is here described, must evidently have been written shortly after some great triumph of the priesthood over some heresy, probably either that of Mini, or that of Mazdak.
^ See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 2 b. » Ibid. 3 a.
' Ibid. 3 b. The words in brackets translate a passage inserted in the MS. at the time the folios were patched, like that in Chap. Lll, 7, 8.
330 DtNKA^D, BOOK IX.
righteous of those of the good religion, becomes the
performer of any rite of ordeal really produced,
because the origin of that giving of advantage is
even the rite of ordeal. 8. This, too, that by him
who gives a priest and righteous man for propa-
gating the religion, the rite of ordeal is also pro-
claimed; even for this reason, because the teacher
and one rightly merciful (hA-imftr^l^ir) g^ve^ the
sacred text by which even the rite of ordeal is
declared.
9. This, too, that he who recites the revelation of
AClharmas^^, and who shall do // with exceeding
goodness, becomes an increaser of wisdom ; even for
this reason, because the wisdom of a man increases
in these two ways, either he speaks and teaches
himself, or he exemplifies the excellence of a portion
to the wise who become speakers and teachers of
wisdom. ID. This, too, that his homage is for
AAharma^^, who thoroughly teaches a righteous
employer of animals and human beings (ktrd va-
vlr) that he considers him as their controller (da-
st6bar) ; because, since the productiveness of the
completion of the creatures is produced through the
nourishment of the creatures by Adharmas:^/ through
his fulfilling his own productiveness, that righteous
employer in the world is intended for the nourish-
ment of his creatures, owing to that outward sub-
jection and propitiation of theirs, and the righteous
employer is connected with their subjection and pro-
pitiation for the creator.
II. This, too, that by him who gives thought to the religion of Zaratft^t, the soul is given to Zara-
* Assuming that yehevftnd, * they are,' stands for yehabiind.
Chapter Liii, 8-15. 331
tfl^t; even for this reason, because with a man's
having given thought to the religion of ZaratA^t is
connected the receiving of his soul by Zarati^j't for
preservation from hell. 12. This, too, that by him
who teaches the nature of the sacred beings to man-
kind, consultation with Aiiharma-srfl? is also further
taught ; even for this reason, because the nature of
the sacred beings is consulting a spiritual lord, and
becomes also the consulting of Aikharma^^^.
1 3. This, too, that by him who keeps the produce
of sheep as the property of AOha^ma^fl^, a sheep is
given to him who is diligent and moderate ^ ; even
for this reason, because produce kept as the property
of Aftharma^'flf is for being given for good works,
being given for good works is being truly kept as a
beginning for the possession of produce, and a be-
ginning truly kept is kept even through a sheep, as a
beginning of excellence, in the control (dastdbarlh)
of him who is a diligent and moderate shepherd ^.
14. This, too, that by him who is liberal to the
liberal the increase owing to developers is brought
into the world; even for this reason, because a
liberal man, on account of even that gift given back
to the worthy, becomes even for us — through the
development of the world — him who is first praised
therein with the sacred beings. 15. This, too, that
whoever shall form a store for sheep, becomes an
agent even in the development of sheep by the
creator; because, on account of the increase of
sheep through the existence of nourishment for
them having arisen, whoever has arranged nourish-
ment for sheep, becomes an agent even in the de-
^ See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 10 a. * Ibid. 10 b.
332 dInkaijz), book ix.
velopment ^ sheep by the creator. i6. This, too,
that by him who teaches inward prayer (v^i^ako)
to the good, it is also taught /^eaters ; even for this
reason, because, everything connected with eating
being declared by the religion, when the religion is
taught by any one to the good, in which even that
information is proclaimed, even eaters are taught
about it. 17. This, too, that whoever maintains a
sheep, or human being, as our property, is taught
to maintain it through the high-priest of ZaratArt ;
even for this reason, because it is so maintained as
the property of the sacred beings, when he main-
tains it as the property of ZaratA^t.
18. This, too, that by him who gave predomi-
nance to those of the nature of Giy6mar//^, the
sovereignty also of those of the religion of ZaratA^t
is desired ; even for this reason, because the religion
of Zaratii^t is the nature of G&ydmar//, and the
nature of G4y6mar^ is the religion of Zarattirt.
19. This, too, that when one is alone among rulers
a way of speaking to the rulers such words as are
really true is thereby provided ; even for this
reason, because the utterance of blessings by a soli-
tary person is for advantage. 20. This, too, that by
him who keeps the sovereignty which is his within
the will of Auha^ma-sr^, the best thing is done unto
Auharma^^; even for this reason, because a sove-
reignty is so kept within the will of Atiharma^^ when
he who is the ruler gives to Afiharma^^ the indi-
viduality in which is the sovereignty, and when its
proximity and closeness have given to Aiiharma^rf
that thing which is best and supreme.
21. This, too, that when one teaches the sayings
> See Pahl Yas. XXXI, 11 b, and Bk. VIII, Chap. XIII, i.
Chapter Liii, 16-25. 333
{vd^diko) of the benefiters, the information which is
owing to the religion is illustrated ^ by him to his
own ; even for this reason, because the knowledge
of religion, which is in its causing liberality by him,
is increased even by the repeated enquiry of dis-
ciples. 22. This, too, that by him who teaches an
applicant the virtuous way and doctrine (pand) the
liturgy is then taught ; even for this reason, because
knowledge arises through the virtuous course of the
liturgy 2. 23. This, too, that by him who thinks of
the affairs of virtue, the liturgy is maintained and
taught with virtuousness ^ ; even for this reason,
because the maintenance of the liturgy with vir-
tuousness arises through virtuous thinking.
24. This, too, that whoever shall provide the
nourishment of creatures with propriety, his Vohfi-
man {good thought) is A6hamia^^'s progeny*; and
whoever properly maintains those which are in his
keeping, his position becomes Afiharma^rf's father-
hood of Vohfiman * ; even for this reason, because
every proper nourishing is that in which the
nourished becomes an offspring such as VohOman
unto AClharma^^/ ; and every proper protection of
the creatures, over those which are protected by it,
is a fatherhood such as that of Ailharmaa^ over
VohAman. 25. This, too, that by him who shall
provide nourishment with propriety for the creation
which is good, it is taught that the good creation
was produced by Atiharma^^rf; even for this reason,
because from the nourishment of the creation with
propriety, together with the discriminating action of
the nourisher, the goodness of the nourished is also
^ See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 6 a. ^ Ibid. 6 b.
» Ibid. 8 a. * Ibid. 8 b.
334 DtNKAiU), BOOK IX.
evident, from the goodness of the nourished creation
the goodness of him who is its creator is evident,
and the creator of the good creation is AAharmas^
himself.
26. This, too, that whoever shall spiritually make
Axlh^rmBjsd the ruler over his own person becomes
a ruler as to actions ^ ; even for this reason, because
whoever is making Adh^rmzzd ruler over Ais person
is a leader of wisdom, a leader of wisdom is a
decider taking account of sin and good works,
taking account of sin and good works is abstaining
from sin and practising good works, and owing to
abstinence from sin and practising good works one
becomes a ruler over actions. 27. This, too, that
Spendarma^^ is given to Aviharma^// by him who
is as reverent unto AtAiSLrmsusd as a daughter unto
a father; even for this reason, because the Spen-
darma^/ic nature (S/endarma^lh) is provided by
him /or A(iha^ma^^/.
28. This, too, that for him wAo thinks of the care
of cattle iAere arises that wisdom ^ which the control
(patlh) of cattle gives ; even for this reason, because
the nature of the wisdom /or a production of cattle
is provided in mankind, and, when mankind apply
t/ietr thoughts to seeking that wisdom, they obtain
//. 29. This, too, that by him who is admitting the
male io cattle at the proper time, the care of catde
is also thought of; even for this reason, because
the admittance of the male becomes productiveness,
and whoever* would cause productiveness thinks
also of nourishment.
' See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 8 c.
« Ibid. 9 a, and Bk. VIII, Chap. IX, 3. » Ibid. 9 a.
^ Assuming that min, ' from,' stands for miin.
Chapter Liii, 26-33. 335
30. This, too, that by him who has prepared
hims^i for the priests the way to yonder ^ world is
taught; even for this reason, because the way to
yonder world is declared by the religion, and its
indicator is the priest; therefore, by him who is
prepared for the priests, through discipleship, that
way is known and is made known. 31. This, too,
that in him who shall do that which is something
that is an assistance to the renovation of the universe,
thoughts of the bounty (dahlh) of the creator arise ;
even for this reason, because creativeness is through
thinking of the renovation, thinking of the renova-
tion arises through the renovation, the renovation
arises through anything which is done that is an
assistance of the renovation, the doing of anything
that is an assistance of the renovation is through
thinking of sagacity, and thinking of sagacity be-
comes thoughts of the bounty of the creator.
32. This, too, that by him who loves the affairs
of the archangels a heart and mind *, for not being
misled from the way of the sacred beings, are
recommended to mankind; even for this reason,
because from the religion of the sacred beings being
loved arises increasing power of the sacred beings,
from the increasing power of the sacred beings
arises their greater authority among mankind, and
from the greater authority of the sacred beings
among mankind arises the resistance of heart and
mind of mankind, even in their not being misled by
the very demons. Z'^. This, too, that whoever shall
act with reverence to VohAman sees the sin which
is concealed in him mingled with good works there-
^ See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 9 b. ' Ibid. 12 b.
336 DiNKA/?Z), BOOK IX.
by ' ; even for this reason, because reverence for
Vohiiman becomes submission (herlh) in virtuous-
ness, with virtuous submission are connected free-
dom from Kikship and from Karapship*, and with
freedom from Kikship and from Karapship is con-
nected one sound of life mid eye, whereby he is an
observant decider, and atonement for sin arises
from good works.
34. This, too, that by him who shall provide
liberality for the liberal, the giving of a loan^ to
mankind is also taught; even for this reason, be-
cause liberal giving by any one is accounting for
his own debt, and he endeavours to repay it fully
observantly and with complete gratification ; besides
that, the power of liberality becomes extendible
among mankind, and through loans and other gifts ^
of generosity (dahi^nlklh) they become ardent.
35. This, too, that by him who pays homage (fra-
ndme^o) to the affairs of Afiharmas:^, as much as
he is able, the non-injury of the innocent is also
taught ; even for this reason, because to intertwine
further (fr6vaftan6) with the affairs of Adhanna^df,
as much as possible, is first to com?nit no sin and
to perform as many good works as possible, and
abstaining from the essentials of sin is non-injury
of the innocent. 36. This, too, that by him who
possesses a ruler and high-priest Aiiharmas^ is
^ Pahl. aktkih va-akarapth; see Bk. VIII, Chap. XXXV, 1 3 n for the two idolatrous priestly tribes here alluded to. On its second occurrence the first word is corrupted into dkds which closely resembles akigih in Pahlavi letters.
» See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 14 b.
Chapter Liii, 34-39. 337
spiritually made ruler over his person^; even for
this reason, because, through the requirement of
AtihsLrmsusd, the angels are lord and master of the
worldly existence of that man.
37. This, too, that whoever decides duty and
opinion becomes also an informer of others ; even
for this reason, because it informs others that he is
possessing wisdom, and this is what is said, that
* the wisdom of a man is evident from his deciding
as to affairs/ 38. This, too, that whoever shall
provide nurture with propriety becomes also an in-
dicator (dakhshaklnt^Ar)^ for others; even for
this reason, because the happiness of the nurturer
becomes also a happy indicator even for thee ; and
this, too, is what one says, that * always good, happy,
and free from serfs ^ is he who is not a master of
vagabonds (pa ^6-1 pAdn).'
39. This, too, that by him who is a ruler who,
by a command given, appoints him who is liturgical
(minsarlk), and gives anything to him which it is
desirable to give, the necessary demeanour for
true and virtuous statements * is taught ; even for
this reason, because the uttering of true and vir-
tuous statements, in fearlessness * of rulers, is owing
to a well-established sovereignty, and their well-
established sovereignty is more particularly through
these two things^ good commanding and helpfulness ;
when they establish that liturgical one by a command
given it is good commanding, and when they give
