Pahlavi Texts, Part IV: Contents of the Nasks — SBE Vol. 37 (trans. E. W. West, 1892)

4. These, too, namely, when any one, through an assault, produces, for any other, stupefaction, swelling, or leanness, blackness‘, or paleness, shortness, or tallness, want of intelligence, much eating, little eating, or moderate eating, indolence, or diligence, or dulness of hearing; or he wishes to speak some words, and they strike him in return; or one altogether diminishes azy one’s speech, sight, or hearing,

1 Or, perhaps, khv4yisnd (compare Pers. ‘hAyfdan) may mean
‘biting.’

2 The last four terms are, in Pahlavi: skénisnd, khdrdd kardané, tashtdand, and khfisfnfdand.

® The mar-gané (Av. khrafstraghna), we are told in Pahl. Vend. XVIII, 6,‘may be made of anything, du¢ a leathern one is good’ (see also Bd. XXVIII, 22). Intended as a snake-killer, it was misused as a scourge for human beings.

* Assuming that vésih, ‘excess,’ is a miswriting of siyahfh.

CHAPTER XVIII, 2—XIX, I. 43

wisdom, strength, ov semen, milk, or pregnancy; or when one destroys the spleen (sfur) or milk of females, or, in revenge (gtfar), kills zs son outright; ox when they would inflict a wound upon a wound, and one’s blood goes streaming forth.

5. Also about an assault with one, two, or three weapons, or more, in conjunction ; or they may commit z¢ on the spot, or in confederacy, or as a first offence’. 6, About the measure of a wound when a two-edged sword (débarak6) plunges down, the area (sar4f), walls, and surroundings, and the shape which is plunged ; that whch is hacked, or cleft, or mutilated, or a torrent of blood streaming ; the affliction (vamang) of the furious serpent-scourge (m4rvan6)’, and the length, glitter, and weight of the weapon.

• 7. The ritual for the departure of a wound and the departure of pain, watching over z¢ for the duration of three nights ov a year, zfs greater wretchedness or less wretchedness, z¢s cure (spdérikih) or incurableness, and whatever is on the same subject.
• 8. Trivial enumerations, and decisions upon each separately.

CuapTrer XIX.

Nikédim Nask. 1. The fourth section, which is also called the law of the HamémAlist4n (‘accuser’s code’), contains particulars about accusation, and about the false

1 These three modes are expressed by Paz. ithrih; hidhih, and apavarAvarstih, which stand evidently for the original Avesta words ithra, hadha, and apaurvavarsta (see Chap. XXI, 6).

3 See § 2.

p. 44

accusation éy any one, regarding any other, as to witchcraft, destroying a righteous man}, theft, plunder, injuring the existence, minor injury? as regards several particular things, taking up a weapon, threatening with it’, assault, tumult‘, incarcerating’, false teaching, fettering. making dejected (nigdind), giving no food, falsehood, speaking with wizard’s spells, or with threats of danger, abstracting

? Pahl. aharfbokih (=Av. ashavagha) must not be confounded with aharbdth, ‘righteousness,’ for which ahar4yth is more commonly used.

making dejected (nigdind), giving no food, falsehood, speaking with wizard’s spells, or with threats of danger, abstracting

? Pahl. aharfbokih (=Av. ashavagha) must not be confounded with aharbdth, ‘righteousness,’ for which ahar4yth is more commonly used.

* These two kinds of injury, usually written baié6d6k-z€d6 and kaityék-gad6 in the Dinkard, are mentioned in Farh. Otm, pp. 32, 1. 8-34, 1. 2, as follows :—‘ Av. baodhagad=Pahl. b6d6-z&d and Av. baodh6-varstahé=Pahl. béd6k-varst are as if were “‘ observantly assaulted,” and ome mentions ‘hem most about the assault and injury of anything which is noticeable. Through falsehood other noticeable sin is small, and is subdued through being devoid of an injurer, as the assault and injury of anything through wear is a small sin. K&ityé-ged is a sin for mankind, which is a degree of Béd6k-zéd, dut less; so also the decree (dastinak) is different from Béd6k-varst. The principal Béd6k-zéd, that of animals with observance, the B6d6k-zéd through wear, and the Kaityék-zéd sin towards people are sins which are hamém4lan (“affecting accusers”). The dissipating weapon for sin dissipates the sinfulness of the other sin, which is called ribantk (‘‘ affecting the soul”’).’

5 These two terms are 4géreptd and avéfristd (Av. 4gereptem and avaoiristem) which are thus described in Farh. Oim, p- 36, ll. 4-6: ‘dgerept, “seized,” is that when they shall take up a weapon for smiting an innocent person; avotrist, “turning,” is that when ove turns the weapon upon an innocent person.’

“ See Chap. XVII, 6, for some of these terms.

5 Pahl. handerétd which is thus described in Farh. Ofm, pp. 34, 1. 8-35, 1. 1: ‘Av. handereiti, Pahl. handereté, is that when, owing to negligence, one keeps any one exhausted; when one would make him fallen who is of the ruined, or him who is a master of arms, and fas imprisoned him, the causing of much anguish thereby is the committal of incarceration.’ See also § 44.

CHAPTER XIX, I-II. 45

the increase of labourers’ wages, wishing to cut (vuritdand) and squeeze (pashkh4dan}) anything from any one, and seizing (magtdan6) 2¢ for fire and water, and whatever is on the same subject. 2. Also about the limitation of the accusation of sin therein, the retribution for 27, and the dust, or ashes, or flour, for the eyes and the rest of the bodies of human beings, it now! speaks henceforth for thirty successive heads”.

3. About the sin of making people eat bodily refuse, and bringing 7¢ unlawfully to ¢hecr persons or clothes ; and of going to a menstruous woman, or a wizard. 4. About a juvenile and well-behaved woman who comes out from a house of those of the good religion, and is considered as well taught. 5. About falsehood and slander, small and great, and whatever is on the same subject. 6. About the care of a pregnant woman in lawful reclining (khapak), feasting (gashn6), and work.

5. About falsehood and slander, small and great, and whatever is on the same subject. 6. About the care of a pregnant woman in lawful reclining (khapak), feasting (gashn6), and work.

7. About a householder who does not teach his own household, zz order to teach the household of another ; avd whatever is on the same subject. 8. About a quiet avd an unquiet person with equal Opinionativeness, and the opinion which ¢hey have to form before beginning. 9. About the expediency ov inexpediency of the opinion which is announced, and the reason of both. 10. About the man who, for fear of a counter-assault, runs away.

11. Also about not renouncing szm, neglecting complaints, azd whatever is on the same subject.

* Paz. knin (=knfin).

* Of which the details are not mentioned.

5 Pahl. hikhar (Av. hikhra) is any refuse or dirt from the living body, or any liquid exudation from a corpse.

46 DiNKARD, BOOK VIII.

12. The difference of sin in priests from that in any one else, as regards z¢s renunciation. 13. About the expediency of retribution, and the measure of the expediency. 14. About and to what extent is the authority of one’s own priestly master, for allowing the sin which any other person may commit as regards a disciple of that same, and that, too, of his disciple affecting the soul.

15. About the chastisement of a judge who is releasing sinners, and whatever is on the same subject. 16, About the justifiableness of a plaintiff in committing illegality. 17. About seizing the purity produced for foreigners, and whatever is on the same subject. 18. About ove worthy of death making supplication (l4vak6), co-operation with one worthy of death, and whatever is on the same subject. 19. About confession as regards anything, the object of confession, and whatever is on the same subject. 20. About exhibiting a liking for sin worthy of death.

21. About a blow with a weapon, which is incomplete ov not incomplete, when adults or children shall inflict 2¢, or when children with mutual assistance. 22. About a wounded ferson whose anguish was allayed by medicine, the arising of the anguish again from disease, when he died, and whatever is on the same subject.

23. About taking security (garéb6) from the defendant after the decree of the judges. 24. About the legal proceedings as to an offence when, owing to the incapability of the plaintiff, adjournment “as always occurred, avd a man would occasion an acceleration of the statement of law (d4d6 va) and of the procedure of the plaintiff. 25. About appointing

CHAPTER XIX, 12-34. 47

a mediator (dAdak-g6b6), axd the object of mediation.

25. About appointing

CHAPTER XIX, 12-34. 47

a mediator (dAdak-g6b6), axd the object of mediation.

26. About an assault (zatam) which is altogether of furious (pdir-t4k) origin. 27. And about a harmless (€zad) assault and striking back fairly to test a weapon, azd, when it is not possible fairly, turning z¢ into execution of duty, or giving of scars (pisangdas), or punishment; a statement of the change, and whatever is on the same subject. 28. About the limit of the punishment of a child for the sin it may commit. 29. About seeking an interpretation (padd-kh4n), the limit of interpreting, and whatever is on the same subject. 30. As regards a signal of approving the words of any one, on passing away, are these :—About giving up anything, making a will about it, azd renunciation of sin.

31. About committing an assault wfom an unknown person at an indefinite time, and whatever is on the same subject. 32. About giving a weapon and telling some one to kill a foreigner who is taken for judicial investigation, azd whatever is on the same subject. 33. About the great hinderers' who are slain by a righteous man, who the great hinderers are, aad unto whom it occurs; when one has to command 2/ as assistance for one or many, or they shall commit the assault in advance or afterwards, and whatever is on the same subject. 34. About the weapon they shall seize z¢ zs stated thus: ‘I see a man and a sheep, I strike upon this avd upon that, and z¢ is gone:’ and whatever is upon the same subject.

' Doubtful: the word can be read freh-gastgd4n on its first occurrence, and freh-gasig4nd6 on its last; but both reading and meaning are very uncertain.

p. 48

35. About petitioning, avd the going of a frontier governor (mar’zp4n) to the feet of tyrants (sdstar4n6) to speak of regulations, avd whatever is on the same subject. 36. Where and when one strikes a living person he vexes zm, and the living person he strikes vexes him when dead; 6ut he who strikes a dead person is vexed alive, and the dead person he strikes vexes 42m when dead; and whatever is on the same subject.

37. As to wood and useless pith (dil), that which is for keeping is as far as a dimension that is mentioned, and one, therefore, passes z¢ by not to burn ; concerning also that wood which is only for the blast of a furnace (gdrth zig&) as firewood, the burning and dimensions and blast of the furnace ave stated, and whatever is on the same subject. 38. About the sin through which a man attains from atonement to the sacred-twig ordeal (baresm6ék-varth), and from the sacred-twig ordeal to the heat ordeal

(garemék-varih) which 4as maintained the worthi- “ness of an assault that is an actual inexcusability (akArth)! to reasoning thought ; azd whatever is on the same subject.

to reasoning thought ; azd whatever is on the same subject.

39. About the excellence of physicians, ‘Lezr merit from doing good, and sin from not doing good; the quality that exists as regards medicines, seeking a physician for animals also, azd whatever is on the same subject. 40. About a horse, which is new to the saddle (kéfak), dezmg made tailless (kap&) and not feeding (akhav4n6), how 2z¢ is done, the sin owing to doing z¢ unlawfully and heedlessly, the

‘ It might be ‘inevitability,’ but this would render the ordeal unnecessary.

CHAPTER XIX, 35-46. 49

wound and damage ¢ha? arise from it, and whatever is on the same subject.

41. About several persons, when anything that is imperfect, ov even not imperfect, as a weapon is convenient to them, and a wound occurs, and 7¢ is not evident which, ov who, threw the weapon, it is not necessary to know z¢s imperfection or lack of imperfection! ; avd whatever is on the same subject. 42. About the three modes for thrusting a weapon are these defaz/s, that is, so much of it when oe thrusts it on ground that is hard, or soft, or full of ruggednesses (@44rig4nak3) ; when one shall bear it up aloft, and the amount of the height ; ad when one impels it again with a sweep, or as to draw up its centre at the time of a sweep; avd whatever is on the same subject. 43. About an assault and the most hurtful occasion when, for the same reason, they would celebrate a religious rite; the retribution on the spot, avd the sentence upon the fourth occasion?

44. About incarcerating (handerét6) in a frightful and inaccessible (avidarg) place, and among noxious creatures ; the quantity of noxious creatures, and whatever is on the same subject. 45. About grasping the tail of an ox, or a horse, on which another sits, to hold #¢ back, and whatever is on the same subject. 46. About threatening danger,

1 The fact of the wound being sufficient to prove the unlawfulness of using the weapon.

* According to Vend. IV, 35, if a man wounds another so that the blood comes, and does this for the four/h time, he becomes an outcast and receives the maximum punishment, Also, when a person walks without the sacred girdle or shirt (Vend. XVIII, 59), it is at the fourth step that the demons possess him.

[37] Ep. 50 wizard’s spells?, and whatever is on the same subject.

XVIII, 59), it is at the fourth step that the demons possess him.

[37] Ep. 50 wizard’s spells?, and whatever is on the same subject.

• 47. About plaints as to the value of a lamb?, or a sheep’, or a beast of durden (stér), or a human being (virék)‘; either when the plaintiffs are one, or two, or three, or four, or many; how one has to summon the defendant, and how much time ¢fere is.
• 48. About when the controversy (han-béshinth) is as to theft (dQg6), and the confession as to plunder (avor); or the controversy is as to plunder, azd the confession as to theft; and when the controversy is as to injuring the existence’, azd the confession as to minor injury; or the controversy is as to minor injury, and the confession as to injuring the existence; azd when the controversy is as to theft and plunder, avd the confession as to injuring the existence avd minor injury; or the controversy is as to injuring the existence avd minor injury, and the confession as to theft amd plunder. 49. And when the controversy is about so much, azd the confession about so much ofa different kind; when the controversy is about so much, and the confession about more of a different kind; when the controversy is about so much, azd the confession about less ofa different kind; when the controversy is about so much, avd the confession as to more of the same kind ; and whatever is on the same subject.

1 See Chap. XVII, 6.

® Pahl. Av. asperen6 (=Pahl. anasp6rfk) ‘imperfect, immature ;’ an epithet for a lamb or kid.

5 Pahl. anfiiméyé (Av. anumaya), probably ‘bleater,’ an epithet for a sheep or goat.

* These four grades of value are mentioned in Vend. IV, 48.

5 See § 1.

CHAPTER XIX, 47-56. 51

50. About the sin of unfriendliness ofa master towards a disciple, avd whatever is on the same subject. 51. About taking a thief of any one’s goods (aistg4n6), conducting 42m to the judges, azd whatever is on the same subject. 52. This, too, that when affliction has come upon a good man, the effort of every one, for removing that affliction, should continue just as though it happened to himself. 53. And when a good maz is beaten through malice, the effort of every one, in demanding compensation for him from the smiter, should continue just as though it happened to himself. 54. And this, too, that, when there is no danger for one, the power of affording assistance is thus assistance of the innocent ; a#d, as to the property which may be carried away from him, and of which they shall make no restitution, after as much as a HAsar? the carrier of becomes guilty and liable to penalty.

• 55. About the distinction of indigenous and foreign (air va-an-atr) thieves as to cold and the clothing given, and as to sickness avd undergoing remedies.
• 56. About the hands of a foreigner decmg unfettered for no other reason but care of water and fire, to

• 55. About the distinction of indigenous and foreign (air va-an-atr) thieves as to cold and the clothing given, and as to sickness avd undergoing remedies.
• 56. About the hands of a foreigner decmg unfettered for no other reason but care of water and fire, to

* A Hasar (Av. hathra) is a measure of distance, as well as of time. This is stated in Farh. Oim, pp. 41, 1. 11-42, 1. 3, thus :-— ‘Of the Hasar there are also several kinds that express measurement. A medium Hasar on the ground, which they call also a Parasang, is a thousand steps of two feet which have to walk. With the lapse of time of a medium Hfsar the day and night are computed.’ Again, p. 43, Il. 1-3 state that ‘of twelve HAsars is the longest day; that day and night in which is the longest day are twelve of the longest HAsars, eighteen of the medium, and twentyfour of the least.’ From this it appears that an average Hsar of distance is a thousand paces, or Roman mile; and an average Hasar of time is one hour and twenty minutes.

E 2

p. 52

preserve them from blood, filth, and injury (4sip6). 57. About the sin of not restraining him who is the first assailant of two combatants, as soon as his attack is seen. 58. About teaching the peace of renunciation of si#, the bond of worthiness of him of great power even when proffering union in renunciation w7/h him of little power, and whatever is on the same subject.

• 59. On the nature of responding about the keeping away from one worthy of death which arises through great judiciousness, the reason of keeping, how to keep, avd whatever is on the same subject.
• 60. And on the nature of responding when they ask in malice about a righteous man, when one knows zs whereabouts, and when ome does not know.
• 61. About how one is to give a weapon to generals (hén-gé-pad@4n6) and august frontier governors.

62. About authorisedly shooting an arrow at one worthy of death, which is given again for killing Aim to any one unto whom the ferson worthy of death is consigned axd becomes supplicating (lanak6) and goes to the middle of the distance, and they shall afford him assistance and enervate Aim for tt, when, through the three words! which he utters, they do not deliver 42m up again. 63. About one worthy of death who is preserved with great judiciousness when the evidence, which they give before that about him, is through another one worthy of death, avd whatever is on the same subject. 64. About evidence as to witchcraft and destroying a righteous am, that is, in what propor-

* Possibly himat, hfikht, hfvarst, ‘good thoughts, good words, and good deeds,’ which would be accepted as a sign of repentance,

CHAPTER XIX, 57-XX, 5. 53

tion it is certain or doubtful. 65. About causing the execution of ome worthy of death for entertaining fondness for witchcraft and laughing at witchcraft, and whatever is on the same subject.

CuaPTeR XX.

Nikédim Nask.

p. 53

tion it is certain or doubtful. 65. About causing the execution of ome worthy of death for entertaining fondness for witchcraft and laughing at witchcraft, and whatever is on the same subject.

CuaPTeR XX.

Nikédim Nask.

• 1. Jn the fifth section are twenty-four particulars! about the standing up and going forth of a man with a weapon and angry thoughts towards another man; and also when he takes a beast of burden, saddles 2¢, and sits upon 2¢, takes the rein? (ayékham) in hand and walks away; this, too, that, when he arrives there, he smites that maz, or some one else; and whatever is on the same subject. 2. About what onze has to do when the conversation of two men is of the destruction of a righteous man, of highway robbery, and of the cursing owing thereto ; and whatever is on the same subject. 3. About what one has to do when, of two men who are on the same road, one slays a righteous man; and adout the other when ez zs fearless, and when he zs fearful.
• 4. About preserving ove worthy of death when it is requisite for medical purposes (bezashkth), though the plaintiff is of a different opinion; and whatever is on the same subject.

5. About the needlessness of plaintiffs axa defendants speaking as to the substance (min tand) of

1 It is not clear whether these twenty-four particulars are to be sought in the details of § 1, or in the whole chapter, or some portion of it.

* Merely a guess.

p. 54

the law, when the witness and judge is the supreme priest ; the confidence which they may place z7 the decision of the supreme priest, due to his own knowledge and evidence, when, moreover, they have not to atone in the body; azd the want of confidence z another judge when, moreover, ¢hey have to atone in the body, azd the needfulness of plaintiffs and defendants speaking on the substance (va/ tan) of the law, even when the judge is aware of the law. 6. About unauthorised combatants, become mutually sinful, when, to dissipate (stkhtand) a wound of the one, 4e would make the other one worthy of death. 7. About supplies (pishén)? in travelling together, and their renewal ; axd whatever is on the same subject.

• 8. About inflicting penalties dy magistrates, the assistance of the unmagisterial gzvex to magistrates, the assistance of the magistrates, avd the exemption of these /atter from atonement to those former; likewise about conversation as to an assault, and whatever is on the same subject. 9. About the evasion of penalty dy men at the ¢zme when a sin may be committed, and the arrest. of ¢hezy nearest relations de¢zg important, in whatever measure implicated therein and impossible to consider innocent ; how to confine and make them really coerced to seek a remedy, and whatever is on the same subject.
• 10. About the powerfulness which comforts in sin where ¢ere is any special worthiness, and the reason

10. About the powerfulness which comforts in sin where ¢ere is any special worthiness, and the reason

1 Compare Pers. bising, Av. fshaoni. In some cases it might perhaps be read pikhvé, and be traced to Av. pithwa. The word often occurs, as in § 11, Chaps. XXIII, 3, 15, XXVI, 10, XXVII, 4,6, XXXI, 25, 36, XXXVII, 5, 7, 22, XLI, 19, 23, XLIII, ro, and its meaning, ‘provision, or nourishment,’ is well ascertained.

CHAPTER XX, 6-13. 55

of any worthiness ; the want of power where ¢here is special unworthiness, and the reason of any unworthiness ; the production of the good works of one towards another of the powerful, avd of the sin of one of those lacking power ; avd whatever is on the same subject.

11. About the plaint which ove has to argue, and for the defendant to dispute; the time for making the statement (g6b6) when the defendant does not come, or comes not to conduct the business; the several peculiarities of plaintiff and defendant, the time for conducting dezzg on the day before yesterday, the firm oe and the powerless, the incrimination therein, the death-blow on the exhaustion of the possessions of the plaintiff, and provisions for conducting the legal proceedings; a privileged wife! shall be capable of making a plaint for er husband, and of informing the husband of the plaint; when her property is anything whatever, and nothing is manifest as to that wealth, she is to be admitted for evidence ; and whatever is on the same subject.

12. About the ordeal of those who have atoned, of those undergoing the sacred-twig ordeal, and of those undergoing the heat ordeal, who are pure; the freedom from falsehood of which, each separately, which they, every one of them, request when the ordeal is not that for their own station, but that for the station of others; and whatever is on the same subject. 13. About the object of any evidence, and, on account of the reason of z¢s propriety, the impropriety of any one Jeng without evidence ; ava what-

1 One married to her husband with the parents’ consent, and never betrothed to another, so that she and her children belong to him in both worlds (see Bd. XXXII, 6 n).

p. 56

XXXII, 6 n).

p. 56

ever is on the same subject. 14. About the reality of a statement due to an ordeal, and so many having gone to the ordeal place for the sake of watching the first-comer and after-comer; the time of performance, the statement, the ceremonial and the invulnerableness due to it; the kinds of incrimination, how to protect the limbs by which the ordeal is accomplished, ad each one of the formulas (ntrang) of protection; the superintendence for observing the ceremonial, avd the decision about the acquitted or convicted ove. 15. This, too, that is, whose going to the ordeal place is first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth ; and dy whom is the command to be given. 16. About the business of the ordeal attendants (var afistig4n6). 17. About incrimination through confession, or some other reason, the reliance restored thereby, azd whatever is on the same subject. 18. About a thief destroying life and escaping, the suspicion owing thereto, about any one, as to assisting the thief, avd whatever is on the same subject. 19. About ¢heve being no ordeal for those confessing, azd so also as regards those of good repute; accusation as to the existence of a limit 40 the good repute, even that which is for the extent of a Ydgydst, a Dashmest, an Agoyédst, a Taéar, and a HAsar? a¢ the least.

1 The relative lengths of these five measures of distance are stated in Farh. Ofm, p. 41, ll. 911, as follows:—‘So much as two Dashmést (Av. dakhshmaiti) is as much as a Ygyast (Av. yugyasti); so much as two Agoyéhast is'as much as a Dashmést; so much as two Taéar is as much as an Agoydhast; and so much as two Hasar (Av. hathra) is as much as a Taéar (Av. takara).’ As the average Hasar is a Roman mile (see Chap. XIX, 54 n), the Takar (‘run?’) is two, the Agoyést or Agoydéhast (‘cattle-run?’

/

~. - CHAPTER XX, 14-26, -——— 57

• 20. About litigation as to a costly article, when a witness of z/s possession by the one party is combined with non-possession by the other one with no witness, or wth zts possession by the other one with a single witness; or the witness of one is with the sacred beings, and zts possession by the other one is likewise not manifest; when both farvtzes are related (khidyahtk), or both are unrelated (anazdthtk) ; and what kind of possession they say is most real.
• 21. About annulling the decision of a judge, and the time z¢ is done at the court of a chief judge, and also owing to an ordeal for certainty; and whatever is on the same subject. 22. About the litigation of three persons as to property z¢ is declared, so much is given to one om the day Athavymazd to the day Vohtiman', to another one on the day Ardavahist, and possession is not made over to the third one at all.

22. About the litigation of three persons as to property z¢ is declared, so much is given to one om the day Athavymazd to the day Vohtiman', to another one on the day Ardavahist, and possession is not made over to the third one at all.

• 23. About selling property which is not one’s own, and whatever is on the same subject. 24. About controversy as to anything which ought not to occur.
• 25. About any essential dispute ¢#a¢ any one has, when agreeing thus: ‘I do not have it as my own, but owing to the other person ;’ and whatever is on the same subject. 26. About the litigation of an Iranian with a foreigner, oy with foreigners, of a

Av. gaoyaoiti?) is four, the Dashmést (‘ distance-mark ?’) is eight, and the Yigy4st (‘stage?’) is sixteen miles. This series of distances is analogous to the Sanskrit series, but more elaborate ; the Hasar is best compared with the Krosa as the commonest unit of moderate distance, though less than half its usual length; the Agoyést is nearly the same as the Gavyfita; and the Yfgydst is analogous to the Yogana, though nearly double its length.

1 That is, on the first or second day of the Parsi month; and to the other on the third day.

p. 58

foreigner with an Iranian, ov a slave with a man of the country, as to a costly article; avd whatever is on the same subject. 27. About a much-clamouring plaintiff Aavzng summoned defendants to the judges regarding a decision, and about the perverted wordiness and mixed verbiage in the legal proceedings ; and whatever is on the same subject.

• 28. About the time for a high-priest of property and possessions, what is the specific necessity for a high-priest, and whatever is on the same subject.
• 29. About the fitness of a woman for evidence and judgeship when guardian over herself, avd the unfitness of a privileged wzfe! who is a foreigner and worthy of death for only a single offence, even with the authority of er husband; and whatever is on the same subject. 30. About the owner of a pledge not depositing the pledge beforehand, and whatever is on the same subject. 31. About giving up the property of partners, amd whatever is on the same subject. 32. About the property that any one possesses, and is without any witness as to his owner-

-ship and possession of z¢. 33. About the ordeal of excessive eating (p4drd-khfrdné) for escaping distress (mast-kar zth) dy plaintiffs and defendants before driving each other into legal proceedings, and whatever is on the same subject.

34. About the legal proceedings as to a female? they steal from some one, and she becomes a suppliant of a thief; some one takes er by sequestration (Aadidakth)3, and they steal Zev also from him ;

1 See §11n. * A slave no doubt.
* This is the technical term for legal seizure, or sequestration
(see Chap. XXXIX).

CHAPTER XX, 27-43. 59

they steal from some one, and she becomes a suppliant of a thief; some one takes er by sequestration (Aadidakth)3, and they steal Zev also from him ;

1 See §11n. * A slave no doubt.
* This is the technical term for legal seizure, or sequestration
(see Chap. XXXIX).

CHAPTER XX, 27-43. 59

the original Aossessor (bin) sees his own, not knowing she zs back alive, when they become disputing about her; azd whatever is on the same subject. 35. About property which is in the possession of any one, when some one gives z¢ up to some one else in his sight, azd he does not dispute z¢, 36. About a master teaching a disciple not to go back to legal proceedings, and whatever is on the same subject. 37. About controversy, with any one, as to special property in righteous gifts, avd whatever is on the same subject.

38. About legal proceedings in which one accomplishes an ordeal three times, and it comes of in one way; and whatever is on the same subject. 39. About the existence of the many kinds of speaking with wizard’s spells', amd those with threats of danger; and about the usage in witchcraft as to the moderate and justifiable production of mutual afflictiveness thereby. 40. About which is the ordeal for one worthy of death, the greatness and littleness of an ordeal, and also this, that is, which are the blessed among twenty of those undergoing ordeals. 41. About the proportion of firewood, and from which tree it ought 4o 4¢ good; and again, too, the several appliances and formulas that are necessary in accomplishing the ordeal. 42. And this, too, that when the man is aware of his own truth, even though se be aware of zt, the fire speaks in the words of men thus: ‘Walk not on to me! for I chastise during one’s progress.’ 43. About ome still mediating in legal proceedings as to a thief who fas acted faithfully about quitting confinement and fetters to

1 See Chap. XVII, 6.

p. 60

cause a ceremonial!, azd whatever is on the same subject.

• 44. About the wealth of a priest who is not keeping his property in edifices (aQzdesikth) or domains (mat&), d¢¢ goes on with 42s occupation ; and when he passes away, to whom axd how 2z¢ has to come.
• 45. About litigation as to property from the residuary wealth of fathers, about keeping z# together (v4ham-d4r), and whatever is on the same subject.

45. About litigation as to property from the residuary wealth of fathers, about keeping z# together (v4ham-d4r), and whatever is on the same subject.

46. About the amount of retribution, 27 confinement, fettering, and punishment, for a lamb?, a sheep, ov a beast of burden, which is stolen; and whatever is on the same subject. 47. About a defendant regarding whom three plaintiffs complain, all . three as comrades, one as to a lamb, one as fo a sheep, and one as to a beast of burden ; and whose answer is first given. 48. About the litigation of three persons as to a costly article which remains apart from thent, he who deposited it deng a strong person, azd the ownership of not even one of them beng certain. 49. About the coming of retribution to three persons who, all three as comrades, have stolen a lamb from one, a sheep from another one, and a beast of durden from a third one.

50. About the reason of the justifiableness, and that also of the unjustifiableness, of confining a fellow-countryman for his own theft, azd whatever is on the same subject. 51. Aboat the extent of continuance in hearing a defendant, and this, too, as éo a plaintiff ; a/so about the time appointed for speaking, and its extent. 52. And about this,

? Or it may be ‘to provide supplies.’ * See Chap. XIX, 47.

CHAPTER XX, 44-60. 61

namely, when any one has made an accusation about any other, and goes back at the time appointed, and’, before a reply is given, he shall make out another accusation about the same man, to which of the two accusations a reply is to be first given. 53. About the reason of the hardship of legal proceedings ; about what man z¢ zs whose statement is second, third, fourth, avd last in conducting legal proceedings; and about the twenty-two stratagems in conducting legal proceedings.

54. About the cancelling (pAdy4rAnth) of an ordeal, even that which is accomplished with three selected witnesses. 55. About the season of the hot ordeal, and also that of the cold; azd whatever is on the same subject. 56. About one, in a procedure, demanding an ordeal, ¢he other one having appointed the time for the supreme priest, amd whatever is on the same subject. 57. About the benediction of the supreme priest on making, oy changing, a decision ; also this, namely, which are the blessings for changing, through ¢hey nature, a decision which is made.

58. About evidence of walking upon a water-skin (khik) and putting something inside zt, of assault and wounds, of wealth which they squander (nikizend) and a righteous gift, 9f a damaged and sequestrated thing ; and of rubbing up (padd-m4lisnd) and buying z¢ strengthened’, and a¢a price, 59. On litigation about the ownership of a wife, cattle, trees, and land; and whatever is on the same subject. 60. About the certainty of the statement of several leaders of an affair, as to that on which their affair

1 Paz. adganghen for Av, aoganghem=aoganghem (see also Chap. XLI, 17, 18).

p. 62

60. About the certainty of the statement of several leaders of an affair, as to that on which their affair

1 Paz. adganghen for Av, aoganghem=aoganghem (see also Chap. XLI, 17, 18).

p. 62

depends, and of the supreme priest, or three witnesses, in every legal proceeding. 61. About incrimination (afrikhtakth) of several kinds as to statements in legal proceedings, amd whatever is on the same subject. 62. About the modes of action for eradicating the deceptions (frév64n6-fitar) of apostates, avd whatever is on the same subject.

63. About cases where the virtuousness of the thoughts, words, azd deeds of mankind is all derzved from the virtuousness of the beneficent spirit, and mankind themselves shall render z¢ their own, and, in that way, z¢s reward reaches them; and thar viciousness is all derzved from the viciousness of the evil spirit, az@ mankind themselves shall render 2¢ their own, and, in that way, zs bridge penalty! reaches them.

64. About the injuriousness due to unrenounced sinfulness, that is, what is injured by the first, second, third, fourth, ov fifth unrenounced Aredds sin*, 65. About where and which is the speaking with threats of danger *, and which is the taking up of a weapon (4géreptd), not the turning z¢ down, that becomes a Tandpdhar sew‘; also the sin which is owing to such sin.

1 The decision announced at the Kinvad bridge (see Chap. XIV, 8), as to the fate of the soul until the renovation of the universe, after the account of its good works and sins has been accurately balanced.

? Farh. Ofm, p. 36, Il. 6, 7, has ‘when through sinfulness one lays a weapon upon a sinner, the name is Aredfs.’

5 See Chaps. XVII, 6, XIX, 1.

* Whereby a person becomes an outcast and worthy of death. According to Vend. IV, 67-72, 75-78, 81-84, this occurs on the eighth committal of an Agéreptd, on the seventh of an Av6jristd, and on the sixth of an Ared@s; or on the first committal of any of the three, if the criminal refuses to atone for it.

CHAPTER XX, 61-73. 63

66. About ¢he case where one has to atone, and who does zit; he who undergoes the sacred-twig ordeal #as atoned best ; and which is the least heat ordeal. 67. About two men faving seized property together, and Aavzng together, at the time, demanded a judge and ordeal about it; and when one seizes the property some time earlier, and the other one demands the judge and ordeal earlier ; and whatever is on the same subject. 68. About some one carrying of the property of a person from the custody of another person in sight of the same, and he who kept it before. is, within a Hasar’, a witness before the judge as to z¢s custody or possession ; and also when the witness of it has not come within the Hasar; and whatever is on the same subject.

is, within a Hasar’, a witness before the judge as to z¢s custody or possession ; and also when the witness of it has not come within the Hasar; and whatever is on the same subject.

69. About cases where the decision of the judge is to be made from the Avesta and Zand 2, or from the common consent of the good *, azd whatever is on the same subject. 70. About the justifiable selling of a man, a sheep, or a beast of burden, as free from defect when its defect is not obvious; also about the symptoms of their defects. 71. About the case where and how far a decision, about which one is in dispute, is a solitary statement, ov more.

72. About the object of the appointment of a judge, the eminence of an appointed judge, and whatever is on the same subject. 73. About the reasonableness of the severity and want of severity

1 Eighty minutes on the average (see Chap. XIX, 54 n), but veying from one hour to two, according to the duration of dayight.

* That is, from the scriptural law and its commentary.

* That is, according to precedents recorded by the priesthood.

p. 64

of judges. 74. And this, too, that the judgeship is to be given to him wo is acquainted with the law (4k4s-d4@)'; and the object of acquaintance with the law. 75. About the case where there are a supreme judge of the law, a plaint, a defence, an arrangement of legal proceedings, avd an award; and through what sin it becomes injustice. 76. And this, too, that the justice of him who may therein commit falsehood, as regards so many essential decisions, is injustice.

• 77. About the many who may seize wealth, which is the property of some one, with their own hands ; and, when they litigate about it, he says z¢ zs his own property, whereby ¢hey are convicted. 78. About incrimination of five kinds as to whatever property is on the spot, ov at a distance (pavan hasar) ; and whatever is on the same subject. 79. About putting apart, keeping apart *, and two apart before Jeng put away; also about litigation as to keeping apart, azd whatever is on the same subject.
• 80. And when some one as to deliver property which is a person’s own to some one else, in the

! This term is explained in an extract from some Nask (compare Chap. XLIII, 9) quoted in Farh. Oim, pp. 17, 1. 9-18, 1. 5, as follows :—‘ Av. k6 asti dkaésh6 vivisd4t6, which is the judge who is acquainted with the law? Av. y6 a€ta pairi arethra frazanaiti, Ae who thoroughly understands the adjudication from the statements [even ‘though he does not easily understand many of the statements, and though z# de not easy as regards the statements which are not numerous, is an official who is acquainted with the law (kard&r-t 4k4s-d4d); and he who does not thoroughly understand the adjudication from the statements, even though the statements are not numerous, and 7¢ de not easy for him as regards them, is to be still considered as unacquainted with the law (anakas-dad)].’

* Compare § 115.

CHAPTER Xx, 74-88. 65

CHAPTER Xx, 74-88. 65

sight of him whose own 2z¢ zs, and he who is seizing upon z¢ disputes about 7¢ as his own property; and whatever is on the same subject.

81. About disputing the debts of fathers when one of ¢hey associates is confessing them, and the rest have come, and it is possible for them to dispute them, but they do not dispute. 82. Amd about the progress of a dispute of one of the associates as to the whole debt of one’s fathers, 83. About the possibility of children de¢mg worthy of death, for wizard’s spells, when with their guardian; and of a woman éeng so when guardian of herself. 84. About @ case where the amount of a lamb (mfdat-t asferen6) is the lowest, and the amount of a human being (virék mozd) is the highest'. 85. About theft and plunder as regards one’s own property, when one brings z¢ away from the possession of some one without dispute. 86. About the triumph of him who, falsely investigating, may act judicially by illegally-issued incentives, when he institutes legal proceedings for the sake of appearances ?; as distingutshed from him who is truly seeking and truly investigating.

87. About the statements of a litigation of man and wife, which is justifiably brought on*, 88. And also this, namely, when she sees herself injured, or defence is possible by means of that which

? The minimum and maximum grades of value mentioned in Chap. XIX, 47. Here it is evident that mfdat and mozd are synonyms, the former being, no doubt, the Zvaris, or Semitic, equivalent of the latter, compare Chald. 77D,

* Pahl. khakdnthé, literally ‘through making a dust.’

* Or it may be ‘of a man aad a woman who is domineeringly plundered.’

(37] F

p. 66

77D,

* Pahl. khakdnthé, literally ‘through making a dust.’

* Or it may be ‘of a man aad a woman who is domineeringly plundered.’

(37] Fp. 66 is discharged by two fingers ', z¢ is justifiable when they shall institute no litigation but seizing. 89. About the person who has become privileged to give away a daughter to a husband, 4er father having passed away. go. About the sin of making a damsel (kanitk) weary of ery husband. 91. About the sin as regards property in this action, either produced where the action for this purpose is really devoid of illiberality (adahisnth), or to commit in order that they shall give me a wife even when they do not give her on that account. 92. About the sin of giving a girl (kanik) for a girl, or other living thing, or of speaking thus : ‘ Do thou go in unto my sister, ov daughter, while I, too, wz// go in unto thine.’ 93. And the sin as regards the person of my wife, too, which is owing to that sin. 94. About one obtaining back the value which he gives away for a girl, when the girl is not that value in wedlock. 95. About a girl who, after fifteen years of age, is not given to a husband; and her father, to satisfy her menstrual excitement (dashtan-méyah vigardan5), and to sustain it, becomes sinful azd harbours a paramour ; axd whatever is on the same subject. 96. About having given food, and anything except a wife, to any one who praises the Mazda-worshippers’ religion of another, even though 2¢ ée through fear ; also this, that ¢¢ ¢s only 4e, when he has thereby become quite of the same tenets with the religion of the Mazda-worshippers, to whom the gift of a wife worthy of a man (vir masA!) is then to be pre-

1 That is, in some very easy way. The intention was probably to discourage petty disputes between man and wife, by not interfering with the stronger party when aggrieved.

CHAPTER XX, 89-105. 67

sented. 97. About committing the sin of giving no food!, which is ome of those worthy of death. 98. About the duty imposed of chastising a wizard for the Tanapthar sén? of assisting a demon ’, so that one’s duty is manifold, and to be accomplished during several years.

99. About the day and night which are longest, medium, and shortest; that is, how many HAsars‘ they are, each separately; and, as ¢o their occurrence, in what control is the appointed ¢z7e which is really theirs, each one,as to period. 100. About the Parasang ® which is the longest, medium, and shortest ; and whatever is owing to ¢hezr subdivision.

100. About the Parasang ® which is the longest, medium, and shortest ; and whatever is owing to ¢hezr subdivision.

101. About the work and fodder (vAs4n)® of an injured beast of durden, by day and night. 102. About a sheep which kills a person, and whether its owner 4e innocent, or sinful, through not putting a tether (band) upon z¢; and the reason of the sinfulness and innocence therein. 103. About the period that extends from certainty to dubiousness, even though z¢ de for the supreme priest, or one provides three witnesses; and how long it is. 104. About the multitude of witnesses who give no evidence, together with the judge who zs unjustly deciding.

105. About the injuriousness (@z4rtkth), for the

' See Chap. XVII, 6. 2 See § 65.

* Reading dév-vigin which is miswritten bye iw:

“ See Chap. XIX, 54 n.

5 A distance of four Hasars (Bd. XVI, 7), or as far as a far-seeing man can distinguish a black ox from a white one (Bd. XXVI, 2). It is usually from 3% to 4 English miles, but in Pahlavi texts it often stands for a HAsar, or Roman mile, both being measures for long distances.

* Or ‘rations’ (vayag4n).

F?

p. 68

priestly authorities, of anything ¢ha¢ is given to the unworthy. 106. About what: kind of gift, that is given, was accepted; that is, how, when given by one when another claims 2¢, it returns to him; how, and in what proportion, when ¢he other does not claim 2¢, its expediency does not arise ; and whatever is on the same subject. 107. About @ case where there is property of several kinds which a man has given away as a righteous gift, amd zt is allowable. 108. About ¢he case where whatever is given and reaches some one, when he gives it and does not say how z¢ was given, it becomes a righteous gift. 109. And about z¢s not Aaving become a gift, through fear of whatever is its danger.

110, About the theft and extortion of him who does not maintain the wives and children of persons in Azs control, to preserve and nourish ¢hem, through fear. 111. About the allotment of punishment for the limbs of sinners, azd upon which limbs is the allotment, 112. About the atonement for sin where z¢ zs most irksome. 113. About the amount of retribution for an assault (zatam) which may be committed upon ove worthy of death who is preserved through great judiciousness.

114. About Adhaymazd having given all prosperity to Zaratist and the disciples of Zaratist ; the theft and extortion which have arisen zz a man when he has not given to a worthy ferson any of the prosperity that has befallen him; and whatever is on the same subject. 115. About how an animate being is situated who is in @ place apart (aham), and when he dies in innocence and keeping apart’, his

1 Compare § 79.

CHAPTER XX, 106-122. 69

115. About how an animate being is situated who is in @ place apart (aham), and when he dies in innocence and keeping apart’, his

1 Compare § 79.

CHAPTER XX, 106-122. 69

wound deg also through duty; and whatever is on the same subject. 116. About the advantage and pleasure of keeping a promise (mitvo-d4rth), and the gravity, harm, and vexation owing to various degrees of promise-breaking (mityék-drdgth) ; also how a promise is kept. 117. About the grievous sinfulness of strife, insincerity (av4khth), and slander, and the harm that proceeds therefrom; a/so the frost (pazd) and punishment provided for them’, and whatever is on the same subject.

• 118. About having given frontier people? as hostages (garéb8) to foreigners who have demanded a ransom (navisnd). 119. About taking up (lala gérefstand) anything whatever that is precious to a foreigner, and has become of exceeding value, when they give z¢ up as a ransom? ¢o Iran; the extreme value of a youth (tigil) when they shall carry im off as a hostage from the foreigners, in place of ransom; and how they are to keep both.
• 120. About the grievous sinfulness of a man stealing back Azs ransom from foreigners, though z¢ ée his own son. 121. About the sinfulness of the governor (savd4r) of a province through amy harm that occurs in the province owing to his elevation and evil commands.

122. About the existence of so many thieves assisting a thief with special ransom, avd what kind of reward (navisnd) one is to use with thieves, to

1,In hell (compare AV. XL, 7).

* Pahl. mar’sAn4n, which might be supposed to be a defective writing of margar’g4n4n, ‘those worthy of death’ (the two letters equivalent to rga being omitted), but see Chap. XXI, 13.

* The MS. pak is evidently a defective writing for nav4k which is written correctly in the next clause of this section.

p. 70

deceive with great judiciousness, 123. About attaching to the neck of a thief the ¢#eng which was stolen by him, for his personal identification, and conducting 472m to the judges. 124. About the nonatonement of thieves, by any amount of anything whatever, without confession as regards their own sin. 125. About the assistance 40 possession which is claimed by any one from the authorities (pad4n), when his property is stolen or extorted.

124. About the nonatonement of thieves, by any amount of anything whatever, without confession as regards their own sin. 125. About the assistance 40 possession which is claimed by any one from the authorities (pad4n), when his property is stolen or extorted.

126. About the grievous sinfulness and deceitfulness of many kinds which occur when a woman who is given away with er concurrence, and her acceptance is announced, is given to another man; and whatever is on the same subject. 127. About the unjustifiableness of the wisdom of a man, through which he took away property in dispute, from him who was ignorant, before there was certainty about tt, 128. About making intercession in a dispute, for him who is ignorant, wetk the judge and other authorities and chiefs, even including the king of kings, when there is no intercessor for him. 129. About the reason of the fitness of a man for sovereignty, and the lodgment of Adhaymazd upon the limited (tang) person of him who is a good ruler.

130. About the five special ordinances (dadistAn) that are certain; these are without ordeal, because they are to be considered as certain, and the penalties thereof are to be fully inflicted. 131. About investigation after confession. 132. About squandering (nikizand) wealth of which the custom (dastébar) of maintaining is begging for 24. 133. About the progress (sa#isn6) of legal proceedings not having

1 The Persian monarch.

CHAPTER XX, 123-143. 71

occurred, which is not demanded on account of the existence of want of power, avd the number of kinds of that want of power. 134. About a womgn without a guardian, when she takes a paramour, and whatever is on the same subject.

135. About bringing a written statement into judicial proceedings, awd whatever is on the same subject. 136. About the sin of frightening any one from his place, when he shall move on account of that fright, and the amount of movement.and harm which will come upon him therefrom. 137. The delivery back of that which is extorted from one's hands or keeping ; that is, how z¢ is to be considered as delivered.

138. About the obviousness of a minor adjudication from that which is greater. 139. About the extreme benefit aad peace, even in ¢kes world, through a wife and children ad grandchildren, and also the prosperity, as regards produce and even wealth thereby, taking away the disputes that arise. 140. About the grievous sinfulness of wealth acguzred through unnatural intercourse’, the annihilation of the spiritual faculties (matnég4n5). 141. About a decree in which the decision is of three descriptions, about three persons. 142. About a tree which, when stolen away, is the death-blow (mAt) of a hundred pure birds (vaé), and a thousand birds arise.

143. About a sin which, owing to deceiving previously, Aas to increase (fréz mastan6) z¢s extent, and to fully taste the extremest crime of a dagger

142. About a tree which, when stolen away, is the death-blow (mAt) of a hundred pure birds (vaé), and a thousand birds arise.

143. About a sin which, owing to deceiving previously, Aas to increase (fréz mastan6) z¢s extent, and to fully taste the extremest crime of a dagger

1 Vamkfinth, compare Pers. bdmfin. It cannot be ‘making loans, or money-lending,’ bécause that would be spelt ¢v4mkQnth. .

73 ' piNKARD, BOOK VIII

(dahrak®) of several of the smallest finger-’veadths.

• 144. About the sin of defiling four-footed females.
• 145. About keeping back one of the combatants from fighting, ad whatever is on the same subject.
• 146. About counter-assaults of eight kinds, assault when an infidel shall commit z¢ upon one of the good religion, and whatever is on the same subject. 147. About a counter-assault of a heretic (dds-dén6) when an arch-heretic (saritar-dén6) is slain.

148. About not leaving any property in the keeping of ome worthy of death. 149. About such numbers of abettors of sin de¢mg with the sinner, and whatever is on the same subjects. 150. About the injury of a plaint and defence, and the dwelling, property, and feast of the good, dy that person who extols the presidentship which is given him, dz¢ who is not fit for the presidentship. 151. About the sinfulness of a judge when he shall make a decision for any one according to his origin. 152. About the grievous sinfulness of delivering the person of an Iranian to a foreigner, avd whatever is on the same subject.

153. About the greatness of the gift of a righteous man, as compared with (min) the gift of another, for Rashnd}, the just, to proclaim among the creatures and to accept. 154. This, too, that, when they encounter an apostate and it is necessary to hold a controversy, though ¢here de danger for the hands or feet, ov though even for the head, there zs to be no refraining from asserting that which is true.

1 The angel of justice who weighs the good works of the departed soul against its sins, in order to decide its fate till the end of time.

CHAPTER XX, 144-162. 73

155- This, too, that he who does not assert, on account of fondness for wealth, or dislike for his own people, vexes water and fire and the righteous man, and disturbs even the reposing archangels from their thrones.

CHAPTER XX, 144-162. 73

155- This, too, that he who does not assert, on account of fondness for wealth, or dislike for his own people, vexes water and fire and the righteous man, and disturbs even the reposing archangels from their thrones.

156. About the grievous sinfulness of making the righteous dissevered (adskéftak6). 157. About the bad properties produced by the evil spirit, adjudication attentive to lying evidence and false, in opposition o Rashnd, the just, azd through discontent a the advantage due to Rashnd, owing to the impossibility of the occurrence of those mischiefs decng produced at Rashni’s judgment seat, there where they do not give decisions for the wretched for the sake of the aristocratic multitude (@z4d havandth rai). 158. And about the aristocratic multitude which comes fo Rashnf owing to taking bribes, and went with a complaint to Aihaymazd, and whatever is on the same subject. 159. About a just judge who is appointed one of an assembly for the opposition of thieves, oppressors, avd destroyers of the righteous.

160. About the possibility of the coming of every one, through diligence, to the best existence. 161. About the superiority (masth) of true justice over (min) other good works, and the grievous sinfulness owing to false justice, and when they shall not deliver a sentence with a full understanding of the true from the false.

162. About solemnizing azd learning by heart (narm kardan6d) the Gathas, the Hadokht', and

? Here written H4d6it6; the name of the twentieth Nask (see Chap. XLV).

p. 74

the Vastag!, through knowing the foundations (payak4n) thereof; the sin owing to not knowing them, and whatever proceeds therefrom. 163. About the greatness of the law through decrees and judgments from other discourses (sréb4n).

164. About property of seven kinds, of which one says that z¢ is not allowable to take z¢ as security for other property. 165. About ten friends with different assertions on the same subject.

166. And about the apportionment of this discourse ¢here are complete decisions of several other kinds, and into those, too, it advances and thereby introduces much adjudication which takes heed, in every one, of words and deeds of many kinds, and is specifically ad also intelligibly apportioned.

167. Perfect excellence is righteousness.

Cuaprer XXI.

1. The first of eighteen sections of the Ganabasar-nigad ? contains particulars about the thief, with his arrest as the special thief of that which is seized (tereftS) by him; the premeditated sin, the imprisonment and fettering, the punishment appointed for atonement of the sin, the execution of the duty,

1 The name of the eleventh Nask (see Chap. XII).