a name of the idolators (dévtyast4n).

16. About the ritual and usage in admitting the male to a sheep, owing to which the male is a gratifier of the impregnated female nature, and a protection of the female nature; and the want of training axd freedom from defect of the progeny; a proper condition of the flock, too, arises likewise through worshipping the sacred beings azd providing the sacred feast; also aéout the shepherd's dog and the blessing for him. 17. About the regard of the shepherd for the breeding of the sheep. 18. About the work of the ceremonial and of providing the sacred feast, and the advantage for the sheep from the same cause. 19. About the Mazda-worshipping district-breeding ofthe dogs in a district, through providing careful nurture for the dogs, which is a good work owing to the same cause.

20. About the object of payment for teaching the Zéti duty, for the guardianship of the fire, for the publication and watching of worship, axd for other labour, and whatever is on the same subject.

21. About the lawful guardianship of a child, the child who is lamp-light and the father who is the fire, and whatever is on the same subject. 22. About sickness owing to the look of an evil eye, or the vicinity of a menstruous woman, because those

1 Here, again, the repairer of the manuscript has forgotten to note the words in brackets which he had cut out of the folio before patching it.

p. 102

with an evil eye, ov menstruous, are thereby harmful. 23. About what is the kind of watching for the admitters of fear; the fearful and whatever is on the same subject. 24. And that in case of descending from a house on the outside.

25. About lawful arrangements for supplies, in union and assistance one towards the other; about payment for the labour in the lawful arrangement ; and whatever is on the same subject. 26. About the produce of property for the multitude, azd that also for one’s own association; that is, how it is when taking z¢ authorisedly, and how it is when not doing so; and whatever is on the same subject.

26. About the produce of property for the multitude, azd that also for one’s own association; that is, how it is when taking z¢ authorisedly, and how it is when not doing so; and whatever is on the same subject.

• 27. The special generosity of judges in conveying property back to zés owners; the advantage from just judges, amd the harm from unjust sentencing and false decisions. 28. So, also, the advantage from truly demanding, truly answering, azd assisting the just; the enmity and harm from falsely demanding, falsely investigating, and assisting a false demander and false investigation ; dz¢ not the enmity and secret harm of a complaint of the wretched.
• 29. Advice to judges about just decision and abstinence from false decision; and, secondly, the reward of their just decision, azd the awful bridge judgment of false decision; the accountability in the spiritual exzstence in the case of judges, the praise of truth and contempt of falsity, the gratification of the sacred beings and vexation of the demons from just judgment and turning away from false decision, and whatever is on the same subject.

30. About what place the appointment by Atharmazd in the original creation brought the corn éo},

* According to Bd. X, 1, XIV, 1, XXVII, 2, fifty-five species of

CHAPTER XXXI, 23-39. 103

which arrived for use in the nourishment azd assistance of mankind and animals; the sowing of corn from the bodies of Mashya azd Mashyéi!; and whatever is on the same subject. 31. About the labour in sowing and cultivating corn, azd whatever is in the business of agriculturists ; perseverance in agriculture, and the limit of its allotment, owing tosuitable participation and inevitable participation zz agriculture; whatever is about the shepherd and whatever is about the agriculturist, and the adjudication between them. 32. About the corn which is sown, that which is reaped, that which is for an increase (pavan nad-aé), and that which is for other things.

33. About the excitement of any one, owing to his blood. 34. About those kinds of ownership of land and other things that are best. 35. About him who sees some one conducting water for cultivation, when the person unauthorisedly sows the land of the observer who does not dispute about it with fearlessness and effectual resistance. 36. About the selling of supplies granted, which may be done in hunger, nakedness, and fear; azd whatever is on the same subject.

• 37. About the supremacy of sin, both that which arises on the spot, and that at a distance (pavan hAsar); and whatever is on the same subject. 38. About the atonableness of every sin, and the bridge judgment for destroying a righteous man, for witchcraft, and for carrying evil (agth) to fire and water.
• 39. About atonement for the sin of Yat, Bézat,

grain sprang up originally where the primeval ox passed away; a statement which does not agree with that hinted at in this section. 1 See Chap. XIII, 1.

104 DiNKARD, BOOK VIII.

39. About atonement for the sin of Yat, Bézat, grain sprang up originally where the primeval ox passed away; a statement which does not agree with that hinted at in this section. 1 See Chap. XIII, 1.

104 DiNKARD, BOOK VIII.

Khér, Aredads, Avédtrist, Agérept 1 and giving no food, through giving of scars (pisang-das)*, labour, and punishment; the kinds of horse-whip and scourge, and how the penitential effect of both avzses. 40. When a sinner dies outright on account of the penalty of giving of scars, or the performance of the labour, or the exertion of effecting the penance of punishment, azd when a man has died penitent, du¢ incapable of a desire ® for the retribution of sin, and has not atoned in the worldly exzstence, what the nature of his soul’s helplessness is, owing to sin. 41. About those for whom there {s no retribution for sin.

1 These six names are applied to the various grades of assault and wounding, for which a special scale of punishment is appointed (see Sls. I, 1,2, XI, x, 2, XVI, 1,5). Here the list begins at the most heinous end of the scale, and the last three names, which refer to the lightest offences, have been already explained in Chaps. XIX,1n, XX, 64n. The first three names are explained in Farh. Otm, pp. 36, 1. 7-37, 1. 2, as follows :—‘ For whatever reaches the source of life the name is Khér ; one explains Bésat as “ smiting,” and YAt as “ going to,” though it be possible for the soul of man to be withstanding; and a counterstroke is the penalty for a Yat when it Aas been so much away from the abode of life.’ These six gradations of crime, therefore, range from the infliction of the nearest possible approximation to a fatal wound, down to the merely constructive assault of seizing a weapon. All authorities agree in estimating the relative heinousness of the, first four crimes by the following numbers: 180, 90, 60, and 30; but regarding the amounts for the two lighter offences there is much difference of statement. In the old law of the Vendidad there are seven gradations of such crime, the lowest four corresponding in name with the lowest four here, and all punishable by lashes, with a horse-whip, or scourge, varying from five to two hundred in number, according to the heinousness of the offence and the number of times it has been committed.

? By scourging, as prescribed in the Vendfdad.

® Owing to sickness, or any other disabling cause.

CHAPTER XXXI, 40—-XXXIII, I. 105

? By scourging, as prescribed in the Vendfdad.

® Owing to sickness, or any other disabling cause.

CHAPTER XXXI, 40—-XXXIII, I. 105

• 42. About what is the kind of contest of a poor man, plundered of his property; first, as regards the oppressor who was the plunderer, and, afterwards, having petitioned for criminal proceedings, through the judges, as regards his oppressor, until their repayment of the property. 43. About deng delivered into distress avd disaster!, and the decision thereon.
• 44. About the oppressiveness of the much pollution of greediness (426) which is owing to all its fiendishness, and the arrangement of the creator about it for restraining the same fiend? from destroying the whole worldly creation. 45. About the great judiciousness of a man in want of power de:ng good, for preserving his own life and making z¢ nurturable.

CuHarPteR XXXII.

Haspiram Nask.

1. One section of the ext twenty contains particulars about the rite of an ordeal accomplished, also the modes of one’s preservation ov incrimination therein, and whatever is on the same subject.

CuapTeR XXXIII. fispiram Nask.

1, One section is about the mode and object of confinement as regards a beast of burden, sheep, and dog that are mad (dév4nak®5), and the operation of the affliction (vakhsisn6); also to what extent is their restoration ; and when not restored, éu¢ come for slaughter, the care of them even in confinement,

1 Paz. véighn, 2 The fiend of greediness, Az.

p. 106

and whatever is on the same subject. 2. About the harm (vinds) which the beast of burden, sheep, and dog shall commit. 3. About the sin which killed one who ts no offender’. 4. About the care and remedy for a sick dog, and whatever is on the same subject.

Cuarter XXXIV.
Haspiram Nask.

1. One section is miscellaneous: about the object of amassing property lawfully produced, ov derived from (fré6d5 min) what zs legally property; the production authorisedly of wad zs derived from ¢hat which is legally property, and the production unauthorisedly of that which is legally property thereby become one, at first, as regards the very virtuous or vicious legal proceedings therein.

• 2. About the lawful time for giving up a maiden to ker husband, the completion of er possessions, and whatever is on the same subject. 3. About the impoverishment owing to the completion of the possessions given, azd whatever is on the same subject.
• 4. About a father who Aas sons, and for which of them a wife is to be earlier sought. 5. Adso about which of 4zs daughters is to be given away to a husband, and whatever is on the same subject.

6. About the progressive meritoriousness of a righteous gift for a woman, and the grievous sinfulness owing to z¢s deing dissipated. 7. About wealth through a righteous gift, the announcement of zés manifest acceptance, avd the acknowledgment of zés acceptance in words, as a completed act that is so far exhausted.

7. About wealth through a righteous gift, the announcement of zés manifest acceptance, avd the acknowledgment of zés acceptance in words, as a completed act that is so far exhausted.

1 Whether the sick animal, or a man attacked by it, is uncertain.

CHAPTER XXXIII, 2—-XXXIV, II. 107

8. About a foreigner when an Iranian asks 42m for a reward for assistance in battle with his fellowtribesmen, and the foreigner does not become generous, though the recompense is for the generosity of the Irdnians.

9. About the offering up (madam dahisnd) of water; that which is an appointed indicator (numddar), and that which is no indicator; that which is an indicator of complete presentation, azd that of partial presentation ; that water which is continually producing the offering up (izdahin4k), in like manner, of something of the things of a righteous gift, through the moistened peculiarity and distinction! of an offering-producing gift of a male from that of a female; and that which is an indicator both male and female, and a voice producing offerings, is animate, ov inanimate, ov derived from the inanimate ; that which is an indicator is a germ (t6khmak6-1), that which is in a germ is of one species, that which is in a species is of one form, azd the proportion that is appointed is completed, ‘hough the purpose for which z¢ is appointed Aas not arisen ; and whatever is on the same subject.

10. About the five best and five worst actions, the seven ? heinous sins, azd the three sins that are very ill-atoned for. 11. About the sin of staining with bodily refuse, injuring the existence °, and of a

1 The Pahl. text is pavan mamanth va-kad4mth-i namido.

Possibly namf 6, ‘moistened,’ may stand for num a3, ‘indicated;’ but the whole sentence is more or less obscure. - 3 Written 4+ 2 (=six) in the MS., but this is a most unusual way of writing ‘six;’ it is more probable that we ought to read 4 +3, the usual mode of writing ‘seven.’ ‘Seven evil-doers of sin of a heinous kind’ are detailed in Dd. LXXII, 2-9.

5 Pahl. baf6d6k-zéd6, see Chap. XIX, rn.

p. 108

death-producing formation as ¢o clothing. 12. About the sin owing to idleness when, moreover, that which they might do is good. 13. About a decision as to the justifiableness of clothing, arms, equipments, and other things Jeng given to foreigners, besides promoting their service and business, and geveng them any assistance whatever, or listening to that which relates to assistance ; likewise listening to drunkards. 14. About unlawfully destroying and cutting plants, wth a decision about it.

15. About the sin of digging a grave! for burying a corpse, whether of the idolators (déviyast4n) or non-idolators, and of supplying clothing for the corpse of a dead one of the idolators. 16. About him who threw bodily refuse * on to fire ov water, or any place or garment on which 7¢ is not authorisedly cast, to make Mazda-worshippers polluted; and whatever is on the same subject.