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Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
13. Chinese Documents. The Phf-y4o King, or life of Buddha. 4. Prakrit Gaina Documents. The Afaranga Sdtra, Dasavaik4lika Sdtra, Satrakrvztanga, and Uttaradhyayana Satra. VI. Parsi REtIcIon. 1. Zend Documents. The Venditdad. SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. xlvii 2. Pehlevi and Parsi Documents. The Bundahis, Bahman Yasht, Shdyast-la-shayast, Dadistani Dint, Mainyéi Khard. VII. MoHAMMEDANISM. The Koran. VIII. Cuinese RE LIGIon. 1. Confucianism. The Sha King, Shih King, Hsiao King, Yt King, Li #1, Lun Yi, and Mang-jze. 2. Taoism. The T4o-teh King, Awang-3ze, and Kan Ying Phien. xl viii PREFACE TO THE _ TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS, The system of transcribing Oriental words with Roman types, adopted by the translators of the Sacred Books of the East, is, on the whole, the same which I first laid down in my Proposals for a Missionary Alphabet, 1854, and which afterwards I shortly described in my Lectures on the Science of Language, Second Series, p. 169 (ninth edition). That system allows of great freedom in its application to different languages, and has, therefore, recommended itself to many scholars, even if they had long been accustomed to use their own system of transliteration. It rests in fact on a few principles only, which may be applied to individual languages according to the views which each student has formed for himself of the character and the pronunciation of the vowels and consonants of any given alphabet. It does not differ essentially from the Standard Alphabet proposed by Professor Lepsius. It only endeavours to realise, by means of the ordinary types which are found in every printing office, what my learned friend has been enabled to achieve, it may be in a more perfect manner, by means of a number of new types with diacritical marks, cast ‘expressly for him by the Berlin Academy. The general principles of what, on account of its easy application to all languages, I have called the Missionary Alphabet, are these : 1. No letters are to be used which do not exist in ordinary founts. SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. xlix 2. The same Roman type is always to represent the same foreign letter, and the same foreign letter is always to be represented by the same Roman type. 3. Simple letters are, as a rule, to be represented by simple, compound by compound types. 4. It is not attempted to indicate the pronunciation of foreign languages, but only to represent foreign letters by Roman types, leaving the pronunciation to be learnt, as it is now, from grammars or from conversation with natives.
24. It is not attempted to indicate the pronunciation of foreign languages, but only to represent foreign letters by Roman types, leaving the pronunciation to be learnt, as it is now, from grammars or from conversation with natives. 5. The foundation of every system of transliteration must consist of a classification of the typical sounds of human speech. Such classification may be more or less perfect, more or less minute, according to the objects in view. For ordinary purposes the classification in vowels and consonants, and of consonants again in gutturals, dentals, and labials suffices. In these three classes we distinguish hard (not-voiced) and sonant (voiced) consonants, each being liable to aspiration; nasals, sibilants, and semivowels, sonie of these also, being either voiced or not-voiced. 6. After having settled the typical sounds, we assign to them, as much as possible, the ordinary Roman types of the first class. 7. We then arrange in every language which possesses a richer alphabet, all remaining letters, according to their affinities, as modifications of the nearest typical letters, or as letters of the second and third class. Thus linguals in Sanskrit are treated as nearest to dentals, palatals to gutturals. 8. The manner of expressing such modifications is uniform throughout. While all typical letters of (3) d | PREFACE TO THE the first class are expressed by Roman types, modified letters of the second class are expressed by italics, modified letters of the third class by small capitals. Only in extreme cases, where another class of modified types is wanted, are we compelled to have recourse either to diacritical marks, or to a different fount of types. 9. Which letters in each language are to be considered as primary, secondary, or tertiary may, to a certain extent, be left to the discretion of individual scholars. to. As it has been found quite impossible to devise any practical alphabet that should accurately represent the pronunciation of words, the Missionary Alphabet, by not attempting to indicate minute shades of pronunciation, has at all events the advantage of not misleading readers in their pronunciation of foreign words. An italic ¢, for instance, or a small capital T, serves simply as a warning that this is not the ordinary t, though it has some affinity with it. How it is to be pronounced must be learnt for each language, as it now is, from a grammar or otherwise. Thus ¢ in Sanskrit is the lingual 4. How that is to be pronounced, we must learn from the Pratisikhyas, or from the mouth of a highly educated Srotriya. We shall then learn that its pronunciation is really that of what we call the ordinary dental t, as in town, while the ordinary dental t in Sanskrit has a pronunciation of its own, extremely difficult to acquire for Europeans. 11. Words or sentences which used to be printed in italics are spaced. d2
311. Words or sentences which used to be printed in italics are spaced. d2 TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS ADOPTED FOR THE TRANSLATIONS OF THE SACRED Books OF THE East. CONSONANTS, MISSIONARY ALPHABET, T Class. II Class. IIT Class, Zend. Pehlevi. Persian, Arabic, Hebrew. Chinese. Gutturales. 1 Tenuis...... 2 4, # aspirata....... Bs Media: sora) s6.%. 1. Baie a ese 4 ,, aspirata........ 5 Gutturo-labialis . 6 Nasalis...... 8 ” 9 ss DO sg BT it an asper faucalis . lenis faucalis . . asper fricatus ... lenis fricatus .... Gutturales modificatae (palatales, &c.) 13 Tenuis ........2.. 14 » aspirata ....... 15 Media ........ 16 ” 17 ,, aspirata. .....-. Nasalis........ eee w ANAAR Ra2EAE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. li CONSONANTS (continued). MISSIONARY ALPHABET. T Class, II Class. — IIT Class, Pehlevi. Persian. Arabic. Hebrew. Chinese, 18 Semivocalis ....... 19 Spiritus asper...... 20 ~« lenis ...... 21s, asper assibilatus 22)—Ci«ss lenis assibilatus Dentales. 23 Tenuis .......... 24 ~=«,”)saspirata...... 25 ,, assibilata..... 26 Media ......22.5.- 27 ~=«y,”~=s aspirata...... 28 =, assibilata..... 29 Nasalis.......2..2. 30 Semivocalis ....... 31 » mollisl... 32 ” mollis2... 33 Spiritus asper] ..... 34 Sg, asper2..... 35, 36 37 lenis ...--. » asperrimus 2. . » asperrimusl.,.. i) (y) PREFACE TO THE Dentales modificatace (linguales, &c.) 38 Tenuis....°.....45 39 ,, aspirata ...... 40 Media ..........4. 41 ,, aspirata....... 42 Nasalis.... 2... 200s 43 Semivocalis ........ 44 » fricata. .... 45 * diacritica .... 46 Spiritus asper ....... 47 » lenis.......- Labiales, 49 » SSpirata ...... 50 Media .....-..200% 51 ,, = aspirata...... 52 Tenuissima......... 54 Semivocalis ........ 55 » aspirata..... 56 Spiritus asperr ....... 57, _”~—sdenisw 2. ees 68 Anusvéra. ... 0-0 ee 59 Visarga.... 2. ee eee eee sh zh weee towed b eooee oe ze Br 4 st t a z al ee eeee ee eoeee oee @eese SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. lili MISSIONARY ALPHABET. T Class. 11 Class. 111 Class, Sanskri Zend. Pehlevi. Persian, Arabic. Hebrew. Chinese. 2 Laryngo-palatalis 3 ,, - labialis ....... 4 Gutturalis brevis. ...... 5 ” longa ....... 6 Palatalis brevis. ....... 7 ” longa ........ 8 Dentalis brevis. ....... 9 » longa........ 10 Lingualis brevis 11 ” longa 12 Labialis brevis ........ 13 s» longa ........ 14 Gutturo-palatalis brevis .. . 15 ” longa ... 16 Diphthongus gutturo-palatalis 17 ” ” 18 ” ” 19 Gutturo-labialis brevis... . 20 ”» longa... 21 Diphthongus gutturo-labialis 22 ” ” 23 2? ”? 24 Gutturalis fracta....... 25 Palatalis fracta,......... 26 Labialis fracta ........ 27 Gutturo-labialis fracta. .. . ecewreee oscee eee 0 é 0 B Bot wm eee (a) (8) (u) (e) (ai) cee . . | —_-_ . slab B: tag at: > eee > ) E(e)S(e)] - - « %, W} 9 BR wore ee PPB web . . . -Y sh &: slth : 3b: I |r frets . . Jer |> |: ° . . . |» rr . . 8 Bm . “sq 0a8 ei, éi liv PREFACE TO THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. lv
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
Romanised transliteration as printed by the translator, not the original script. This is what we hold.
13. Chinese Documents. The Phf-y4o King, or life of Buddha. 4. Prakrit Gaina Documents. The Afaranga Sdtra, Dasavaik4lika Sdtra, Satrakrvztanga, and Uttaradhyayana Satra. VI. Parsi REtIcIon. 1. Zend Documents. The Venditdad. SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. xlvii 2. Pehlevi and Parsi Documents. The Bundahis, Bahman Yasht, Shdyast-la-shayast, Dadistani Dint, Mainyéi Khard. VII. MoHAMMEDANISM. The Koran. VIII. Cuinese RE LIGIon. 1. Confucianism. The Sha King, Shih King, Hsiao King, Yt King, Li #1, Lun Yi, and Mang-jze. 2. Taoism. The T4o-teh King, Awang-3ze, and Kan Ying Phien. xl viii PREFACE TO THE _ TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS, The system of transcribing Oriental words with Roman types, adopted by the translators of the Sacred Books of the East, is, on the whole, the same which I first laid down in my Proposals for a Missionary Alphabet, 1854, and which afterwards I shortly described in my Lectures on the Science of Language, Second Series, p. 169 (ninth edition). That system allows of great freedom in its application to different languages, and has, therefore, recommended itself to many scholars, even if they had long been accustomed to use their own system of transliteration. It rests in fact on a few principles only, which may be applied to individual languages according to the views which each student has formed for himself of the character and the pronunciation of the vowels and consonants of any given alphabet. It does not differ essentially from the Standard Alphabet proposed by Professor Lepsius. It only endeavours to realise, by means of the ordinary types which are found in every printing office, what my learned friend has been enabled to achieve, it may be in a more perfect manner, by means of a number of new types with diacritical marks, cast ‘expressly for him by the Berlin Academy. The general principles of what, on account of its easy application to all languages, I have called the Missionary Alphabet, are these : 1. No letters are to be used which do not exist in ordinary founts. SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. xlix 2. The same Roman type is always to represent the same foreign letter, and the same foreign letter is always to be represented by the same Roman type. 3. Simple letters are, as a rule, to be represented by simple, compound by compound types. 4. It is not attempted to indicate the pronunciation of foreign languages, but only to represent foreign letters by Roman types, leaving the pronunciation to be learnt, as it is now, from grammars or from conversation with natives.
24. It is not attempted to indicate the pronunciation of foreign languages, but only to represent foreign letters by Roman types, leaving the pronunciation to be learnt, as it is now, from grammars or from conversation with natives. 5. The foundation of every system of transliteration must consist of a classification of the typical sounds of human speech. Such classification may be more or less perfect, more or less minute, according to the objects in view. For ordinary purposes the classification in vowels and consonants, and of consonants again in gutturals, dentals, and labials suffices. In these three classes we distinguish hard (not-voiced) and sonant (voiced) consonants, each being liable to aspiration; nasals, sibilants, and semivowels, sonie of these also, being either voiced or not-voiced. 6. After having settled the typical sounds, we assign to them, as much as possible, the ordinary Roman types of the first class. 7. We then arrange in every language which possesses a richer alphabet, all remaining letters, according to their affinities, as modifications of the nearest typical letters, or as letters of the second and third class. Thus linguals in Sanskrit are treated as nearest to dentals, palatals to gutturals. 8. The manner of expressing such modifications is uniform throughout. While all typical letters of (3) d | PREFACE TO THE the first class are expressed by Roman types, modified letters of the second class are expressed by italics, modified letters of the third class by small capitals. Only in extreme cases, where another class of modified types is wanted, are we compelled to have recourse either to diacritical marks, or to a different fount of types. 9. Which letters in each language are to be considered as primary, secondary, or tertiary may, to a certain extent, be left to the discretion of individual scholars. to. As it has been found quite impossible to devise any practical alphabet that should accurately represent the pronunciation of words, the Missionary Alphabet, by not attempting to indicate minute shades of pronunciation, has at all events the advantage of not misleading readers in their pronunciation of foreign words. An italic ¢, for instance, or a small capital T, serves simply as a warning that this is not the ordinary t, though it has some affinity with it. How it is to be pronounced must be learnt for each language, as it now is, from a grammar or otherwise. Thus ¢ in Sanskrit is the lingual 4. How that is to be pronounced, we must learn from the Pratisikhyas, or from the mouth of a highly educated Srotriya. We shall then learn that its pronunciation is really that of what we call the ordinary dental t, as in town, while the ordinary dental t in Sanskrit has a pronunciation of its own, extremely difficult to acquire for Europeans. 11. Words or sentences which used to be printed in italics are spaced. d2
311. Words or sentences which used to be printed in italics are spaced. d2 TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS ADOPTED FOR THE TRANSLATIONS OF THE SACRED Books OF THE East. CONSONANTS, MISSIONARY ALPHABET, T Class. II Class. IIT Class, Zend. Pehlevi. Persian, Arabic, Hebrew. Chinese. Gutturales. 1 Tenuis...... 2 4, # aspirata....... Bs Media: sora) s6.%. 1. Baie a ese 4 ,, aspirata........ 5 Gutturo-labialis . 6 Nasalis...... 8 ” 9 ss DO sg BT it an asper faucalis . lenis faucalis . . asper fricatus ... lenis fricatus .... Gutturales modificatae (palatales, &c.) 13 Tenuis ........2.. 14 » aspirata ....... 15 Media ........ 16 ” 17 ,, aspirata. .....-. Nasalis........ eee w ANAAR Ra2EAE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. li CONSONANTS (continued). MISSIONARY ALPHABET. T Class, II Class. — IIT Class, Pehlevi. Persian. Arabic. Hebrew. Chinese, 18 Semivocalis ....... 19 Spiritus asper...... 20 ~« lenis ...... 21s, asper assibilatus 22)—Ci«ss lenis assibilatus Dentales. 23 Tenuis .......... 24 ~=«,”)saspirata...... 25 ,, assibilata..... 26 Media ......22.5.- 27 ~=«y,”~=s aspirata...... 28 =, assibilata..... 29 Nasalis.......2..2. 30 Semivocalis ....... 31 » mollisl... 32 ” mollis2... 33 Spiritus asper] ..... 34 Sg, asper2..... 35, 36 37 lenis ...--. » asperrimus 2. . » asperrimusl.,.. i) (y) PREFACE TO THE Dentales modificatace (linguales, &c.) 38 Tenuis....°.....45 39 ,, aspirata ...... 40 Media ..........4. 41 ,, aspirata....... 42 Nasalis.... 2... 200s 43 Semivocalis ........ 44 » fricata. .... 45 * diacritica .... 46 Spiritus asper ....... 47 » lenis.......- Labiales, 49 » SSpirata ...... 50 Media .....-..200% 51 ,, = aspirata...... 52 Tenuissima......... 54 Semivocalis ........ 55 » aspirata..... 56 Spiritus asperr ....... 57, _”~—sdenisw 2. ees 68 Anusvéra. ... 0-0 ee 59 Visarga.... 2. ee eee eee sh zh weee towed b eooee oe ze Br 4 st t a z al ee eeee ee eoeee oee @eese SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. lili MISSIONARY ALPHABET. T Class. 11 Class. 111 Class, Sanskri Zend. Pehlevi. Persian, Arabic. Hebrew. Chinese. 2 Laryngo-palatalis 3 ,, - labialis ....... 4 Gutturalis brevis. ...... 5 ” longa ....... 6 Palatalis brevis. ....... 7 ” longa ........ 8 Dentalis brevis. ....... 9 » longa........ 10 Lingualis brevis 11 ” longa 12 Labialis brevis ........ 13 s» longa ........ 14 Gutturo-palatalis brevis .. . 15 ” longa ... 16 Diphthongus gutturo-palatalis 17 ” ” 18 ” ” 19 Gutturo-labialis brevis... . 20 ”» longa... 21 Diphthongus gutturo-labialis 22 ” ” 23 2? ”? 24 Gutturalis fracta....... 25 Palatalis fracta,......... 26 Labialis fracta ........ 27 Gutturo-labialis fracta. .. . ecewreee oscee eee 0 é 0 B Bot wm eee (a) (8) (u) (e) (ai) cee . . | —_-_ . slab B: tag at: > eee > ) E(e)S(e)] - - « %, W} 9 BR wore ee PPB web . . . -Y sh &: slth : 3b: I |r frets . . Jer |> |: ° . . . |» rr . . 8 Bm . “sq 0a8 ei, éi liv PREFACE TO THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. lv
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
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