1 See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 16 a. * Ibid. 17 c.
' Pahl. avir{ino; but, as freedom from servants is not exactly an Oriental idea of happiness, the word may also be read an&16n5, a possible variant of andlano, ' unlamenting.'
* See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 19 b.
338 DtNKAW), BOOK IX.
anything to him which it is desirable to give the
helpfulness is provided; also, owing to their good
commanding, the helpfulness is a good establish-
ment of the sovereignty, owing to a well-established
sovereignty there is fearlessness also in uttering true
and virtuous statements, and, owing to freedom
from concealment in uttering true and virtuous
statements, the necessary demeanour for true and
virtuous statements arises. 40. This, too, that he
who gives personal service unto the king of kings,
and who considers the product (bar) as the property
of A£lharma2r^, is empowered for indicating the
acquitted and convicted^ by the spirits, his indi-
cators of the acquitted and convicted ; even for this
reason, because the person being given in service to
the king of kings is the preparation (ntviri^no) of
subjection, and the product being considered as the
property of AAharmasr^ is to consider the innocence
of its origin (bAn) and to make the product well-
selecting (h{i-/^lnak6) through virtuousness ; owing
to the progress of these two, the virtuousness in the
world becomes great and increasing productiveness
for all the good spiritual and worldly existences which
are in it, even those who are angels indicating the
acquitted and convicted.
4 1 . This, too, that by him who becomes immortal
progress^ for him who is immortally progressive,
complete progress^ is given to him who is com-
pletely progressive; and its routine (d4^ist4n), too.
^ See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 19 c.
• Ibid 21 a; amarg-riibijnth and ham&k-riibijnth are
Pahlavi translations of Av. amereti^f and haurvatS^, as may be
seen in Ibid. 6 b.
Chapter Liii, 40-46. 339
is even this, that by him who wishes ^ to make that
■which is his own soul immortal, and would afford it
assistance, every benefit is given to him who is a
supplicant for every benefit and becomes a giver of
every benefit which he begs, which becomes an assist-
ance to him whom he asks in attaining thereto.
42. This, too, that whoever gratifies that which is
enjoyment renders his soul immortal ; even for this
reason, because the soul subsists through good works,
and good works are all those which gratify enjoy-
ment. 43. This, too, that whoever keeps himself
always in good works ^ has produced perfection and
happiness by any goodness and worthiness of his ;
even for this reason, because keeping oneself always
in good works becomes perfect diligence in industry,
within perfect diligence in industry is also comprised
opposition to any harm whatever, and it is opposi-
tion to harm and perfect goodness that are worthy
of every happiness.
44. This, too, that by him who possesses wealth
as high-priest of the priests, predominance as their
high-priest is maintained ' and taught ; even for this
reason, because the provision of sovereignty and its
progress are really through wealth. 45. This, too,
that by him who would act for the pleasure of others,
owing to virtue, the growth and increase owing to
VohAman * are produced ; even for this reason,
because that which has given virtuous pleasure is
the nourishment of the creatures by the producer of
increase and growth.
46. This, too, that by him who welcomes Afthar-
* Written yettbunfi</ with m(i above it as a partial correction into y^abemiinfiif which is evidently the proper word.
» See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 21a. » Ibid. 21b, * Ibid. 21 c.
340 dJnkaiu), book ix.
tm^d in AimseU \ and teaches good works to man-
kind, every virtuous instruction is taught ; even for
this reason, because the welcoming of AAharma^
in ^w^elf is the non-committal of sin, ^^the teaching
of good works to mankind is more particularly the
performance of good works oneself; innocence and
the practising of good works are the end of every
instruction, and Ae in whom they exist becomes a
teacher of every goodness. 47. This, too, that by
him who shall occasion benefit through him who is
a propagator of good works, the evidence of him
wAo is well-informed* is taught through one well-
informed ; even for this reason, because the chief
evidence as to sagacity is to occasion benefit for the
good. 48. This, too, that by him who gives com-
mands as to the affairs of A^harma^^, AiHih^rmaLzd
is made welcome in his person* ; even for this reason,
because the throne of Athzrmdizd in the worldly
existence is more particularly in a ruler of well-
commanding person.
49. The excellence (j^ righteousness is perfect.
Chapter LIV. Baku Nask.
I. The eighth fargar^, /fz'a^tumaiti^ is tkathy
him who teaches wisdom to others the not being
deceived by an apostate into confusing a righteous
one (ahariibo-barl^lh) is also taught*; even for
this reason, because he who has taught is not
deceived.
* See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 22 c. ' Ibid. 22 a.
* See Chap. IX, i n ; it is here written khvamatto in Pahlavi.
* See Pahl. Yas. XXXII, 1-4.
Chapter Liii, 47-Liv, 6. 341
2. This, too, that by him who is as reverent unto
A.iAidJ'mzzd as a daughter unto a father, and who is
also a gratifier of virtuous doers, Spenda^ma^f ^ is
"made one of the archangels, and one is also made to
love her; even for this reason, because through that
Spendarma/fic one being reverent unto Atiharmasr^/,
and the gratification of the good by him, the arch-
angels love and preserve her Spendarma/aSc nature
(S/endarma^/tglh). 3. This, too, that he who is
loving Vohiiman is taught by his wisdom not to
destroy (nasdnlntflfand)^ the religion of A6har-
msizd\ even for this reason, because wisdom main-
tains the religion in virtue, and others are taught
about it.
4. This, too, that by him who gives hims^M in
discipleship unto the priests, ^i^^^^who asks again that
which he does not understand, learning (im6k6) is
taught ; even for this reason, because the asking yi?^
knowledge again by him who has given hims^i in
discipleship to a wise priest, increases knowledge ;
and the friends of knowledge, therefore, make him
an example, and shall practise asking again, that
which they do not understand, from the disciples of
the priests.
5. This, too, that whoever is in accordance with
Zaratdyt, through pure affection, becomes, in like
manner, him who is giving strength to the will of the
archangels and the commands of the good ; even for
this reason, because these two capabilities are of tlie
special nature of Zaratti^t. 6. This, too, that through
the discrimination of him who loves ^ Vohtiman Aft-
1 See Pahl. Yas. XXXII, 2 c, and Bk. VIII, Chap. IX, 3.
* Ibid. 4 c.
' Ibid. 8 c. It is possible to read the verbal stem gdsh, ' hear,'
342 bInkard, book ix.
harmB.zd is gratified ; even for this reason, because
one loving Vohftman is loving wisdom and Aas
taught wisdom, wisdom taught is discrimination, and
the discriminator becomes a gratifier of AAharmas//.
7. This, too, that whoever gives thought to the
religion of Zaratflrt is taught wisdom ; even for this
reason, because all the wisdom of the good religion
is taught to him by giving thought. 8. This, too,
that whoever Aas kept wealth in the control* of
Zaratti^t becomes taught, and is one who is reverent
io the benefiters ; even for this reason, because who-
ever is reverent fo the supporters of religion keeps
wealth in the control 0/ the supporters of religion,
ancly when kept by him in their control, it is kept by
him in that of Zaratfi^t.
9. This, too, that his destiny is connected with
himself who practises industry. 10. This, too, that
his good works /or arranging the creation become
his own who has fully prepared his own person.
1 1 . The excellence of righteousness is perfect.
Chapter LV.
BaM Nask.
I. The ninth fargar^, Yath4i^^, is that by him
who praises Aiiharma^^^ his work in the Gathic lore^
is taught ; even for this reason, because the reason
of the praise even of AAharmasr^ is for his works,
a7id by him who extols any work the performance
instead of ddsh (Av. zush) ; but this is hardly possible in § 2, and gdsht</ano is not the usual Pahlavi for 'to hear/
^ See Pahl. Yas. XXXII, 9 K
■ See Chap. X, i n; it is here written yat&ytj in Pahlavi^
» See Pahl. Yas. XXXIII, i a.
Chapter Liv, 7-Lv, 5. 343
of that work is . also taught ; moreover the work of
AAharmas^, which is the Githic lore, is pure good-
ness, 2. This, too, that by him who increases the
propagators of good works priestly-controlled action
(raflflk-kflni^nlh)^ is taught; even for this reason,
because the advancement of merit and the action of
priestly chieftainship are the two maxims (vdiako)
of one who, when there is reason, exalts progressive
merit when he increases the propagators of good
works ; and when progressive merit is exalted priestly-
controlled action is praised and also taught.
3. This, too, that what is worthy, and what is
coveted for every worthy man, is produced by him
for whom the command of the liturgy is the reckon-
ing for him who is habitually sagacious ; and this
statement also indicates the explanation of rulers
and all who are needing those of the world for one
combined effort, who, in the immature world, have to
trust a command that is at one time sagacious.
4. This, too, that personal assistance is liberally
given (r4flflnl//6) to the creatures of the good beings
by him whose deeds are an assistance of the renova-
tion of the universe; and this statement, too, also
indicates the great power of zxvy good work what-
ever, because every good work, being an assistance
of the renovation, becomes liberality to the immature
(kh4m) creation.
5. This, too, that whoever teaches to a son rever-
ence unto his father has also appropriated the reward
for reverence unto the creator for teaching that
person ; even for this reason, because express rever-
ence unto parents and service to them are connected
» See PahL Yas. XXXUI, 1 b.
344 DtNKAlU), BOOK IX.
with reverence unto the creator and service to him.
6. This, too, that whoever is personally progress for
him who is his own ^ — that is, for any one whatever
among those who are needing him — becomes the
happiness of the creator who is the maker of the
original good creations ; and this statement also
indicates as to whom it is, when, through him whose
decision is progress — ^which arises through that which
occurs when the decision is given that becomes for
every one that which is needful for him — there is
happiness that is concentrated. 7. This, too, that
by him who is causing benefit for him who is a cul-
tivator cattle * are multiplied ; even for this reason,
because a gratifier of the performers of tillage is
multiplying tillage, and cattle are the chief tillage of
the world.
8. This, too, that the religion which is the way of
righteousness is made his own* by him who is a
good thinker about the religion of righteousness ;
and this statement, too, also indicates the limit of
reliance (asti^nS) upon the good religion; because
whoever is not a good thinker about the good re-
ligion, even though he be a reciter of revelation,
becomes really an apostate; whoever is a good
thinker, but not about the good religion, becomes
really an infidel ; and whoever thinks truly becomes
a good thinker about religious righteousness and the
statements in the good religion. 9. And about
three statements, the bringer forward for all man-
kind is your submission to the sacred beings ; one is
of the produce (bar), one of the origin (bAn), and
' See Pahl. Yas. XXXIII, 3 a.
» Ibid. 3 b, c. » Ibid. 5 c.
Chapter Lv, 6-Lvi, 2. 345
one of the body and life ; that of the produce is the
exertion from which there is produce, that of the
origin is the advantage for which the origin is requi-
site, and that of the body and life is the thought of
the proposer (rdylnl^dr), which considered both as
submission to the sacred beings. lo. This, too, that
connected with the sitting-place of the sage is the
excessiveness of the pleasure^ for those causing
pleasure, for the upper classes (az/arlg&no) of Irin,
andior the energy (patAklh)^ of the diligent.
1 1. Excellence that is perfect is righteousness.
Chapter LVI. Bako Nask.
I. The tenth fargar^, Yi-j^yaothan&*, is that^
for him who is practising good works ^ as much as it
is possible for him to do, an efficacious reason for
the renovation of the universe is afforded assistance ;
even for this reason, when every good work is an
assistance to the renovation, then — according to the
declaration that whoever does much more good work
is more assisting the renovation — by him who is
practising good works as much as it is possible for
him to do, an efficacious reason for the renovation is
afforded assistance. 2. This, too, that the apostate*,
who is the seduction of mankind, is injured by him
who devotes himself to Aiiharma^^ ; even for this
reason, because he is dislodged and is elucidated
