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1ah eal ony eh ες ΛΗ ue a) Perr i's ἢ ἐμ ίενφο ΜῊ" ἢ is HAS Cotta dat seamen Cele, Faget ἄμε α ore Pps pte i irony, nae te 2 lenges BRL) Rag , aM OYE WKS Cet Sd UT asda ; δ Tes AVILA keaklash e é " yf vehe 1 ke fo, Ue pais, Ty dere: “ἃ ΣΟΥ, Af vty Voth ΟΣ e447 Mee piss meee δος ΡῈ υνὸν ας, ἀν, κῇ peg ΓΙ } ES a γεν ὦ 7 MPSS Stare ἐς 1 ls heheh Ane, WA x Lae oe 4 tide Lawl gbel ας 4Ὁ geis Ὁ Dated Le ᾿ - f ΔΑ ys th, Festive Tay d "- ᾿ τῇ she — Fleer nm, - Ed it ie Pik, Sine bo he ; Σ a | 4 φεότ: peas , spel es tae ; ; , Pr : - oz aks ἂρ : t } Ἂν 4 ἔνα A -- 5 Ξ Σ ered hme ora + - ὑπ δῷ oe SEES eM oA att Ae afte te PRO κι + FOB ing <a le ere wig? ἘΣ ect pe ae Ea eT a PE a « ΡΣ ᾿ ty Sicha laogaee atmos oy So da hte ε F - © LOR Wh ὸ i. ΝΟ ἮΝ ce WANE Pt 1 ht ΣΉ ΠΗ ΡΥ ἫΝ > ian ἐς στὸ ¢ ey fees oe! ) aC Uk eC Cees aT | ve Vege well) DAES 0h kel Regen, BHF Hho γον οὐ τ ge Lé γ ν ff FE dep τ ὧν (ἀξ = eee “amt int a ele -᾿ “a “ὁ παν: Sane nil PY OP at be “4... oe 4 ne bettie heme {πὶ ὑπ νυ Sees 4 Lt eae ae ᾿ δ Beck lh ESI GAS pe φάγον bate dae ma co typ Pew, sere f ἥ shies ties es ghd rv i “wor ἢ ee yi 4 " 46 PR Cen mart tee pe υ AGT ong, ‘ ε lod vee ὦ ὑδεν sf ear ah Dye Pie wees Si see ica 99 oh “Ὁ ee RTS s@ 02276 VO ᾿Α3Ἴ3.)38 )=—O8/ZL ‘WO9 ‘9G “ON WaO4 Ad1d add VINYOIITVS 4O ALISYSAINA «| 286).8 + AGN ΛΑΟΊΞΒ G3dWVIS SV ING ΘΙΌΡ anp oj 101d sADP p apoW aq AoW ς96.08.99: ρυὺ sjOMauUAaY 4S9Q οι! 5.10) Oy SyOOg Bui Burg Ag pabsoyra aq AoW sudo} YyuoW-9 SOre-Zr9 θυ ον Aq pameauas aq ADwW sudo} YjuOW- | SAVG 2 4314V G3TIVIIY 38 AVW SHOOSE TIV ὙΕΤῸΣ of z| 1 dold3d NVOT ~ : ΑΔ. uiow ZO0Z === Ol IN3JW1aVd30 NOILVINDIID Nana yh al ῥά ἜΣ « = — ; ἀ -- "a5 te j the Internet Archiv , vith funding from soft Corporation ν ᾿ Ἢ ω» 2 4 iat 4 2% a? ar a 5 Γ fl A - ΤΩΝ “-KARLY REEK PHILOSOPHY: BY JOHN BURNET, M.A., LL.D. PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN THE UNITED COLLEGE OF ST. SALVATOR AND ST. LEONARD, ST. ANDREWS > 3 a. 263 > ae... ° F? » > | > ~ Pace te bane Ὁ ea Ὁ 3 >? >? »? >.3 ὃῶὧφΦ ἃ. 4.8 ? Ὁ Ὁ ει > > 93993 ’ . δ. 23. 0 Ἵ 7 a3 > ΕΝ e e °o Φ gh Sig Ot ee? eo i om 79 e,° 9 933333 > > Περὶ μὲν τῶν ὄντων τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐσκόπουν, τὰ δ᾽ ὄντα ὑπέλαβον εἶναι τὰ αἰσθητὰ pdovov.—ARISTOTLE. SECOND EDITION | ὺς ΘΑ ΕΟ LONDON ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK ] 1908 | First Edition published April 1892. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION IT has been no easy task to revise this volume in such a way as to make it more worthy of the favour with which it has been received. Most of it has had to be rewritten in the light of certain discoveries made since the publication of the first edition, Shove all, that of the extracts from Menon’s Ἰατρικά, which have furnished, as I believe, a clue to the history of Pythagoreanism. I trust that all other obligations are duly acknowledged in the proper place.
2I trust that all other obligations are duly acknowledged in the proper place. It did not seem worth while to eliminate all traces of a certain youthful assurance which marked the first edition. I should not write now as I wrote at the age of twenty-five; but I still feel that the main con- tentions of the book were sound, so I have not tried to amend the style. The references to Zeller and “Ritter and Preller” are adapted throughout to the latest editions. The Aristotelian commentators are referred to by the pages and verses of the Berlin Academy edition, and Stobaeus by those of Wachsmuth. J. B. St. ANDREws, 1908. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION No apology is needed for the appearance of a work dealing with Early Greek Philosophy. The want of one has long been felt; for there are few branches of philology in which more progress has been made in the last twenty years, and the results of that progress have not yet been made accessible to the English reader. My original intention was simply to report these results; but I soon found that I was obliged to dissent from some of them, and it seemed best to say so distinctly. Very likely I am wrong in most of these cases, but my mistakes may be of use in calling attention to unobserved points. In any case, I hope ~ no one will think I have been wanting in the respect due to the great authority of Zeller, who was the first to recall the history of philosophy from the extrava- gances into which it had wandered earlier in the century. I am glad to find that all my divergences from his account have only led me a little further in the path that he struck out. I am very sensible of the imperfect execution of some parts of this work; but the subject has become so large, and the number of authorities whose testimony must be weighed is so great, that it is not easy for any vil viii EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHY one writer to be equally at home in all parts of the | field. I have consulted the student’s convenience by giving references to the seventh edition of Ritter and Preller (ed. Schultess) throughout. The references to Zeller are to the fourth German edition, from which the English translation was made. I have been able to make some use also of the recently published fifth edition (1892), and all references to it are distinguished by the symbol Z®. I can only wish that it had appeared in time for me to incorporate its results more thoroughly. I have to thank many friends for advice and sugges- tions, and, above all, Mr. Harold H. Joachim, Fellow of Merton College, who read most of the work before it went to press, J. Β. Ν᾿. OXFORD, 1892. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I Vow MILESIAN SCHOOL CHAPTER II SCIENCE AND RELIGION CHAPTER III &_HERAKLEITOS._OF EPHESOS CHAPTER IV SCOTS AEN OF ELEA-. ia CHAPTER V ‘EMPEDOKLES OF AKRAGAS . , , CHAPTER VI “Ee OF KLAZOMENAI γι PYTHAGOREANS CHAPTER VII 37-84 85-142 143-I91 192-226 227-289 290-318 319-356
3ia CHAPTER V ‘EMPEDOKLES OF AKRAGAS . , , CHAPTER VI “Ee OF KLAZOMENAI γι PYTHAGOREANS CHAPTER VII 37-84 85-142 143-I91 192-226 227-289 290-318 319-356 x EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHY CHAPTER VIII PAGES ~ THE YOUNGER ELEATICS ; ; Ἢ : . 357-379 CHAPTER Ix “LEUKIPPOS OF MILETOS : : : : . 380-404 CHAPTER X ECLECTICISM AND REACTION . : ; ; . 405-418 APPENDIX THE SOURCES ; : : ; : ς - 419-426 INDEX es τὺ ᾿ : ; ; + 427-433 ABBREVIATIONS Arch. Archiv fiir Geschichte der Philosophie. Berlin, 1888-1908. BEARE. Greek Theories of Elementary Cognition, by John I. Beare. Oxford, 1906. DIELS Dox. Doxographi graeci. Hermannus Diels, Berlin, 1879. DIELS Vors. Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, von Hermann Diels, Zweite Auflage, Erster Band. Berlin, 1906. GOMPERZ. Greek Thinkers, by Theodor Gomperz, Authorised (English) Edition, vol. i. London, 1901. JACOBY. Afpollodors Chronik, von Felix Jacoby (Philol. Unters. Heft xvi.). Berlin, 1902. Roi Historia Philosophiae Graecae, H. Ritter et L. Preller. Editio octava, quam curavit Eduardus Wellmann. Gotha, 1898. | ZELLER. Die Philosophie der Griechen, dargestellt von Dr. Eduard Zeller. Erster Theil, Fiinfte Auflage. Leipzig, 1892. xi sult Ἶ —_— oy ee ν = ΕΝ =a a eRe? ΕἸ’, SS SS ἐμόσαν» 3 ‘ ; B = Ps 4 νι fi : ΓΙ EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHY INTRODUCTION I, IT was not till the primitive view of the world The cosmo- and the customary rules of life had broken down, that ph es the Greeks began to feel the needs which philosophies ok of nature and of conduct seek to satisfy. Nor were those needs felt all at once. The traditional maxims 4 of conduct were not seriously questioned till the old view of nature had passed away ; and, for this reason, the earliest philosophers busied themselves mainly with speculations about the world around them. In due season, Logic was called into being to meet a fresh want. The pursuit of cosmological inquiry beyond a certain point inevitably brought to light a wide diver- gence between science and common sense, which was itself a problem that demanded solution, and moreover constrained philosophers to study the means of defending their paradoxes against the prejudices of the unscientific many. Later still, the prevailing interest in logical matters raised the question of the origin and validity of knowledge ; while, about the same time, the break- down of traditional morality gave rise to Ethics. The period which precedes the rise of Logic and Ethics has ὃ f } a I j ‘The primitive view of the world. ~ ss 4 ἴ c ἕἔ ec t é { t : εξ y) : tec - “ εὐ ες ce Pe re Rm | iy: GS BARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHY thus a distinctive character of its own, and may fitly be treated apart.’ II. Even in the earliest times of which we have any record, the primitive view of the world is fast passing
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
1ah eal ony eh ες ΛΗ ue a) Perr i's ἢ ἐμ ίενφο ΜῊ" ἢ is HAS Cotta dat seamen Cele, Faget ἄμε α ore Pps pte i irony, nae te 2 lenges BRL) Rag , aM OYE WKS Cet Sd UT asda ; δ Tes AVILA keaklash e é " yf vehe 1 ke fo, Ue pais, Ty dere: “ἃ ΣΟΥ, Af vty Voth ΟΣ e447 Mee piss meee δος ΡῈ υνὸν ας, ἀν, κῇ peg ΓΙ } ES a γεν ὦ 7 MPSS Stare ἐς 1 ls heheh Ane, WA x Lae oe 4 tide Lawl gbel ας 4Ὁ geis Ὁ Dated Le ᾿ - f ΔΑ ys th, Festive Tay d "- ᾿ τῇ she — Fleer nm, - Ed it ie Pik, Sine bo he ; Σ a | 4 φεότ: peas , spel es tae ; ; , Pr : - oz aks ἂρ : t } Ἂν 4 ἔνα A -- 5 Ξ Σ ered hme ora + - ὑπ δῷ oe SEES eM oA att Ae afte te PRO κι + FOB ing <a le ere wig? ἘΣ ect pe ae Ea eT a PE a « ΡΣ ᾿ ty Sicha laogaee atmos oy So da hte ε F - © LOR Wh ὸ i. ΝΟ ἮΝ ce WANE Pt 1 ht ΣΉ ΠΗ ΡΥ ἫΝ > ian ἐς στὸ ¢ ey fees oe! ) aC Uk eC Cees aT | ve Vege well) DAES 0h kel Regen, BHF Hho γον οὐ τ ge Lé γ ν ff FE dep τ ὧν (ἀξ = eee “amt int a ele -᾿ “a “ὁ παν: Sane nil PY OP at be “4... oe 4 ne bettie heme {πὶ ὑπ νυ Sees 4 Lt eae ae ᾿ δ Beck lh ESI GAS pe φάγον bate dae ma co typ Pew, sere f ἥ shies ties es ghd rv i “wor ἢ ee yi 4 " 46 PR Cen mart tee pe υ AGT ong, ‘ ε lod vee ὦ ὑδεν sf ear ah Dye Pie wees Si see ica 99 oh “Ὁ ee RTS s@ 02276 VO ᾿Α3Ἴ3.)38 )=—O8/ZL ‘WO9 ‘9G “ON WaO4 Ad1d add VINYOIITVS 4O ALISYSAINA «| 286).8 + AGN ΛΑΟΊΞΒ G3dWVIS SV ING ΘΙΌΡ anp oj 101d sADP p apoW aq AoW ς96.08.99: ρυὺ sjOMauUAaY 4S9Q οι! 5.10) Oy SyOOg Bui Burg Ag pabsoyra aq AoW sudo} YyuoW-9 SOre-Zr9 θυ ον Aq pameauas aq ADwW sudo} YjuOW- | SAVG 2 4314V G3TIVIIY 38 AVW SHOOSE TIV ὙΕΤῸΣ of z| 1 dold3d NVOT ~ : ΑΔ. uiow ZO0Z === Ol IN3JW1aVd30 NOILVINDIID Nana yh al ῥά ἜΣ « = — ; ἀ -- "a5 te j the Internet Archiv , vith funding from soft Corporation ν ᾿ Ἢ ω» 2 4 iat 4 2% a? ar a 5 Γ fl A - ΤΩΝ “-KARLY REEK PHILOSOPHY: BY JOHN BURNET, M.A., LL.D. PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN THE UNITED COLLEGE OF ST. SALVATOR AND ST. LEONARD, ST. ANDREWS > 3 a. 263 > ae... ° F? » > | > ~ Pace te bane Ὁ ea Ὁ 3 >? >? »? >.3 ὃῶὧφΦ ἃ. 4.8 ? Ὁ Ὁ ει > > 93993 ’ . δ. 23. 0 Ἵ 7 a3 > ΕΝ e e °o Φ gh Sig Ot ee? eo i om 79 e,° 9 933333 > > Περὶ μὲν τῶν ὄντων τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐσκόπουν, τὰ δ᾽ ὄντα ὑπέλαβον εἶναι τὰ αἰσθητὰ pdovov.—ARISTOTLE. SECOND EDITION | ὺς ΘΑ ΕΟ LONDON ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK ] 1908 | First Edition published April 1892. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION IT has been no easy task to revise this volume in such a way as to make it more worthy of the favour with which it has been received. Most of it has had to be rewritten in the light of certain discoveries made since the publication of the first edition, Shove all, that of the extracts from Menon’s Ἰατρικά, which have furnished, as I believe, a clue to the history of Pythagoreanism. I trust that all other obligations are duly acknowledged in the proper place.
2I trust that all other obligations are duly acknowledged in the proper place. It did not seem worth while to eliminate all traces of a certain youthful assurance which marked the first edition. I should not write now as I wrote at the age of twenty-five; but I still feel that the main con- tentions of the book were sound, so I have not tried to amend the style. The references to Zeller and “Ritter and Preller” are adapted throughout to the latest editions. The Aristotelian commentators are referred to by the pages and verses of the Berlin Academy edition, and Stobaeus by those of Wachsmuth. J. B. St. ANDREws, 1908. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION No apology is needed for the appearance of a work dealing with Early Greek Philosophy. The want of one has long been felt; for there are few branches of philology in which more progress has been made in the last twenty years, and the results of that progress have not yet been made accessible to the English reader. My original intention was simply to report these results; but I soon found that I was obliged to dissent from some of them, and it seemed best to say so distinctly. Very likely I am wrong in most of these cases, but my mistakes may be of use in calling attention to unobserved points. In any case, I hope ~ no one will think I have been wanting in the respect due to the great authority of Zeller, who was the first to recall the history of philosophy from the extrava- gances into which it had wandered earlier in the century. I am glad to find that all my divergences from his account have only led me a little further in the path that he struck out. I am very sensible of the imperfect execution of some parts of this work; but the subject has become so large, and the number of authorities whose testimony must be weighed is so great, that it is not easy for any vil viii EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHY one writer to be equally at home in all parts of the | field. I have consulted the student’s convenience by giving references to the seventh edition of Ritter and Preller (ed. Schultess) throughout. The references to Zeller are to the fourth German edition, from which the English translation was made. I have been able to make some use also of the recently published fifth edition (1892), and all references to it are distinguished by the symbol Z®. I can only wish that it had appeared in time for me to incorporate its results more thoroughly. I have to thank many friends for advice and sugges- tions, and, above all, Mr. Harold H. Joachim, Fellow of Merton College, who read most of the work before it went to press, J. Β. Ν᾿. OXFORD, 1892. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I Vow MILESIAN SCHOOL CHAPTER II SCIENCE AND RELIGION CHAPTER III &_HERAKLEITOS._OF EPHESOS CHAPTER IV SCOTS AEN OF ELEA-. ia CHAPTER V ‘EMPEDOKLES OF AKRAGAS . , , CHAPTER VI “Ee OF KLAZOMENAI γι PYTHAGOREANS CHAPTER VII 37-84 85-142 143-I91 192-226 227-289 290-318 319-356
3ia CHAPTER V ‘EMPEDOKLES OF AKRAGAS . , , CHAPTER VI “Ee OF KLAZOMENAI γι PYTHAGOREANS CHAPTER VII 37-84 85-142 143-I91 192-226 227-289 290-318 319-356 x EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHY CHAPTER VIII PAGES ~ THE YOUNGER ELEATICS ; ; Ἢ : . 357-379 CHAPTER Ix “LEUKIPPOS OF MILETOS : : : : . 380-404 CHAPTER X ECLECTICISM AND REACTION . : ; ; . 405-418 APPENDIX THE SOURCES ; : : ; : ς - 419-426 INDEX es τὺ ᾿ : ; ; + 427-433 ABBREVIATIONS Arch. Archiv fiir Geschichte der Philosophie. Berlin, 1888-1908. BEARE. Greek Theories of Elementary Cognition, by John I. Beare. Oxford, 1906. DIELS Dox. Doxographi graeci. Hermannus Diels, Berlin, 1879. DIELS Vors. Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, von Hermann Diels, Zweite Auflage, Erster Band. Berlin, 1906. GOMPERZ. Greek Thinkers, by Theodor Gomperz, Authorised (English) Edition, vol. i. London, 1901. JACOBY. Afpollodors Chronik, von Felix Jacoby (Philol. Unters. Heft xvi.). Berlin, 1902. Roi Historia Philosophiae Graecae, H. Ritter et L. Preller. Editio octava, quam curavit Eduardus Wellmann. Gotha, 1898. | ZELLER. Die Philosophie der Griechen, dargestellt von Dr. Eduard Zeller. Erster Theil, Fiinfte Auflage. Leipzig, 1892. xi sult Ἶ —_— oy ee ν = ΕΝ =a a eRe? ΕἸ’, SS SS ἐμόσαν» 3 ‘ ; B = Ps 4 νι fi : ΓΙ EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHY INTRODUCTION I, IT was not till the primitive view of the world The cosmo- and the customary rules of life had broken down, that ph es the Greeks began to feel the needs which philosophies ok of nature and of conduct seek to satisfy. Nor were those needs felt all at once. The traditional maxims 4 of conduct were not seriously questioned till the old view of nature had passed away ; and, for this reason, the earliest philosophers busied themselves mainly with speculations about the world around them. In due season, Logic was called into being to meet a fresh want. The pursuit of cosmological inquiry beyond a certain point inevitably brought to light a wide diver- gence between science and common sense, which was itself a problem that demanded solution, and moreover constrained philosophers to study the means of defending their paradoxes against the prejudices of the unscientific many. Later still, the prevailing interest in logical matters raised the question of the origin and validity of knowledge ; while, about the same time, the break- down of traditional morality gave rise to Ethics. The period which precedes the rise of Logic and Ethics has ὃ f } a I j ‘The primitive view of the world. ~ ss 4 ἴ c ἕἔ ec t é { t : εξ y) : tec - “ εὐ ες ce Pe re Rm | iy: GS BARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHY thus a distinctive character of its own, and may fitly be treated apart.’ II. Even in the earliest times of which we have any record, the primitive view of the world is fast passing
The source text as printed, transcribed diplomatically. Where the source language uses a non-Latin script that reaches us only through a Victorian romanisation, this layer is labelled transliteration, because that is what we hold.
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