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Pahlavi Texts, Part IV: Contents of the Nasks — SBE Vol. 37 (trans. E. W. West, 1892)

English·1879–1910·trans. E. W. West·370 passages

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VOL. XXXVII

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PAHLAVI TEXTS

TRANSLATED BY

E. W. WEST

PART IV

CONTENTS OF THE NASKS

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AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

p. 1892

[AU rights reserved]

CONTENTS.

PAGE

INTRODUCTION . . Xxix
Abbreviations used in this volume . xilix
CONTENTS OF THE NASKS.
Dtnxarp, Boox VIII.

CHAP.

1. Classification, names, and divisions of the Nasks 3
2. SQdkar Nask 10
3. Varstmansar Nask 12
4. Bakd Nask 13
5. Damd&d Nask 13
6. Nadar Nask: only the Avesta extant 15 7

. Pagag Nask: meat-offering, preparations, and priests for season-festivals; (§ 10) periods of day and year, fravardikan days; gathering herbs, chastisement of sinners, 33 chieftainships, apostasy ; (§ 20) almsgiving, summer and winter, calamity of a century, months . .

8. Radé-did-aitag Nask . . . .

10.
II.

12.
13.

14.

15.

. Baris Nask: good and evil; advantages and disadvantages of the period

Kaskisr6b6 Nask

Vist&sp-s4st6 Nask : particulars about Kat-Vistasp, visit of the archangels to him, and his war with Arg4sp

Vastag Nask: not extant

Kitradid Nask: races and monarchs from Gayémard to Zaratfst; (§ 17) the Sasanians and some leaders of religion

Spend Nask: birth and life of Zarathst, his vision of the past, future, and other world ; (§ 12) his posthumous sons, the future apostles

Bak4n-yast Nask: worship of the sacred beings and duties of the worshippers . . . :

Feld
Bais we

20
23

p. 23

p. 25

p. 31

p. 34

vill CONTENTS.

CHAP,

16. Patk4r-radistan section of the Nikadim Nask: misery from sin and assault, kinds of assault and magisterial enquiry; (§ 13) Panichment without enquiry, counterassault. . . . : .

17. Zatamistén section of the same : assault and its consequences, begging and beneficence, perversion, using weapons; conflict through assault, tumult, false-teaching, starving, spells, and threats, by men, women, and children ; ill-treatment of slaves, compensation the only atonement, es ctimainl ie of fathers for crimes of children .

18. Réshistin section of the same : kinds of wounds, scourging, 76 members of the body, effects of assaults, modes of assaulting, description of a wound and the weapon, curing wounds . . .

19. Hamémilistan section of the same: various accusations, true and false, and retribution for the offences ; pollution, a young woman well taught, slander, care of a pregnant woman, a householder neglecting his family, opinions of quiet and unquiet people ; (§ 10) cowardice, impenitence, sin of priests, retribution, authority of priests, punishment of judges, illegal action of plaintiff, seizing purity of foreigners, those worthy of death, confession; (§ 21) assault with a weapon, curing a wounded person who afterwards dies, security taken from defendant, procrastination by plaintiff, mediation, assaults furious and harmless, punishment of a child for sin, interpretation, signs of approval by the dying ; (§ 31) undefined assault, killing a foreigner, great hinderers, indiscriminate assault, a frontier governor, striking the living and dead, timber and firewood, atonement and ordeals, physicians, mutilating a horse ; (§ 41) a wound as evidence of crime, modes of using a weapon, assault and retribution, incarceration, pulling a steed’s tail, threats and spells, various plaints and plaintiffs, pleadings inconsistent with accusations; (§ 50) master unfriendly to disciple, arresting and prosecuting a thief, the good to be treated like oneself, when carrying off property becomes theft, native and foreign thieves, why the foreigner is unfettered, assail-

PAGE

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p. 39

p. 41

CONTENTS.

CHAP.

ants to be restrained, renunciation of sin, avoiding one worthy of death; (§ 60) informing about a righteous man, giving weapons to generals and governors, execution and reprieve of one worthy of death, witchcraft

20. Fifth section of the same: an armed man riding to attack

CHAP.

20. Fifth section of the same: an armed man riding to attack another, overhearing talk of murder or robbery, how to act when a companion murders, saving one worthy of death for medical purposes, legal argument unnecessary only when the judge is a supreme priest, unauthorised combatants, travellers’ supplies, penalties ; (§ 10) power and good works of the worthy, weakness and sin of the unworthy, how to conduct legal proceedings, a wife can do so for her husband, particulars about ordeals, measures of distance; (§ 20) litigation as to a costly article, annulling decisions by appeal or ordeal, litigation of three claimants, selling another’s property, disputing, litigation of Iranians with foreigners or slaves, a noisy plaintiff, a high-priest, a wife unfit for evidence; (§ 30) a pledge, property of partners, or held without evidence of ownership, ordeal of excessive eating, dispute as to a stolen female, property of any one given by another to a third party without dispute, a master teaching his disciple not to litigate, dispute about alms, a successful triple ordeal, spells and threats; (§ 40) ordeals, a thief liberated to attend a ceremonial, a priest’s personal property and its inheritance, residuary wealth of fathers, penalty for stealing cattle, three plaintiffs, three claimants, and three thieves; (§ 50) imprisoning a native for theft; duration, order, hardship, and stratagems of legal proceedings ; ordeals, benedictions on decisions, evidence, ownership; (§ 60) certainty of statements, incrimination, treatment of apostates, origins of virtue and vice, harm of unatoned sin, Tan4pfhar sin, atonement and ordeal, witnessing a theft, decisions according to scripture or precedent ; (§ 70) when men and beasts can be sold with a warranty, an exceptional decision, appointment and qualification of judges, legal proceedings producing injustice, litigating thieves convicted, offences as to property, isolation; (§ 80) dispute about property resigned by a third party, disputing

PAGE

p. 43

CONTENTS.

CHAP.

fathers’ debts, when women and children can be condemned for spells, lowest and highest values, stealing one’s own property, false and true investigation, litigation of man and wife, who gives away the daughter of a dead father; (§ 90) estranging a wife from her husband, bartering girl for girl, consequent injury to one’s own wife, overpayment for wife recoverable, sin of keeping a marriageable daughter unmarried, a wife can be given only to a Masda-worshipper, mortal sin of giving no food, chastising a wizard, longest and shortest days and parasangs; (§ 101) work and food of an injured beast, manslaughter by a sheep, period from certainty to doubt, useless witnesses and unjust judges, harm of gifts to the unworthy, gifts and righteous gifts; (§ 110) crime of not maintaining families under one’s control, punishment and atonement for sin and assault, all prosperity given to Zarathst and his disciples, an isolated creature, keeping and breaking promises; sin and punishment of strife, insincerity, and slander; hostages and ransom; (§ 121)sin of a governor, ransom of thieves, stolen article tied to the thief’s neck, no atonement for theft without confession, stolen property to be recovered by authorities, sin of giving a woman to one when engaged to another, cheating an ignorant man, interceding for him, fitness for sovereignty; (§ 130) indisputable ordinances, enquiry after confession, squandering alms, delay of legal proceedings, a woman without a guardian, written statements in law, sin of frightening away, restoring what was extorted, minor decisions obvious from greater ones, benefit of a family; (§ 140) sin of wealth from unnatural intercourse, a decree of three kinds, a stolen tree, a sin aggravated by deceit, defilement, stopping a combat, counter-assaults, no property for one worthy of death, abettors of sin; (§ 150) harm of an incompetent president, sin of deciding by origin of claimant, sin of delivering an Iranian to a foreigner; gifts of the righteous, controversy with apostates, necessity for maintaining the truth, sin of occasioning schism, injustice produced by the evil spirit, complaint

PAGE

CONTENTS,

CHAP.

of aristocrats condemned for taking bribes, the just judge ; (§ 160) possibility of reaching heaven, true and false justice, learning the Gathas, Had6kht, and Vastag ; greatness of the law, kinds of property not to be taken as security, ten friends differing, and much other adjudication

21. First section of the Ganabé-sar-nigad Nask : the thief, his arrest, sin, punishment, and ransom, pinioning and fettering, imprisonment at expense of privileged accusers; kinds of theft, theft with plunder, injury, and in confederacy; shares in theft, assisting a thief, theft by women and children, property to be preserved from thieves; (§ 10) testimony of thieves, rewards, difference of theft and plunder, property to be restored to its owners, protectors of thieves .

22. Second section of the same is miscellaneous: authority

23.

24.

for enquiry into sin of a relative, teaching and sin of children, not killing in war, property of a slain soldier, weapons not for women, children, or foreigners; a woman’s treatment of two men, supplies found by a warrior, property inexpedient, delays of a judge; (§ 10) improper decisions, duties of judges; (§ 21) fitness of women and children for judgeship, aiding a disciple, supremacy of Rashnf, property in trust, consistency of actions, Congregational actions, misuse of the law

Pasfis-hafirvastin section of the same: selection and efficiency of the shepherd’s dog, preparations for him, his duties; (§ 12) characteristics of sheep, way to the village, when starved the dog may kill a sheep, stray sheep and dogs; treatment, punishment, instruction, and peculiarities of the dog

Stéristan section of the same: sin of injuring cattle, beasts, and sheep; branding, making a dog dumb, plucking birds, spoiling fish, beating cattle, leathern and woollen clothing, sin of burning it, good works lead to heaven, and sin to hell . . . .

. Argistén section of the same: value of property, animate and inanimate, and of preserving the righteous; damaging the sacred fire

PAGE

p. 53

p. 74

p. 81

p. 84

p. 86

xii

CONTENTS.

CHAR

26. Aratést&ristan section of the same: destroying wolves,

27.

two-legged and four-legged; supplies, equipments, and horses for warriors; training of horses, efficacy, of warriors, sin of a warriors village on account of a battle, armour, officers and troopers, number of troopers; (§ 10) supplies for two warriors, medicinal herbs and accoutrements, feeding warriors on day of battle, wealth of the enemy, friendship and devotion of warriors, the general and his strategy, requisite horses to be seized, sentinels; (§ 20) demonstrations, altercation with enemy, speech to troops, conciliating and encouraging them, religious rites before the battle, reserves who keep the stores and prisoners, refreshment and return of stores after the battle . miscellaneous section of the same: a warm bath, exertion of a horse, precautions with regard to fire when cooking and travelling, picketing a horse, food of men, fire, and cattle; hospitality, clothes, a streetkeeper; (§ 10) providing in summer for the winter, reaping, union for good purposes, produce of plants and animals, property of nobles and the multitude, envy among animals and people

28. Aérpatistfn section of the Hfsp4ram Nask: providing flr a priestly assembly, the priest and his disciple, district priest to be appointed, five dispositions of priests, enquiry into concealed parentage of a priest, his accountability for sin, worry in forming a priestly assembiy, relative superiority of priests -

29. Nirangistén section of the same: ritual and priests for

Nirangistén section of the same: ritual and priests for the ceremohial, the sacred cake, abstaining from wine, recitation of Avesta, the ceremonial when the priest is a Tanapohar sinner, priestship of a woman or child, he who is cursed, season-festivals and periods of the day ; (§ 11) sacrifice of a sheep, stations of the priests, the perfect ceremonial, sacred shirt and girdle, sacred twigs, firewood, ceremonials of various grades, celebrations of the ceremonies; (§ 21) cleanliness of the celebrator, place, and apparatus; ceremony of the waters, and other particulars; families of ZaratQst, Hvév, and Vistasp . . . . : : . .

PAGR

p. 86

go g2

p. 94

CONTENTS.

Xili

CHAP,

30. Géhartkistan section of the same: superiority; selling property of another, cattle, slaves, and without warranty; (§ 9) houses and clothing used during contagious sickness, fatal or otherwise, family alliance with foreigners, sheep of good breed .

31. A miscellaneous section of the same: stealing, religious instruction, oppression and deceit, reducing liberality, limit of a wife’s liberality, a bride going to her husband’s house, quarrels in wedlock, menstruation, foreigners seeking wives; (§ 9) birth and care of a son, injurious things that must be kept, those who must not punish, rejoicing and gifts at a birth, naming the child, breeding sheep and dogs; (§ 20) fees for priestly duties, guardianship of a child, sickness from evil eye or touching a menstruous woman, fearfulness, supplies, produce of property, duties of judges; (§ 30) creation and production of corn, excitement due to blood, ownership, land-grabbing, supplies sold in distress, supremacy of sin, atonement for various sins; (§ 42) the oppressor, greed, the weak man should be good .

32. Another section of the same: about an ordeal

33. Another section of the same: mad animals and their care - 6 «© 2 . . -

34. A miscellaneous section of the same: amassing property, arranging marriages for one’s children, portioning daughters, righteous gifts, an Irinian vainly asking reward for assisting foreigners in battle, offering up of water; (§ 10) best and worst actions, heinous sins, various sins, assisting foreigners, destroying plants, digging a grave, clothing a corpse ; defiling fire, water, or people; about water, damage by water or fire; preventing misery and adversity

35. Another section of the same: seeking and begetting a son, conception, tokens of sex, development of fetus ; period of gestation and birth, period of determination of sex, childbirth and care of child; (§ 10) periods of gestation in various animals, spiritual perceptions of the child, habits tending to beauty, evils of unnatural intercourse and adultery; increased and diminished vigour of the female and male, respectively .

PAGE

p. 97

p. 99

. 105

. 1035

. 106

. 109

Xiv CONTENTS.

CHAP. :
36. Another section of the same: ownership and litigation

PAGE

p. 97

p. 99

. 105

. 1035

. 106

. 109

Xiv CONTENTS.

CHAP. :
36. Another section of the same: ownership and litigation

about property; earnings, family guardianship and income; about wives, adoption, partnership of brothers, inheritance, and giving in marriage

37. Another section of the same: daily food of men, women, children, and dogs; religious conversion, association of various kinds, sins of falsehood and extortion, atonement for deprival of food, necessary debt; (§ 14) physicians, medical treatment and fees; (§ 30) suitability for trust, unauthorised dwellings, boundaries, testimony of the orthodox and heterodox, priestly dwellings, abode of fires, water oozing and flowing, works on a frontier ; (§ 40) sheep trespassing, animals’ food, distance of house from river, grazing sheep, felling trees, slaughtering, defensive clothing, migration during war, waters reverenced by a traveller, obedience of disciple to priest; (§ 50) frontier war, various advantages . .

38. One of the first 30 sections of the Sakédtm Nask: future reward and punishment, necessity of seeking the good law and scrutinizing actions, noticing a fire, intentional injury, extent of the fire’s light, size of its sanctuary door, care and food of a new-born child, keeping a cooking-pot pure ; (§ 11) proper bed-places, curing defective sight, workmen and women, giving no food thrice and four times, care of anything pointed and of all utensils, injury by a door, washing the head and shaving ; (§ 21) custodians and rules of a market, giving forth pointed things and victuals lawfully and unlawfully, horse-courses and manceuvres, admitting listeners, making and tying the sacred girdle, scratching with the nails, care of fire when travelling ; (§ 29) panic at night among warriors, marching in fear or fearlessly, demanding a share, care of firewood, warming bull’s urine, selecting pasture, farm-houses. interference with the seizure of cattle, hanging things up, stabling horses; (§ 40) cutting trees, washing clothes, walking in, passing through water, canals and fords; (§ 52) two warriors marching, sin of eating on the road, remedies for cattle, their breeding,

p. 114

CONTENTS.

CHAP,

removing an ox that steals hay, danger from illomened speaking, a father’s sin owing to his child’s misbehaviour ; (§ 60) gathering medicinal herbs, feasting with idolators, atonement for starving, ordeals, religious secrets, evil-speaking to others’ wives, extent of communities, habits of Frash6star and Gam4sp

39- Hakidakanistan section of the same: sequestration of

property, sheep, horses, cattle, and their young, milk, and wool; their shelter and ill-treatment; (§ 11) handing over sheep to the sequestrator and his responsibility, a free sheep among those seized, the killing of a seized sheep, particulars of a seized animal to be stated when it is kept with others, care of a man wounded in slaughtering, gain of a sequestrator of animals in various circumstances; (§ 17) treasure found in various places and at various depths of earth and water; (§ 24) nourishing a seized sheep, disputes as to its identity, Keeping it in the mountains, and other details. . . . . .

40. Ziyanakistén section of the same: duty of protecting animate and inanimate existences, and sin of injuring them ; a damaged gift or animal, inanimate property and its increase, merit of not + rejecting a “amaged article . . .

41. Vakhshistfn, one of the last 22 sections of the same:

atonement, compensation, active and existent increase, increase upon increases, righteous gifts, interest simple and compound, how loans are treated on the death of lender or debtor; (§ 10) retribution, penalty for inefficient breeding of animals, animals’ milk and hair, males preferable to females, an injured camel, improved dog or pig, buying up supplies too much ; (§ 20) giving away necessary clothing, penalty for deprival of food, litigation about debts, unauthorised supplies, multiplication of sheep and other details, loans and repayment by instalments, seizure of slaves to work off a debt; (§ 30) seizure of a cloak or a water-skin, increase of grains and sheep, seizure of clothes and implements, produce of land and ornaments

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p. 131

p. 136

p. 138

Xvi CONTENTS.

CHAP. PAGER
42. Varistén section of the same: trial and execution of a

wizard, trial by ordeal, and particulars about ordeals. 144 43. A miscellaneous section of the same: assistants, wealth causing imprisonment, confession, disciple and master, penalties, sins owing to the wrathful, an unjust judge and one of long experience ; (§ 10) a daughter controlled by parents and one without a guardian, bequeathing property, sin of declining adoption, property of a liberal man and of a damsel, a damsel taken by an idolator and offered to a Masda-worshipper, a mother being guardian of her son’s father, providing a high-priest ; (§ 20) sin of not providing a husband for an adult daughter, inadvertent sin, worst demonservice and sins, furtherances and destroyers of the world, truth that is wicked, driving spiritual benefit from the world, three kinds of righteous men, sin of defiling water and fire; merit of removing dead matter of men, dogs, and reptiles from water; reptiles may be killed in water, but must be removed to gratify the earth-spirit and vex the demons; (§ 30) a well-managed drinking-party, the sin of him who leaves it uproariously, animals produced from the sole-created ox, offerings to the sacred beings; injury to the world by fiends, idolators, and wolves ; the necessity of destroying them, advice not to reverence the evil spirits, nor to chatter unseasonably, the advantage of the ceremonial of the sacred beings . 145 44. Vendid4d Nask: corresponding with the contents of fargards I-XI, XIII-XXII__.. . 152

45. Hadékht Nask: recital of Ahunavair, high-priests, 21 chieftainships, duties at periods of the day, season-festivals, superiors, membership of the community, prayers at eating, recitations, invocation, devotion; (§ 10) good attributes and qualities, diligence, righteousness, the chief resource of the creatures, sayings full of amity . . - 166

46. St6d-yast Nask . . . . . . 169

CONTENTS.

XVii

CHAP.
I.

10.
Ir.

12.

Dinxarp, Book IX.

Introductory . . . . . . .

Sadkar Nask, fargard 1. Use of various repetitions of the Ahunavair, and the division of the Nasks according to its lines . . .

. Same, fargard 2. The Ashem-vohd se . . Same, fargard 3. Formation, decline, and death of human beings; illiberal opulence. . .

. Same, fargard 4. The utilisers and misusers of life, the latter being the defects of Dah&k; the vices driven away by Yim, what is to be avoided, the distresser and the distressed, and the mode of relieving the latter . .

Same, fargard 5. Forgetfulness of kinsfolk and unforgetfulness of the Géthic spirit, complaint and power of that spirit

. Same, fargard 6. The five excellences, distribution and acquirement of fortune, grief of an old man, things to be amassed in youth, storeholders of excellence, how one should drink and eat

. Same, fargard 7. The four Periods i in Zaratdst’s millenium .

. Same, fargard 8. Abstinence from sins due to rever-

The five excellences, distribution and

acquirement of fortune, grief of an old man, things to be amassed in youth, storeholders of excellence, how one should drink and eat

. Same, fargard 7. The four Periods i in Zaratdst’s millenium .

. Same, fargard 8. Abstinence from sins due to reverence for the arch-demons, chattering while eating, prayer and purity at meals, loss of merit from want of a priest, proper times for the ceremonials of various sacred beings

Same, fargard 9. Heinous sinfulness of sodomy .

Same, fargard 10. Complaint of fire against seven kinds of people who injure it; (§ 10) proper and improper fire, its wish to leave the world resisted, attention to it is the best worship, the righteous are to be pleased and not vexed .

Same, fargard 11. Petition of fire for removal to the sky or to Afran-vég, the propitious fire Gfisn-asp ; reward of the promoters of fire, and sin of its injurers; (§ 10) evil of maintaining fire by extortion, and of neglecting it; all food to be consecrated, opposition of phe fiend to worship, three grades of

(37) ‘

PAGE
172

172
175

p. 175

p. 177

p. 178

p. 179

p. 180

181
185

p. 186

XViii CONTENTS.

CHAP.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18,

19.

20.

21.

ceremonial, sin of not reciting the Gathas, coming of the demon of death, disbelief of the wicked ; (§ 20) mourning for the dead prohibited, different desires of body and soul, self-injury of a liar, sin of employing or being an improper Zéti, controllers of sin; (§ 30) wounders to be brought before four priests, promises not to be broken . . .

Same, fargard 12. Advantage of satisfying water, impure recitation, impurity of greed, birds kill snakes, effectual invocation, goodness of archangels and Zaratdst, gifts to his disciples

Same, fargard 13. The spirit of the sacred cake attacks demons when the cake is consecrated, men who pray are righteous if not deceitful, a heinous sin no obliterator of other sin . . . .

Same, fargard 14. The torment of Keresésp’s soul, notwithstanding his heroic deeds, owing to smiting the fire which opposes his soul, though befriended by Gés-afrvan, until Zaratfist intercedes

Same, fargard 15. Proceedings of the demon of death, the soul alone sees the events of the spiritual state, treatment of the corpse and misery of its consciousness ; (§ 9) worldly happiness seldom lasts a century, ordainable supplies, the seven immortal rulers in Khvanfras_. . . . . . . .

Same, fargard 16. Bridge-judgment of sinners, merit
of certain good works, punishment of certain sinners,
GA&thas for an ordeal, .

Same, fargard 17. Where seven particular classes of sinners have to go .

Same, fargard 18. Pregnancy of the fiend due to certain sins; the soul blesses the body when righteous, and curses it when wicked; proper times for reciting the Ahunavair and Ashem, the corruption of the wicked.

Same, fargard 17. Where seven particular classes of sinners have to go .

Same, fargard 19. The souls praise a virtuous highpriest, miseries of hell, the Ainvad bridge, promises not to be broken, not even those to a courtezan, in which case the penalty is childlessness in hell .

Same, fargard 20. Dahak’s oppressiveness, the people’s reproaches contrasting him with Yim, Frédtin’s smiting

PAGE

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p. 196

p. 197

p. 199

p. 204

p. 206

p. 209

CONTENTS.

XiX

CHAP.

22.

23.

24.

25.
26.

24.

28.

29.

30.

and binding him ; (§ 11) gradual submission of most of the regions, war with the Mézendarfns; (§ 22) their defeat and slaughter by Frédfn, since which time none of them have entered Khvantfras, except two men who came to consult Frashéstar . Same, fargard 21. The four best prayers; the Dahman Afrin making a good man infinitely more splendid than the finest woman, horse, ox, or sheep, and a bad man infinitely worse. The reign of Kat-Us, his success and ruin; (§ ro) his flight followed by the spirit of Kaf-Khfsrét and the angel Néryésang Same, fargard 22. Kaf-Khfsrét riding upon V4é in the form of a camel, his finding Haoist, Tis, and Kai- Apivéh, his meeting Sésh4ns, who praises him for his

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p. 219

exploits; Keresdsp, exhorted by Tfis, adopts the - religion, and so all the producers of the renovation are united . : . . . . .

Varstm4nsar Nask, fargard 1. Zaratfst relates the incidents of his birth to Matd6k-m4h; his first three utterances that routed the demons; (§ 12) his profession of the religion, AQharmazd’s advice and its acceptance, grumbling of the evil spirit, creation by Afharmazd, reverencing fire, water, and a spirit

Same, fargard 2. Worthiness of a ruler and high-priest

Same, fargard 3. In praise of righteousness

Same, fargard 4. Worship of Adharymasd and the archangels. . . .

Same, fargard 5. Worthiness of Zarattst and obeisance to the sacred beings, the supreme heaven, praise of Zaratfist and Frashéstar, assisting others, good works, wisdom of Zaratist

Same, fargard 6. Complaint and petition of Gés-attrvan, the reason of her creation, her colloquy with Aaharmagzd; (§ 9) nourishment of cattle, punishment of their oppressor, wisdom of Afharmasd, benefit of the liturgy, goodness of Zarat(tst .

Same, fargard 7. Benefits of worship, advice to man, falsehood of the demon Aresh about the origin of Afharmazd and Aharman, their difference of motive and action, the demons’ want of discriminab2

p. 223

226
231
232

p. 233

p. 234

p. 237

CONTENTS.

31.

32.

33-

34-

35:

36.
37-

Same, fargard 7. Benefits of worship, advice to man, falsehood of the demon Aresh about the origin of Afharmazd and Aharman, their difference of motive and action, the demons’ want of discriminab2

p. 223

226
231
232

p. 233

p. 234

p. 237

CONTENTS.

31.

32.

33-

34-

35:

36.
37-

tion, their deception of man; (§ 10) monarchy and religion provided for the creatures who triumph in the end, the producers of the renovation and future existence, the doers of good, advice to man Same, fargard 8. Reciting revelation, benefit owing to Afiharmazd and misery to Aharman, the actions of both spirits; (§ 6) colloquy of the demon Aresh and Zarat(st, power of the liturgy, creation by Afharmazd, benefits from Vohfman, merit of benefiting cattle, hypocrisy, work of the creator ; (§ 17) complete mindfulness, liberality, the worst ruler, judges and guardians, conflict of good and evil, apostates; (§ 24) the three nights, Khfirdad and Amfirdad, the good ruler . . . . . : . : Same, fargard 9. Three deceitful demons and their colloquy with Afharmasd ; (§ 8) arrival of demons in the world, their evil doings and those of their followers, evil of burying a corpse, its impurity; (§ 17) evildoers of the ninth and tenth centuries, their evil deeds; (§ 25) the final punishment in melted metal, at the renovation, is the end of evil Same, fargard 10. The renovation and Séshéns, merit of a good priest, avoidance of oppressors, the Kinvad bridge; Zarat(st, taught by Atharmazd, is Zéti of the world at the renovation; the names of his assistant priests . . : . . . . Same, fargard rr. Vohfiman reports to Adharmazd thrice a day, the demons trying to seduce man are vexed by his resistance, Armat and Tarékmat, opposition to the demons, advantage of religion and its reward . Same, fargard 12. Benefits of religion; mutual service of men, cattle, and the sacred beings; evil deeds prohibited, worship by the righteous is the best, begging for life; (§ 11) duties to fire, ZaratQst’s seeing the future existence, benefits of worship ; (§ 17) colloquy of AQharmazd and Zarat(st Same, fargard 13. Reward and tokens of righteousness Same, fargard 14. Afharmazd’s creativeness, threat of the evil spirit, praise of religion, the wicked in hell, the demons . . . . :

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24t

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p. 252

p. 260

p. 263

265
269

p. 240

CONTENTS.

39-

40.

4t.

42.

43-

44-

CHAP.
38. Same, fargard 15. The seven perfections of religious

advice, power and contempt for the demons given to the creatures, praise of ZaratQst .

Same, fargard 16. Worship not to be neglected on any account, want of spirituality in men, liberality of the archangels, promises for the future, praise of the renovators ; (§ 13) characteristics of the heretic M4nih, attracters to the religion, the last millenniums, disturbers of religion; (§ 20) praise of the Frydnaks, liberality for the archangels, praise of Vist&sp, advice to the Spit4mas, four marvels in the other world, advice to Zaratfist

Same, fargard 17. Praise of truth, cattle, good works, ordeals . . . . .

Same, fargard 18. Evidence of the fature existence, four triumphs of the sacred beings over the demons, enquiring about religion, avoiding apostates; (§ 12) mankind attaining wisdom, care for cattle, oppression by wrath and envy ; (§ 21) progress of righteousness, the renovation, next-of-kin marriage, girdling .

Same, fargard 19. Protection at the renovation, belief necessary for being convinced, evil of a wicked judge and vicious people; praise of Zaratfst, Frashéstar, and GAmfsp; punishment of the wicked .

Same, fargard 20. Assistance by the archangels, reward given to the righteous in the other world when unattainable here, cattle for warriors, advancement of religion by force, assisters of the dead righteous, reason for certain movements of the Z6ti, worship of archangels, merit of Zaratfist, reward of good works . . . . . . . . .

Same, fargard 21. Desire for a good ruler; where the best wealth, prayer, and sovereignty exist ; favours from the sacred beings, memory and discrimination, attraction of spiritual mercy and leadership in heaven, good works and wealth, submission to the priesthood meritorious, creations for the benefit of the creatures, comfort for the spirit of the liturgy ; (§ 10) the wicked deceiver, man prepared for future existence by fire, the supreme heaven for the righteous only, enmity

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p. 273

p. 276

p. 282

p. 284

p. 289

p. 291

Xxli CONTENTS.

CHAP.

of Akht the heretic, Kat and Karap excluded from virtue ; praise of Vistasp, Frashéstar, Hvébd, Gamasp, Matd6k-m4h, and Zaratfist

45. Same, fargard 22. Perfection of prayers, glory of the Spitémas, praise of Pérfé4st and Hfités, characteristics of the preparers and disturbers of the end, the apostle and follower of the demons is to be smitten by the righteous ruler .

46. Same, fargard 23. Benefits of the Afrman supplication

47. Bakd Nask, fargard 1. The Ahunavair produced before the creation ; its divisions, goodness, and use ; benefit of its proper recital and sin of imperfect recital ; (§ 12) it was the first creature and teaches submission to the king, the reward of Vohfiman, dominion given to Afharmagd, assistance to the poor, entrance of the destroyer ; use of this saying by the degrees, classes, and chieftainships; the summing up of liberality

48. Same, fargard 2. Excellence is producing suitably, reward of good works. .

49. Same, fargard 3. Worship of Atharmasd and the archangels, particulars regarding worship

Same, fargard 2. Excellence is producing suitably, reward of good works. .

49. Same, fargard 3. Worship of Atharmasd and the archangels, particulars regarding worship

50. Same, fargard 4. Praise of ZaratOst, giving joy to Aflharmazd, good work of reverence, wisdom of Vohfiman, benefit of cattle and the worthy, prosperity of the worthy, (§ 10) reverence of the good, supplicants should be contented, the way to heaven, reverence, acquaintance with religion, teaching righteousness, seeing the throne of Adharmaszd, welcoming him, recommending to rulers for benefit, the way of prosperity ; (§ 20) a suitable sovereign solicited, the praiser, religion made progressive, zealousness for good works, the man praised above others, assister of the ignorant, wisdom for AQharmasd; the "Past present, and future periods .

51. Same, fargard 5. Complaint of Gés-adrvan, care of cattle, the cattle-master, keeping animals properly, admitting the male, not slaughtering the young, he whose power is most useful, power for worship, reward stimulates perseverance; (§ 10) a virtuous mouth, religious duty developes knowledge, teaching

PAGE.

p. 294

298
302

p. 393

p. 308

3°9

3ir

CONTENTS.

XXili

CHAP,

the good, obtaining a throne in heaven, preventing damage from want of resources, recommending the righteous to rulers, what is taught by true service for the king

52. Same, fargard 6. E nlarging the priestly assembly, ‘glorification of Auharmasd, worship of Voh(man, the ceremonial becomes greater through virtue, the extender of religion, discrimination as to duty, giving to the needy, granting the leadership, selecting the better of two ways; (§ 10) the discriminator of sagacity, thinking of eternity, preventing reverence of demons, practising liberality, persistence in virtue and attachment to the sacred beings for sake of reward, advantage of the righteous . .

53- Same, fargard 7. The world freed from destruction,

53- Same, fargard 7. The world freed from destruction, apostates forced to make the religion progressive, triumph of the priests, miraculousness of Atharmasd, decision of acquittal or conviction, rite of ordeal, appointing a priest, reciter of revelation; (§ 10) teaching employers their responsibility, thinking of religion, teaching the nature of the sacred beings, giving a sheep to the diligent and moderate, development of the world and sheep, inward prayer, keeping animals and men as property, giving predominance to those ef Géyémara’s nature, telling rulers the truth; (§ 20) keeping sovereignty within Atharmazd’s will, illustrating the information due to religion, the virtuous course of the liturgy, he whose Vohfiman is Aftharmaza’s progeny, the good creation is Afthaymazd’s, a ruler as to actions, giving Spendarmad to Aftharmazd, wisdom that arises through care of cattle, admitting the male; (§ 30) the way to heaven, assistance to the renovation, a heart and mind for not being misled, he who sees his sin mingled with good works, giving a loan, non-injury of the innocent, he who makes Aftharmazd ruler in himself, a decider informs others, a proper nurturer is an indicator for others, the demeanour for virtuous statements ; (§ 40) indicating the acquitted and convicted, immortal and complete progress, making the

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p. 318

p. 322

XXIV CONTENTS.

CHAP, soul immortal, persisting in good works, maintaining predominance as high-priest, growth and increase owing to Vohiman, welcoming AQharmaszd in oneself, evidence of the well-informed . . .

54. Same, fargard 8. Not being deceived by an apostate, making Spendarmad an archangel, wisdom teaches not to destroy, teaching how to learn, strengthening the archangels and the good, loving Vohfman, giving thought to religion, keeping wealth in Zaratist’s control, destiny controlled by self, good works becoming one’s own .

55. Same, fargard 9. The GAthic lore, priestly-controlled action, command of the liturgy, personal assistance to the creatures, reverence, causing progress for one’s own, benefit for a cultivator through cattle, making righteousness one’s own, three things promoted by submission, pleasure of energy

56. Same, fargard 10. Advantage of doing good works, injuring an apostate, he who is eager for knowledge, slaying an apostate, development by Vohfimanic rule, the ceremonial a great ordinance, a ceremonial of the needy, the way of righteousness, reward of a teacher of professionals . .

Same, fargard 10. Advantage of doing good works, injuring an apostate, he who is eager for knowledge, slaying an apostate, development by Vohfimanic rule, the ceremonial a great ordinance, a ceremonial of the needy, the way of righteousness, reward of a teacher of professionals . .

57. Same, fargard 11. All good works belong to him who teaches virtue, doing the best for one’s own, he whose work is good work, he for whom the best occurs in both existences, the worship of Aiharmazd, a leader in religion, a server of religion, the authoriser of a wish for life; (§ 10) giving acceptance, hints, and words to Afharmasd, teaching the words of Afharmasd, providing care for fire, teaching the religion with joyfulness, obeisance, strengthening fire for its greatest work, being informed as to religion, sagacity of teaching words and actions, praising the perfection of Adharmasd’s body, all excellence is both root and fruit; (§ 20) invoking Afharmasd as lord, invoking by name, benefit for one race is felt by all, he who is the sacred beings’ own, and when his own is in their guardianship, giving life to mankind, obtainer of Adharmasd’s friendship, causing righteous-

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p. 327

340°

p. 342

p. 345

CONTENTS. XXV

CHAP. PAGE ness and the propitiousness of Aharmazd, his perpetual guardianship . . 348 58. Same, fargard 12. Benefits, pleasing superiors, the best for one’s own in every mode, teaching virtue to all, one whose spirit is connected with Afharmasd, whose words are through Vohfiman, who produces long-continued joy, who teaches the proper way to man, who gives heat to fire; (§ 10) assistants of the renovation, the progeny of Aiharmasd, defeating the bad and accepting the good, transformation of the creatures, teaching religion like a priest, wisdom of Aflharmasd, complete mindfulness that is not deceived, maintaining the destinies of the body, conveying to the rulers for benefit; (§ 20) benefit of sovereignty for that which arises, liberality to fire, thinking of righteousness, interrogating religion, progress of religion, pleasure given to a friend, gratification from Afharmagd, indication of intellect in a vigorous-minded man, the spirit of Afharmasd, reward taught in the publicity of the sun . - 353 59. Same, fargard 13. Obeisance to the archangels, seven kinds of men, Vohfmanic attainment to religion, perfection of the first of existences, nourisher of good works; (§ 10) development in virtue, words and actions through complete mindfulness, exposition of the renovation, deciding about duty and opinion, propagation and progressiveness of the religion, protection from the annoying spirit, exploits of the archangels, people shall become supplicant, interested liberality . . . 360 60. Same, fargard 14. Instruction to be heard, perfection of the first next-of-kin marriage, the teaching of it, daughterhood of Spendarmad, this is taught by him who is completely mindful, attraction to good works,

. . 360 60. Same, fargard 14. Instruction to be heard, perfection of the first next-of-kin marriage, the teaching of it, daughterhood of Spendarmad, this is taught by him who is completely mindful, attraction to good works, reverence for Vohfiman, ceremonial taught with complete mindfulness . . » 364 61. Same, fargard 15. To what lands one should step, diligence in good works, teaching religion, even in an exhausted province, protection of fire, giving oneself in discipleship, he who so gives men and women,

XXVi

CONTENTS.

CHAP.

goodness taught to the good by him whose Xinvad passage teaches them to step forth; (§ 10) the world produces abundance through complete mindfulness, the wicked man becomes unprivileged, as in the case of Argasp, contentment of the archangels, he who thinks of Zaratst .

62. Same, fargard 16. The wise, practising the deeds of complete mindfulness, nourishing good works and the creatures with propriety, giving pasture, he who becomes a benefit to the good, sentence according to declaration of acquittal or conviction, a strong foundation for learning .

63. Same, fargard 17. Maintaining the benedictions of Teligion, making known the Kinvad passage, causing a change from evil to good, generosity to tillers, developing the world, formation of creatures and devastation by Vohfiman caused by him whose rule is for Afilharmasd, he who increases virtue in a province, he who loves Vohfiman, virtuous deeds set going

64. Same, fargard 18. He who makes people intelligent through his complete mindfulness, how this occurs, discriminating through wisdom, teaching joyfulness in righteousness to Frashéstar, and ardour in good works, supplying guardianship, a master of all commands, Vohiiman’s guarding the creatures of Aflharmasd, the arrival of the wicked in the fiend’s abode, (§ 10) reverence coming to assistance through invocation, the supplicant for what is coveted from Adharmazd; Aftharmasd’s statement about one’s own, confederate, and serf . . ‘ . .

65. Same, fargard 19. Sheep-nature, mankind nourished, he who produces joyfulness and provides the ceremonial, displaying wisdom, instructing the tongue, teaching preparation and the virtuous way; (§ 10) obeisance for the archangels, taking assistance, within the day till dawn made as a signal, complete mindfulness among the existences . . .

66. Same, fargard 20. Afharmasd’s command about smiting the deceiver and giving sovereignty to him who is good, providing complete mindfulness, the coveted

PAGR

p. 367

37°

p. 37

p. 373

p. 376

CONTENTS. XXVii

CHAP, thing expedient for sovereignty to give away, words of Vohftman, innocence from discontinued good works, causing goodness, way of righteousness not concealed, repletion unnecessary for cattle, housewifery, loving religion through knowledge, gratia tion of Atharmazd .

XXVii

67. Same, fargard 21. Performing the ceremonial, spirits lodging in the body, teaching the religion, diligence in good works, loving the beneficial way, giving a daughter in daughterhood, authority of Vohfiman, a daughter given to a father for womanly service, reverence of a wife for her husband, producing origin and effect, dominion in the house. .

68. Same, fargard 22. Giving delight to him who is a “rightliving poor man. . .

69. A selection from the whole Yast referring to the developer: containing many unidentified statements by Afharmasd, Zarat(st, S6shans, VohQman, and Spendarmad; and concluding with a long series of short quotations, from the Pahlavi Gathas, concerning what every one shall do, or know, in the future existence

Deratts oF THE NASKS FROM OTHER SOURCES

From the Selections of Z4d-sparam . . . . » Dinkard, Book III . ” » BookIV. . » Rivayat of Bahman Pangyah . ” ” K4mah Bahrah . . . ” ” Naréman Héshang . . . . ” » Barz Qiyamurd-din

» Din-vigirgard .
Nask-fragments that are still extant
InpEx
ERRATA

Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets adopted for the
Translations of the Sacred Books of the East .

PAGE

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p. 381

p. 383

p. 384

399
401
406
410
418
419
428
433
438
449
489
501

p. 503

INTRODUCTION.

ATTENTIVE readers of the Sacred Books of the East have had ample opportunities of becoming acquainted with the Zoroastrian scriptures, so far as these have been preserved by the Parsis. In vols. iv, xxiii, and xxxi they have translations of all the texts extant in the original language of the Avesta, excepting a few fragments which are not yet collected. And in vols. v, xviii, and xxiv they have translations of later Pahlavi texts, showing how faithfully the old doctrines and legends were handed down by the priests of Sasanian times to their immediate successors. But they will also have noticed that the translators of these texts are well aware of the fact that the texts themselves are mere fragments of the religious writings of the Zoroastrians, which owe their preservation to the circumstance that they were those portions most usually committed to memory by the priesthood, such as the liturgy, sacred myths, and ceremonial laws. The object of the present volume is to add to those fragments all the accessible information, that can be collected from Iranian sources, regarding the contents of the whole Zoroastrian literature in Sasanian times.

The object of the present volume is to add to those fragments all the accessible information, that can be collected from Iranian sources, regarding the contents of the whole Zoroastrian literature in Sasanian times.

It has been long known that this literature was contained in twenty-one Nasks, or treatises, named either from the nature of their contents, or from their initial words, and each having one of the twenty-one words of the Ahunavair attached to it as a kind of artificial reminder of their proper order and number while enumerating them. Very brief statements of the contents of each Nask have also been accessible in manuscripts of the Persian Rivdyats, such as those translated in pp. 419-438 of this volume. And the existence of a much longer account of the Nasks in the Dinkard was ascertained by Haug, who published

XXX PAHLAVI TEXTS.

some extracts from it in 1870, when describing several of the Nasks in the Index to the Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary. He was unable to do more, on account of the defective state of all modern manuscripts of the Dinkard, in which a large portion of the text of the description of the Nasks, in the eighth and ninth books, is missing in various places without any hint of the omissions. These defects were owing to the abstraction of 52 folios of this part of the Ir4nian manuscript of the Dinkard, after it was brought to India and before any copy of it had been written; and, even now, two of these folios are still missing, as stated in pp. 262, 270. The importance of recovering these 52 missing folios was due to the fact that they contain the text of Dk. VIII, Chaps. VII, 5-XIX, 36, XXXI, 31- XXXVIII, 19, XLIV, 34-XLVI, 5, and Dk. IX, Chaps. I, 1-XI, 11, XII, 15-XLVII, 17, or nearly half the text of the two books.

Regarding the early history of the Dinkard there exists a detailed statement in the last chapter of its third book, which can now be translated with greater precision than was possible in 1867, when Haug published its Pahlavi text, with an English translation, in his introduction to the Farhang-i Oim-aévak, or Zand-Pahlavi Glossary. In this historical statement it is evident that §§ 1-8 refer to the traditional history of the Zoroastrian scriptures generally, considered as the original source of the information contained in the Dinkard; but §§ 9-13 may be accepted as the actual history of the compilation of the work itself, the facts of which may, very possibly, have all been within the personal knowledge of the writer of the statement. The Pahlavi text of this statement, as preserved in the manuscripts B and K (see pp. xxxv—-xxxviii and 2), may be translated as follows :—

The Pahlavi text of this statement, as preserved in the manuscripts B and K (see pp. xxxv—-xxxviii and 2), may be translated as follows :—

‘1. About the Dinkard scripture (nipik), from the Exposition of the Good Religion, there is ##is:—The Dtnkard scripture is a work which is adorned with all wisdom, and a publication of the Mazda-worshipping religion. 2. And, first, the work—which was derived from the good religion of those of the primitive faith, and which was the knowledge revealing the good religion of the

INTRODUCTION. XXX1

prophet (vakhshvar) Spftém4n Zaratfst, whose guardian spirit is reverenced, and Ars first disciple through asking and hearing the same reverenced guardian spirit—is information which is a similitude of enlightenment on every subject from the original light. 3. And those original questions and the decision of the exalted ruler Kai-Vistasp to have them written were rs origin, and he ordered ¢hem to deliver the original to the treasury of Shaptgin', and to distribute copies provided. 4. And, after that, he sends a copy to the fortress of documents, to keep the information also there.

‘s. And during the ruin that happened to the country of Iran, and in the monarchy, owing to the evil-destined villain Alexander, that which was in the fortress of documents came to be burnt, and that in the treasury of Shapfgin? into the hands of the Arfimans, and was translated by him even into the Greek language, as information which was connected with the ancients (min pésfnig&n padvastakd).

‘6. And that Artakhshatar, king of kings, who was son of Papak, came for the restoration of the monarchy of Iran, and the same scripture was brought from a scattered state to one place. 7. The righteous Tésar of the primitive faith, who was the priest of priests °, appeared with an exposition recovered from the Avesta, and was ordered to complete she seripfure from that exposition. 8. He did so accordingly (ham-gfinakS), to preserve a similitude of the splendour of the original enlightenment in the treasury of Shapigdn ‘, and was ordered to distribute copies of the information provided.

‘g. And after_the ruin and devastation that came from the Arabs, even to the archives (div4n) and treasures of the realm, the saintly ° AtQr-farnbag, son of Farukhd-z4d, who became the leader of the orthodox, brought those copies, which were scattered on a// sides, and new resources, back from dispersion into union wth the archives of his residence ; and, through observance and consideration for the Avesta and Zand of the good religion, he made the sayings of those of the primitive faith again a similitude of the illumination (ffr6k5) from that splendour.

' Both MSS. have Shasffgan here, but see p. 413, n. 4. ? So in K, or perhaps Shfztg4n; B has Shaspig4n.

5 So in K. * Soin K; B has Shapan.
5 B has AtQrp4d inserted here by mistake.

XXXii PAHLAVI TEXTS.

' Both MSS. have Shasffgan here, but see p. 413, n. 4. ? So in K, or perhaps Shfztg4n; B has Shaspig4n.

5 So in K. * Soin K; B has Shapan.
5 B has AtQrp4d inserted here by mistake.

XXXii PAHLAVI TEXTS.

‘10. Through the awful displeasure (or defec/) and ruin (or injury) that happened to Zaratfst, son of AtOr-farnbag, who became the leader of the orthodox, even those archives came to devastation, that scripture to dilapidation and dispersion, azd the statements (v@kih) also to obsoleteness, perversion, and corruption.

‘a1. And, after that, I, Atdrpad, son of Héméd and leader of the orthodox, Aave likewise written, from their fragments (si b4rag4nd), a new means of giving assistance fo the Masda-worshipping religion, with much prayer, investigation, and trouble. 12. From whatever was recovered from those dilapidated (visindak®S), decayed, worn out, and dust-mingled (khak-&még) archives—and these, too, brought back by taking away, carrying off, and seizing —it is selected, owing to' the assistance of the counselling wisdom of the mighty spirit, for the rediffusion of the words and deeds of the ancients, and of the evidence of the Avesta, for those of the primitive faith. 13. And the increase of knowledge from the good religion, arranged and prescribed in its chapters, is a lustre from encountering that splendour from the enlightenment of the original light primarily composed for the exposition of the good religion, and this which is named is a resemblance by adoption of the thousand chapters of that great original Dinkard*. 14. It is perfected by the sacred beings, and transmits the powerful effect which kas come upon even that which is the perfect religion of the sufferers* in ‘41s age, and also the coming of the assistance of the soul to the knowledge‘ of the orthodox; and even reunion with’ the rest of Iran is acquaintance with the exposition of the Magzda-worshipping religion, and the reproviding of more resources of a like origin, which zwz?/ de also due to those whom the Supreme has provided, the disciples of Afshédar*, son of Zaratist, for asking again a declaration of” the good religion from Afshédar.’

From this statement it appears that the compilation of the Dinkard was commenced by Atdr-farnbag, son of Farukho-z4d, one of the leaders or supreme high-priests of the Mazda-worshippers, and was revised and completed

1 Assuming that m stands for min.

? Both MSS. have zak rab& bin Déné-kard6.

5 K has déné-f bardaran. * B has ‘arising.’
5 B has ‘and the reunited selection for.’

® See Dk. VIII, Chap. XIV, 12. 7 B omits ‘a declaration of.’

INTRODUCTION. XXXIill

? Both MSS. have zak rab& bin Déné-kard6.

5 K has déné-f bardaran. * B has ‘arising.’
5 B has ‘and the reunited selection for.’

® See Dk. VIII, Chap. XIV, 12. 7 B omits ‘a declaration of.’

INTRODUCTION. XXXIill

by Atdrpad, son of Héméd, one of his successors. From the Madig4n-i gugastak Abdlis we learn that Atdr-farnbag had a religious disputation with Abdlis in the presence of the Khalifah Al-Mamin, who reigned A.D. 813-833 ; he must therefore have been compiling the Dinkayd during the first half of the ninth century. In the Sikand-gimanik Vigar, IV, 107, IX, 3, X, 55, he is also mentioned as a compiler of the Dinkard, but the details there quoted must have been taken from its first two books which are still missing. It is likewise stated at the beginning of both its fourth and fifth books that their contents are derived from his statements, and a similar acknowledgement is made with regard to some of the contents of Chap. CXLII of the third book ; so that the evidence of his authorship is very complete. With regard to Atirp4d, the completer of the Dinkard, we may safely identify him with the Atdrp4d, son of HAméd, mentioned in Bd. XXXIII, 11 as a contemporary of Z4d-sparam, who flourished at the latter end of the ninth century (see S.B.E., vol. xviii, p. xiv). We have, therefore, every reason to be satisfied that the whole of the Dinkavd was compiled during the ninth century.

The history of the transmission of the text of its last seven books, through the last thousand years, down to the present manuscripts, is equally satisfactory, owing to the preservation of a series of colophons appended to the text, of which the first and most important may be translated as follows :—

‘Completed in great joy and full of gratification this last portion of the manuscript of the incomparable, priceless, and unequalled Dinkard, at the place where z# was found and happily disinterred * by us in Asfristén, within the happily prosperous, odoriferous, precious, well-thriving, and glorious Bakdad of Good Rectitude*; from a copy which, as regards the religion, is jus# as the leaders of the saintly and orthodox, who were of the family of the saintly Atrpad, son of Mé4raspend, (who re-explained knowledge, by five or six well-destined ones, from the pure revelation

1 Khs-kand might be the name of a place here, but cannot be so in the next paragraph. * The angel Ahartsvang (Av. ashis vanguhi).

[37] c

XXXIV PAHLAVI TEXTS.

which is the all-embellished learning of learnings) and the successive leaders of the orthodox (who again provided at different times [ahamv4r] for its restoration, through manuscripts af various places, to maintain reading and investigation sherein) had written.