The Writings of Kwang-tze — Sacred Books of China Part II, SBE Vol. 40 (trans. James Legge, 1891)
English·1879–1910·trans. James Legge·245 passages
The text · part 1 of 12
cen dipeeeenwreeennemaear net eeec enti ID til eee nr Orne OO tte ete cette ti te
COLI Fem ' 'PRARY, APH. 7 1896 PRINCETON, N. J:
COM EAR) ‘SRARY Arh 7 agg” PRINCETON, N. J.
THE
SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST
[40]
Tondon HENRY FROWDE
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE
AMEN CORNER, E.C,
THE
SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST
TRANSLATED BY VARIOUS ORIENTAL SCHOLARS
AND EDITED BY
F. MAX MULLER
VOL. XL
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PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
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THE
SACRED BOOKS OF CHINA
THE TEXTS OF TAOISM
TRANSLATED BY
JAMES LEGGE
PART II
THE WRITINGS OF KWANG-3ZE BOOKS XVIII—XXXIII
THE THAI-SHANG TRACTATE OF ACTIONS AND THEIR RETRIBUTIONS
APPENDIXES I-VIII
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TIE vol, Fo PER
CONTENTS.
THE WRITINGS OF KWANG-3ZE.
PART II. BOOK PAGE XVIII. xi. ih Lo, or Perfect Enjoyment . : . . ot XIX. xii. Ta Shang, or the Full Understanding of Life . . It XX. xiii. Shan M(, or the Tree on the Mountain . : - 27 XXI. xiv. Thien 3ze-fang : . 42
XXII. xv. Xih Pei YG, or Knowledge Rambling j in ‘the N orth 57
PART III.
XXIII. i. Kang-sang KAA. . . . : - 74
XXIV. ii. Hsii Wa-kwei : . : : : . - Ol
XXV. iii. 3eh-yang . . : - 114
XXVI. iv. WaA&i Wa, or What comes ‘from Without _ : . 131 XXVII.v. Yii Yen, or Metaphorical Language . . . 142
XXVIII. vi. Zang Wang, or Kings who have wished to resign the Throne : . . . - 149
XXIX. vii. Tao Xih, or the Robber Ki h. : . . . 166
XXX. viii. Yiieh Kien, or Delight in the Sword-fight . . 186
XXXI. ix. Yii-fG, or the Old Fisherman . . : - 192
XXXII. x. Lieh Yii-khau : . 202
XXXIII. xi. Thien Hsi, or Historical Phases of Taoist Teaching 214
THE THAI-SHANG TRACTATE OF ACTIONS AND THEIR RETRIBUTIONS.
Translation of the Tractate . . . . . . . . 235
100410
Vili CONTENTS.
APPENDIXES. PAGE I. Khing Kang Xing, or the Classic of Purity . . - 247 II. Yin Fa Xing, or Classic of the Harmony of the Seen and the Unseen. . . - 255 III. Yii Sh Xing, or Classic of the Pivot of Jade . . . 265
IV. Zah Yung Xing, or Classic of the Directory for a Day . 269
V. Analyses by Lin Hsi-f4ung of several of the Books of
Kwang-3ze . . . 273
VI. List of Narratives, Apoogues and Stories i in the Writings of Kwang-3ze . . . 298
VII. The Stone Tablet in the Temple of Lowe ‘By Hsieh Tao-hang of the Sui dynasty . . . - 311
VIII. Record for the Sacrificial Hall of Kwang-ye. By Sf Shih 320 INDEX TO VOLS. XXXIX, XL. . . . : . + 325
Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets adopted for the Translations of the Sacred Books of the East. . . . + 337
THE TEXTS OF TAOISM.
BOOK XVIII. Part II. Section XI. Kih Lo, or ‘ Perfect Enjoyment '.’
By Sf Shih 320 INDEX TO VOLS. XXXIX, XL. . . . : . + 325
Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets adopted for the Translations of the Sacred Books of the East. . . . + 337
THE TEXTS OF TAOISM.
BOOK XVIII. Part II. Section XI. Kih Lo, or ‘ Perfect Enjoyment '.’
1. Under the sky is perfect enjoyment to be found or not? Are there any who can preserve themselves alive or not? If there be, what do they do? What do they maintain ? What do they avoid ? What do they attend to? Where do they resort to? Where do they keep from? What do they delight in? What do they dislike ?
What the world honours is riches, dignities, longevity,and being deemed able. What it delights in is rest for the body, rich flavours, fine garments, beautiful colours, and pleasant musjc. What it looks down on are poverty and mean condition, short life and being deemed feeble?. What men consider bitter experiences are that their bodies do not get rest and ease, that their mouths do not get food of rich flavour, that their persons are not finely clothed, that their eyes do not see beautiful colours, and that their ears do not listen to pleasant music. If they do not
* See vol. xxxix, pp. 149, 150.
2 Of riches, dignities, longevity, and their opposites, enough is said, while the other two qualities are lightly passed over, and referred to only in connexion with ‘ meritorious officers.’ I can only understand them as in the translation.
[4°] Bp. 2 get these things, they are very sorrowful, and go on to be troubled with fears. Their thoughts are all about the body ;—are they not silly ?
Now the rich embitter their lives by their incessant labours ; they accumulate more wealth than they can use :—while they act thus for the body, they make it external to themselves'. Those who seek for honours carry their pursuit of them from the day into the night, full of anxiety about their methods whether they are skilful or not:—while they act thus for the body they treat it as if it were indifferent to them* The birth of man is at the same time the birth of his sorrow; and if he live long he becomes more and more stupid, and the longer is his anxiety that he may not die; how great is his bitterness !—while he thus acts for his body, it is for a distant result. Meritorious officers are regarded by the world as good; but (their goodness) is not sufficient to keep their persons alive. I do not know whether the goodness ascribed to them be really good or really not good. If indeed it be considered good, it is not sufficient to preserve their persons alive; if it be deemed not good, it is sufficient to preserve other men alive. Hence it is said, ‘When faithful remonstrances are not listened to, (the remonstrant) should sit still, let (his ruler) take his course, and not strive with him. Therefore when 3ze-hsii ® strove with (his ruler), he brought on him-
1 If they did not do so, they would be content when they had enough.
2 Wishing to attach it more closely to them.
Therefore when 3ze-hsii ® strove with (his ruler), he brought on him-
1 If they did not do so, they would be content when they had enough.
2 Wishing to attach it more closely to them.
* Wf 32ze-hsii, the scourge of Kft; and who perished miserably at last, when the king of WA would no longer listen to his remonstrances ;—in about B.c. 475.
p. 3
self the mutilation of his body. If he had not so striven, he would not have acquired his fame :—was such (goodness) really good or was it not ?
As to what the common people now do, and what they find their enjoyment in, I do not know whether the enjoyment be really enjoyment or really not. I see them in their pursuit of it following after all their aims as if with the determination of death, and as if they could not stop in their course; but what they call enjoyment would not be so to me, while yet I do not say that there is no enjoyment in it. Is there indeed such enjoyment, or is there not? I consider doing nothing (to obtain it) to be the great enjoyment', while ordinarily people consider it to be a great evil. Hence it is said, ‘ Perfect enjoyment is to be without enjoyment; the highest praise is to be without praise®.’ The right and the wrong (on this point of enjoyment) cannot indeed be determined according to (the view of) the world; nevertheless, this doing nothing (to obtain it) may determine the right and the wrong. Since perfect enjoyment is (held to be) the keeping the body alive, it is only by this doing nothing that that end -is likely to be secured. Allow me to try and explain this (more fully) :—Heaven does nothing, and thence comes its serenity; Earth does nothing, and thence _ comes its rest. By the union of these two inactivities, all things are produced. How vast and imperceptible is the process !—they seem to come from
1 This is the secret of the Tao. ® The last member of this sentence is the reading adopted by Wt Kh&ng towards the conclusion of the thirty-ninth chapter of the Tao Teh King, instead of the common HK Hy Hi fHt Hi.
B2
p. 4
nowhere! How imperceptible and vast!—there is no visible image of it! All things in all their variety grow from this Inaction. Hence it is said, ‘Heaven and Earth do nothing, and yet there is nothing that they do not do?’ But what man is there that can attain to this inaction ?
BK, XVIII.
nowhere! How imperceptible and vast!—there is no visible image of it! All things in all their variety grow from this Inaction. Hence it is said, ‘Heaven and Earth do nothing, and yet there is nothing that they do not do?’ But what man is there that can attain to this inaction ?
2. When Awang-jze’s wife died, Hui-jze went to condole with him, and, finding him squatted on the ground, drumming on the basin?, and singing, said to him, ‘When a wife has lived with her husband, and brought up children, and then dies in her old age, not to wail for her is enough. When you go on to drum on this basin and sing, is it not an excessive (and strange) demonstration ?’ A’wang-jze replied, ‘It is not so. When she first died, was it possible for me to be singular and not affected by the event? But I reflected on the commencement of her being*. She had not yet been born to life ; not only had she no life, but she had no bodily form ; not only had she no bodily form, but she had no breath. During the intermingling of the waste and dark chaos, there ensued a change, and there was breath; another change, and there was the bodily form; another change, and there came birth
1 Compare similar statements in the Tao Teh Xing, ch. 48, et al.
2 The basin or tub, not ‘a basin.’ The reference is, no doubt, to the basin of ice put down near or under the couch on which the body was laid. I suppose that Avwang-jze was squatting so as to have this between his legs.
5 Is the writer referring to the primal creation as we may call it, or development of things out of the chaos, or to some analogous process at the birth of his wife? However that be, birth and death appear to him to be merely changes of the same kind in the perpetual process of evolution.
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and life. There is now a change again, and she is dead. The relation between these things is like the procession of the four seasons from spring to autumn, from winter to summer. There now she lies with her face up, sleeping in the Great Chamber!; and if I were to fall sobbing and going on to wail for her, I should think that I did not understand what was appointed (for all). I therefore restrained myself?!’
3. Mr. Deformed? and Mr. One-foot® were looking at the mound-graves of the departed in the wild of Khwan-lun, where Hwang-Ti had entered into his rest. Suddenly a tumour began to grow on their left wrists, which made them look distressed as if they disliked it. The former said to the other, ‘Do
1 Between heaven and earth.
2 Was it necessary he should fall singing to his drumming on the basin? But I subjoin a note here, suggested by the paragraph, which might have found, perhaps, a more appropriate place in the notice of this Book in vol. xxxix, pp. 149, 150.
2 Was it necessary he should fall singing to his drumming on the basin? But I subjoin a note here, suggested by the paragraph, which might have found, perhaps, a more appropriate place in the notice of this Book in vol. xxxix, pp. 149, 150.
In Sir John F. Davis’ ‘Description of the Empire of China and its Inhabitants (edition of 1857), vol. ii, pp. 74-90, we have the amusing story of ‘The Philosopher and his Wife.’ The philosopher is Kwang-3ze, who plays the part of a magician; and of his wife it might be said, ‘ Frailty! thy name is woman!’ Sir John Davis says, ‘The story was translated into French by Pére d’Entrecolles, and supplied the materials of Voltaire’s Zadig.’ I have not met in Chinese with Father d’Entrecolles’ original. All of Zadig which can be supposed to have been borrowed from his translator is only a few sentences. The whole story is inconsistent with the account in paragraph 2 of the death of Awang-3ze’s wife, and with all which we learn from his writings of his character.
8 We know nothing of these parties but what we are told here. They are called Shf, meaning ‘uncle,’ often equivalent in China to our‘ Mr. The lesson taught by them is that of submission to pain and death as merely phenomena in the sphere of change. For the phraseology of their names, see Bk. III, par. 3, and Bk. IV, par. 8.
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you dread it?’ ‘No, replied he, ‘why should I dread it? Life is a borrowed thing. The living frame thus borrowed is but so much dust. Life and death are like day and night. And you and I were looking at (the graves of) those who have undergone their change. If my change is coming to me, why should I dislike it ?’
4. When Awang-jze went to Ai, he saw an empty skull, bleached indeed, but still retaining its shape. Tapping it with his horse-switch, he asked it, saying, ‘ Did you, Sir, in your greed of life, fail in the lessons of reason, and come to this? Or did you do so, in the service of a perishing state, by the punishment of the axe? Or was it through your evil conduct, reflecting disgrace on your parents and on your wife and children ? Or was it through your hard endurances of cold and hunger? Or was it that you had completed your term of life ?’
Having given expression to these questions, he took up the skull, and made a pillow of it when he went to sleep. At midnight the skull appeared to him in a dream, and said, ‘ What you said to me was after the fashion of an orator. All your words were about the entanglements of men in their lifetime. There are none of those things after death. Would you like to hear me, Sir, tell you about death ?’ ‘I should,’ said Awang-jze, and the skull resumed: ‘In death there are not (the distinctions of) ruler above and minister below. There are none of the phenomena of the four seasons. Tranquil and at ease, our years are those of heaven and earth. No king in his court has greater enjoyment than we have.’ Awang-sze did not believe it, and said, ‘If I
There are none of the phenomena of the four seasons. Tranquil and at ease, our years are those of heaven and earth. No king in his court has greater enjoyment than we have.’ Awang-sze did not believe it, and said, ‘If Ip. 7 could get the Ruler of our Destiny! to restore your body to life with its bones and flesh and skin, and to give you back your father and mother, your wife and children, and all your village acquaintances, would you wish me todo so?’ The skull stared fixedly at him, knitted its brows, and said, ‘ How should I cast away the enjoyment of my royal court, and undertake again the toils of life among mankind ?’
1 I suppose the T40; but none of the commentators, so far as I have seen, say anything about the expression.
2 Compare the long discourse of Confucius with Yen Hui, on the latter’s proposing to go to Wei, in Bk. IV.
® Kwan f-wf or Kwan Kung, the chief minister of duke Hwan of Ki, whom he is supposed to have in view in his ‘small bag and . short rope.’
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it there, will suspect the speaker; and that speaker, being suspected, will be put to death. And have you not heard this ?—Formerly a sea-bird alighted in the suburban country of Lt. The marquis went out to meet it, (brought it) to'the ancestral temple, and prepared to banquet it there. The Kifi-shao? was performed to afford it music; an ox, a sheep, and a pig were killed to supply the food. The bird, however, looked at everything with dim eyes, and was very sad. It did not venture to eat a single bit of flesh, nor to drink a single cupful ; and in three days it died.
The Kifi-shao? was performed to afford it music; an ox, a sheep, and a pig were killed to supply the food. The bird, however, looked at everything with dim eyes, and was very sad. It did not venture to eat a single bit of flesh, nor to drink a single cupful ; and in three days it died.
‘The marquis was trying to nourish the bird with what he used for himself, and not with the nourishment proper for a bird. They who would nourish birds as they ought to be nourished should let them perch in the deep forests, or roam over sandy plains; float on the rivers and lakes; feed on the eels and small fish; wing their flight in regular order and - then stop; and be free and at ease in their restingplaces. It was a distress to that bird to hear men speak; what did it care for all the noise and hubbub made about it? Ifthe music of the Xit-sh4o? or the Hsien-£4ih* were performed in the wild of the Thung-thing* lake, birds would fly away, and beasts would run off when they heard it, and fishes would dive down to the bottom of the water; while men, when they hear it, would come all round to-
1 Perhaps another and more ridiculous version of the story told in ‘the Narratives of the States,’ II, i, art. 7. . ® The name of Shun’s music ;—see the Sh@ (in vol. iii), par. 2.
5 Called also Ta Shao, in Book XXXIII, par. 2. “ Hwang-T?’s music ;—see Bk. XIV, par. 3.—But the genuineness of the whole paragraph is called in question.
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gether, and look on. Fishes live and men die in the water. They are different in constitution, and therefore differ in their likes and dislikes. Hence it was that the ancient sages did not require (from all) the same ability, nor demand the same performances. They gave names according to the reality of what was done, and gave their approbation where it was specially suitable. This was what was called the method of universal adaptation and of sure success.’
They gave names according to the reality of what was done, and gave their approbation where it was specially suitable. This was what was called the method of universal adaptation and of sure success.’
6. Lieh-jze (once) upon a journey took a meal by the road-side. There he sawa skull a hundred years old, and, pulling away the bush (under which it lay), he pointed to it and said, ‘It is only you and I who know that you are not dead, and that (aforetime) you were not alive. Do you indeed really find (in death) the nourishment (which you like)? Do I really find (in life my proper) enjoyment? The seeds (of things) are multitudinous and minute. On the surface of the water they form a membranous texture. When they reach to where the land and water join they become the (lichens which we call the) clothes of frogs and oysters. Coming to life on mounds and heights, they become the plantain; and, receiving manure, appear as crows’ feet. The roots of the crow’s foot become grubs, and its leaves, butterflies. This butterfly, known by the name of hsii, is changed into an insect, and comes to life under a furnace. Then it has the form of a moth, and is named the £hii-to. The ££ii-to after a thousand days becomes a bird, called the Zan-yii-kQ. Its saliva becomes the s3e-mi, and this again the shihhsi (or pickle-eater). The i-lo is produced from -the pickle-eater; the hwang-kwang from the
Ke) THE TEXTS OF TAOISM. - BK, XVIII.
Aid-yt; the m4u-zui from the pO-khwan. The ying-hst uniting with a bamboo, which has long ceased to put forth sprouts, produces the &hingning; the £Aing-ning, the panther; the panther, the horse; and the horse, theman. Man then again enters into the great Machinery (of Evolution), from which all things come forth (at birth), and which they enter at death 1.’
1 A much larger paragraph from which this must have been abbreviated, or which must have been enlarged from this, is found in the first Book of Lieh-3ze’s works (pp. 4, 5). In na Buddhist treatise is the transrotation of births more fully, and, I must add, absurdly stated.
PT, Il, SECT. XII. THE WRITINGS OF KWANG-8ZE. II
BOOK XIX. Part II. Section XII. Ta Shang, or ‘The Full Understanding of Life?.’
1. He who understands the conditions of Life does not strive after what is of no use to life; and he who understands the conditions of Destiny does not strive after what is beyond the reach of knowledge. In nourishing the body it is necessary to have beforehand the things (appropriate to its support)? ; but there are cases where there is a superabundance of such things, and yet the body is not nourished’. In order to have life it is necessary that it do not have left the body; but there are cases when the body has not been left by it, and yet the life has perished’.
; but there are cases where there is a superabundance of such things, and yet the body is not nourished’. In order to have life it is necessary that it do not have left the body; but there are cases when the body has not been left by it, and yet the life has perished’.
When life comes, it cannot be declined; when it goes, it cannot be detained. Alas! the men of the world think that to nourish the body is sufficient to preserve life; and when such nourishment is not sufficient to preserve the life, what can be done in the world that will be sufficient ? Though (all that men can do) will be insufficient, yet there are things which they feel they ought to do, and they do not try to avoid doing them. For those who wish to
1 See vol. xxxix, pp. 150, 151.
* Wealth will supply abundantly the things that are necessary and fit for the nourishment of the body, but sudden death may render them unavailing.
_* That is, the higher life of the spirit has perished.
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avoid caring for the body, their best plan is to abandon the world. Abandoning the world, they are free from its entanglements. Free from its entanglements, their (minds) are correct and their (temperament) is equable. Thus correct and equable, they succeed in securing a renewal of life, as some have done'. In securing a renewal of life, they are not far from the True (Secret of their being). But how is it sufficient to abandon worldly affairs? and how is it sufficient to forget the (business of) life? Through the renouncing of (worldly) affairs, the body has no more toil; through forgetting the (business of) life, the vital power suffers no diminution. When the body is completed and the vital power is restored (to its original vigour), the man is one with Heaven. Heaven and Earth are the father and mother of all things. It is by their union that the body is formed ; it is by their separation that a (new) beginning is brought about. When the body and vital power suffer no diminution, we have what may be called the transference of power. From the vital force there comes another more vital, and man returns to be the assistant of Heaven.
2. My master? Lieh-yze? asked Yin, (the warden) of the gate’, saying, ‘The perfect man walks under
* I think I have caught the meaning. The phrase signifying ‘the renewal of life’ has been used to translate ‘ being born again’ in John’s Gospel, ch. 3.
® We find here Lieh-3ze (whose name has already occurred several times) in communication with the warden Yin, who was a contemporary of Lao-3ze,and we must refer him therefore to the sixth century B.c. He could not therefore be contemporary with our author, and yet the three characters of the text mean ‘ My Master, Lieh-3ze ;’ and the whole of the paragraph is found in Lieh-3ze’s second Book (45%) with a good many variants in the text.
PT. Il. SECT. XII. THE WRITINGS OF KWANG-3ZE. 13
He could not therefore be contemporary with our author, and yet the three characters of the text mean ‘ My Master, Lieh-3ze ;’ and the whole of the paragraph is found in Lieh-3ze’s second Book (45%) with a good many variants in the text.
PT. Il. SECT. XII. THE WRITINGS OF KWANG-3ZE. 13 water without encountering any obstruction, treads on fire without being burned, and walks on high above all things without any fear; let me ask how he attains to do this!?’ The warden Yin replied, ‘It is by his keeping of the pure breath (of life) ; it is not to be described as an achievement of his skill or daring. Sit down, and I will explain it to you. Whatever has form, semblance, sound, and colour is a thing; how can one thing come to be different from another? But it is not competent for any of these things to reach to what preceded them all ;— they are but (form and) visibility. But (the perfect man) attains to be (as it were) without form, and beyond the capability of being transformed. Now when one attains to this and carries it out to the highest degree, how can other things come into his way to stop him? He will occupy the place assigned to him without going beyond it, and lie concealed in the clue which has no end. He will study with delight the process which gives their beginning and ending to all things. By gathering his nature into a unity, by nourishing his vital power, by concentrating his virtue, he will penetrate to the making of things. In this condition, with his heavenly constitution kept entire, and with no crevice in his spirit, how can things enter (and disturb his serenity) ? ‘Take the case of a drunken man falling from his carriage ;—though he may suffer injury, he will not
The gate was at the passage leading from the Royal Domain of those days into the great feudal territory of 3in;—from the north-west of the present province of Ho-nan into Shen-hsi.
1 Lieh-3ze puts an absurd question to the warden, which is replied to at length, and unsatisfactorily. We need not discuss either the question or the answer in this place.
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die. His bones and joints are the same as those of other men, but the injury which he receives is different :—his spirit is entire. He knew nothing about his getting into the carriage, and knew nothing about his falling from it. The thought of death or life, or of any alarm or affright, does not enter his breast ; and therefore he encounters danger without any shrinking from it. Completely under the influence of the liquor he has drunk, it is thus with him ;—how much more would it be so, if he were under the influence of his Heavenly constitution! The sagely man is kept hid in his Heavenly constitution, and therefore nothing can injure him.
Completely under the influence of the liquor he has drunk, it is thus with him ;—how much more would it be so, if he were under the influence of his Heavenly constitution! The sagely man is kept hid in his Heavenly constitution, and therefore nothing can injure him.
‘A man in the pursuit of vengeance would not "break the (sword) Mo-yé or Yii-#iang (which had done the deed); nor would one, however easily made wrathful, wreak his resentment on the fallen brick. In this way all under heaven there would be peace, without the disorder of assaults and fighting, without the punishments of death and slaughter :—such would be the issue of the course (which I have described). If the disposition that is of human origin be not developed, but that which is the gift of Heaven, the development of the latter will produce goodness, while that of the former would produce hurt. If the latter were not wearied of, and the former not slighted, the people would be brought nearly to their True nature.’
3. When Xung-nt was on his way to AAi, as he issued from a forest, he saw a hunchback receiving cicadas (on the point of a rod), as if he were picking them up with his hand'. ‘ You are clever!’ said he
* This paragraph is also found with variations in Lieh-jze,
PT. 11, SECT. XI. THE WRITINGS OF KWANG-8ZE. T5
to the man. ‘Is there any method in it?’ The hunchback replied, ‘There is, For five or six months, I practised with two pellets, till they never fell down, and then I only failed with a small fraction! of the cicadas (which I tried to catch). Having succeeded in the same way with three (pellets), I missed only one cicada in ten. Having succeeded with five, I caught the cicadas as if I were gathering them. My body is to me no more than the stump of a broken trunk, and my shoulder no more than the branch of a rotten tree. Great as heaven and earth are, and multitudinous as things are, I take no notice of them, but only of the wings of my cicadas; neither turning nor inclining to one side. I would not for them all exchange the wings of my cicadas ;—how should I not succeed in taking them ?’ Confucius looked round, and said to his disciples, ‘ “ Where the will is not diverted from its object, the spirit is concentrated ;”—this might have been spoken of this hunchback gentleman.’
4. Yen Yiian asked Xung-nt, saying, ‘When I was crossing the gulf of A/ang-shan’, the ferryman handled the boat like a spirit. I asked him whether such management of a boat could be learned, and he replied, “It may. Good swimmers can learn it quickly; but as for divers, without having seen a boat, they can manage it at once.” He did not
Bk. II (98). The dexterity of the hunchback in catching the cicadas will remind some readers of the account given by the butcher in Book III of his dexterity in cutting up his oxen.
1 The names of two small weights, used anciently for ‘a fraction,’ ‘a small proportion.’
II (98). The dexterity of the hunchback in catching the cicadas will remind some readers of the account given by the butcher in Book III of his dexterity in cutting up his oxen.
1 The names of two small weights, used anciently for ‘a fraction,’ ‘a small proportion.’
* This is another paragraph common both to our author and Lieh-jze, but in neither is there any intimation of the place.
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directly tell me what I asked ;—I venture to ask you what he meant.’ ung-nt replied, ‘Good swimmers acquire the ability quickly ;—they forget the water (and its dangers). As to those who are able to dive, and without having seen a boat are able to manage it at once, they look on the watery gulf as if it were a hill-side, and the upsetting of a boat as the going back of a carriage. Such upsettings and goings back have occurred before them multitudes of times, and have not seriously affected their minds. Wherever they go, they feel at ease on their occurrence.
‘ He who is contending for a piece of earthenware puts forth all his skill’. If the prize be a buckle of brass, he shoots timorously ; if it be for an article of gold, he shoots as if he were blind. The skill of the archer is the same in all the cases; but (in the two latter cases) he is under the influence of solicitude, and looks on the external prize as most important. All who attach importance to what is external show stupidity in themselves.’
5. Thien Khai-4ih? was having an interview with duke Wei of K4u?,.who said to him, ‘I have heard that (your master) AQ Hsin? has studied the subject of Life, What have you, good Sir, heard from him about it in your intercourse with him?’ Thien Khai-4ih replied, ‘In my waiting on him in the courtyard with my broom, what should I have heard from my master?’ Duke Wei said, ‘Do not put the question off, Mr. Thien; I wish to hear what
1 I think thisis the meaning. Y- is defined by Sf hy Ey My,
‘to compete for anything by archery.’
* We have no information about who these personages and the others below were, and I have missed the story, if it be in Lieh-3ze. The duke, it will be seen, had the appanage of Ku.
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you have to say.’ KhAi-4ih then replied, ‘I have heard my master say that they who skilfully nourish their life are like shepherds, who whip up the sheep that they see lagging behind’ ‘What did he mean ?’ asked the duke. The reply was, ‘In La there was a Shan Pdo, who lived among the rocks, and drank only water. He would not share with the people in their toils and the benefits springing from them ; and though he was now in his seventieth year, he had still the complexion of a child. Unfortunately he encountered a hungry tiger, which killed and ate him. There was also a Kang f, _ who hung up a screen at his lofty door, and to whom all the people hurried (to pay their respects)’.
In his fortieth year, he fell ill of a fever and died. ~
Unfortunately he encountered a hungry tiger, which killed and ate him. There was also a Kang f, _ who hung up a screen at his lofty door, and to whom all the people hurried (to pay their respects)’.
In his fortieth year, he fell ill of a fever and died. ~
(Of these two men), Pao nourished his inner man, and a tiger ate his outer ; while f nourished his outer man, and disease attacked his inner. Both of them neglected whipping up their lagging sheep.’
Xung-ni said, ‘A man should not retire and hide himself; he should not push forward and display himself; he should be like the decayed tree which stands in the centre of the ground. Where these three conditions are fulfilled, the name will reach its greatest height. When people fear the dangers of a path, if one man in ten be killed, then fathers and sons, elder brothers and younger, warn one another that they must not go out on a journey without a large number of retainers ;—and is it not a mark of wisdom to do so? But there are dangers which
1 Pay more attention to any part of their culture which they are neglecting.
? Tt served its purpose there, but had not been put in its place with any special object.
[40] Ccp. 18 men incur on the mats of their beds, and in eating and drinking ; and when no warning is given against them ;—is it not a mark of error! ?’
6. The officer of Prayer? in his dark and squarecut robes goes to the pig-pen, and thus counsels the pigs, ‘Why should you shrink from dying? I will for three months feed you on grain. Then for ten days I will fast, and keep vigil for three days, after which I will put down the mats of white grass, and lay your shoulders and rumps on the carved stand ;— will not this suit you?’ If he had spoken from the standpoint of the pigs, he would have said, ‘The better plan will be to feed us with our bran and chaff, and leave us in our pen.’ When consulting for himself, he preferred to enjoy, while he lived, his carriage and cap of office, and after death to be borne to the grave on the ornamented carriage, with the canopy over his coffin. Consulting for the pigs, he did not think of these things, but for himself he would have chosen them. Why did he think so differently (for himself and) for the pigs *?
7. (Once), when duke Hwan‘ was hunting by a marsh, with Kwan AXung® driving the carriage, he saw a ghost. Laying his hand on that of Kwan
1 This may seem to nourish the body, but in reality injures the life.
2 Who had the charge also of the sacrifices.
8 Lin Hsf-ung says that the story shows the many troubles that arise from not renouncing the world. Ensnared by the world, men sacrifice for it their higher life, and are not so wise as pigs are for their life. The short paragraph bristles with difficulties.
* The first of the leading chieftains among the princes; B.c. 683-642.
5 His chief minister.
PT. Il, SECT. XI. THE WRITINGS OF KWANG-3ZE. 19
The short paragraph bristles with difficulties.
* The first of the leading chieftains among the princes; B.c. 683-642.
5 His chief minister.
PT. Il, SECT. XI. THE WRITINGS OF KWANG-3ZE. 19
Kung, he said to him, ‘Do you see anything, Father Kung?’ ‘Your servant sees nothing,’ was the reply. The duke then returned, talking incoherently and becoming ill, so that for several days he did not go out. Among the officers of A/i there was a Hwang- 4ze KAo-401, who said to the duke, ‘Your Grace is injuring yourself; how could a ghost injure you? When a paroxysm of irritation is dispersed, and the breath does not return (to the body), what remains in the body is not sufficient for its wants. When it ascends and does not descend, the patient becomes accessible to gusts of anger. When it descends and does not ascend, he loses his memory of things. When it neither ascends nor descends, but remains about the heart in the centre of the body, it makes him ill’ The duke said, ‘ Yes, but are there ghostly sprites??’ The officer replied, ‘There are. About mountain tarns there is the Li; about furnaces, the Khieh; about the dust-heaps inside the door, the Lei-thing. In low-lying places in the north-east, the Pei-a and Wa-lung leap about, and in similar places in the north-west there dwells the Yi-yang. About rivers there is the Wang-hsiang; about mounds, the Hsin; about hills, the Khwei; about wilds, the Fang-hwang; about marshes, the Weitho.’ ‘Let me ask what is the Wei-tho like ?’ asked the duke. Hwang-jze said, ‘It is the size of the
1 An officer introduced here for the occasion, by surname Hwang, and designation Kao-40. The 3ze simply=Mr.
* The commentators have a deal to say about the folklore of the various sprites mentioned. ‘The whole shows that ghostly sprites are the fruit of a disordered mind.’ It is a touch of nature that the prince recovers as soon as he knows that the ghost he had seen was of good presage.
C2
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nave of a chariot wheel, and the length of the shaft. It wears a purple robe and a red cap. It dislikes the rumbling noise of chariot wheels, and, when it hears it, it puts both its hands to its head and stands up. He who sees it is likely to become the leader of all the other princes.’ Duke Hwan burst out laughing and said, ‘ This was what I saw.’ On this he put his robes and cap to rights, and made Hwangjze sit with him. Before the day was done, his illness was quite gone, he knew not how.
He who sees it is likely to become the leader of all the other princes.’ Duke Hwan burst out laughing and said, ‘ This was what I saw.’ On this he put his robes and cap to rights, and made Hwangjze sit with him. Before the day was done, his illness was quite gone, he knew not how.
8. Ki Hsing-3ze was rearing a fighting-cock for the king’. Being asked after ten days if the bird were ready, he said,‘ Not yet; he is still vain and quarrelsome, and relies on his own vigour.’ Being asked the same after other ten days, he said, ‘ Not yet; he still responds to the crow and the appearance of another bird.’ After ten days more, he replied, ‘Not yet. He still looks angrily, and is full of spirit.’ When a fourth ten days had passed, he replied to the question, ‘ Nearly so. Though another cock crows, it makes no change in him. To look at him, you would say he was a cock of wood. His quality is complete. No other cock will dare to meet him, but will run from him.’ .
9. Confucius was looking at the cataract near the gorge of Lii”, which fell a height of 240 cubits, and
According to the Lieh-3ze version of this story (Bk. II, 17>), the king was king Hsiian, p.c. 827-782. The trainer’s rule seems to have been that his bird should meet its antagonist, with all its vigour complete and undisturbed, and not wishing to fight.
* I think that there are two versions of this story in Lieh-3ze. In Bk. VIII (4, 5), it appears that Confucius was on his way from Wei to Lf, when he stopped his carriage or cart at this spot to view the cataract, and the incident occurred, and he took the opportunity to give the lesson to his disciples.
PT. Il, SECT. XI. THE WRITINGS OF KWANG-3ZE. 21
In Bk. VIII (4, 5), it appears that Confucius was on his way from Wei to Lf, when he stopped his carriage or cart at this spot to view the cataract, and the incident occurred, and he took the opportunity to give the lesson to his disciples.
PT. Il, SECT. XI. THE WRITINGS OF KWANG-3ZE. 21 the spray of which floated a distance of forty li, (producing a turbulence) in which no tortoise, gavial, fish, or turtle could play. He saw, however, an old man swimming about in it, as if he had sustained some great calamity, and wished to end his life. Confucius made his disciples hasten along the stream to rescue the man; and by the time they had gone several hundred paces, he was walking along singing, with his hair dishevelled, and enjoying himself at the foot of the embankment. Confucius followed and asked him, saying, ‘I thought you were a sprite; but, when I look closely at you, I see that you are a man. Let me ask if you have any particular way of treading the water.’ The man said, ‘No, I have no particular way. I began (to learn the art) at the very earliest time; as I grew up, it became my nature to practise it; and my success in it is now as sure as fate. I enter and go down with the water in the very centre of its whirl, and come up again with it when it whirls the other way. I follow the way of the water, and do nothing contrary to it of myself ;—this is how I tread it.’ Confucius said, ‘What do you mean by saying that you began to learn the art at the very earliest time; that as you grew up, it became your nature to practise it, and that your success in it now is as sure as fate?’ The man replied, ‘I was born among these hills and lived contented among them ;—that was why I say that I have trod this water from my earliest time. I grew up by it, and have been happy treading it;—that is why I said that to tread it had become natural to me. I know not how I do it, and yet I do it ;—that is why I say that my success is as sure as fate.’
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I grew up by it, and have been happy treading it;—that is why I said that to tread it had become natural to me. I know not how I do it, and yet I do it ;—that is why I say that my success is as sure as fate.’
p. 22
10. Khing, the Worker in Rottlera? wood, carved a bell-stand 2, and when it was completed, all who saw it were astonished as if it were the work of spirits. The marquis of Lf went to see it, and asked by what art he had succeeded in producing it. ‘Your subject is but a mechanic, was the reply; ‘what art should I be possessed of ? Nevertheless, there is one thing (which I will mention). When your servant had undertaken to make the bell-stand, I did not venture to waste any of my power, and felt it necessary to fast in order to compose my mind. After fasting for three days, I did not presume to think of any congratulation, reward, rank, or emolument (which I might obtain by the execution of my task); after fasting five days, I did not presume to think of the condemnation or commendation (which it would produce), or of the skill or want of skill (which it might display). At the end of the seven days, I had forgotten all about myself ;—my four limbs and my whole person. By this time the thought of your Grace’s court (for which I was to make the thing) had passed away; everything that . could divert my mind from exclusive devotion to the exercise of my skill had disappeared. Then I went into the forest, and looked at the natural forms of the trees. When I saw one of a perfect form, then the figure of the bell-stand rose up to my view, and I applied my hand to the work. Had
1 The 3ze or rottlera was and is a very famous tree, called ‘ the king of trees, from its stately appearance and the excellence of its timber.
* The ‘ bell-stand’ is celebrated in the Shih King, III, i, Ode 8. A complete peal consisted of twelve bells, suspended in two tiers one above the other.
PT. Il, SECT.XII. THE WRITINGS OF KWANG-3ZE. 23
I not met with such a tree, I must have abandoned the object; but my Heaven-given faculty and the Heaven-given qualities of the wood were concentrated on it. So it was that my spirit was thus engaged in the production of the bell-stand.’
PT. Il, SECT.XII. THE WRITINGS OF KWANG-3ZE. 23
I not met with such a tree, I must have abandoned the object; but my Heaven-given faculty and the Heaven-given qualities of the wood were concentrated on it. So it was that my spirit was thus engaged in the production of the bell-stand.’
11. Tung-yé Ai} was introduced to duke Kwang? to exhibit his driving. His horses went forwards and backwards with the straightness of a line, and wheeled to the right and the left with the exactness of a circle. The duke thought that the lines and circles could not be surpassed if they were woven with silken strings, and told him to make a hundred circuits on the same lines. On the road Yen Ho? met the equipage, and on entering (the palace), and seeing the duke, he said, ‘Xi’s horses will break down, but the duke was silent, and gave him no reply. After a little the horses did come back, having broken down; and the duke then said, ‘ How did you know that it would be so?’ Yen Ho said, ‘The horses were exhausted, and he was still urging them on. It was this which made me say that they would break down.’
12, The artisan Shui‘ made things round (and square) more exactly than if he had used the circle
1 Ki would be the name of the charioteer, a gentleman of Lf, called Tung-yé, ‘ eastern country,’ I suppose from the situation of his estate.
2 Duke Awang would be the marquis Thung of Lf, B.c. 693-662.
5 Yen Ho was probably the chief of the Yen family at the time. A scion of it, Yen Hui, afterwards became the favourite disciple of Confucius. He could hardly be the same Yen Ho who is mentioned in Bk. IV, par. 5. At has had, and still has, his representatives in every country.
* Shui is mentioned in the Shi King, V, xxii, 19, as a famous maker of arrows. Some carry him back to the time of Shun.
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Nn
and square. The operation of his fingers on (the forms of) things was like the transformations of them (in nature), and required no application of his mind; and so his Intelligence! was entire and encountered no resistance.
13. To be unthought of by the foot that wears it is the fitness of a shoe; to be unthought of by the waist is the fitness of a girdle. When one’s wisdom does not think of the right or the wrong (of a question under discussion), that shows the suitability of the mind (for the question); when one is conscious of no inward change, or outward attraction, that shows the mastery of affairs. He who perceives at once the fitness, and never loses the sense of it, has the fitness that forgets all about what is fitting.
He who perceives at once the fitness, and never loses the sense of it, has the fitness that forgets all about what is fitting.
14; There was a Sun Hsifi? who went to the door of 3ze-pien Aing-jze, and said to him in a strange perturbed way, ‘When I lived in my village, no one took notice of me, but all said that I did not cultivate (my fields); in a time of trouble and attack, no one took notice of me, but all said that I had no courage. But that I did not cultivate my fields, was really because I never met with a good year; and that I did not do service for our ruler, was because I did not meet with the suitable opportunity to do so. I have been sent about my business by the villagers, and am driven away by the registrars of the district ;—what is my crime ?.
O Heaven! how is it that I have met with such a fate ?’
? Literally, ‘Tower of Intelligence,’—a TAoistic name for the mind.
* A weakling, of whom we know only what we read here.
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Pien-3ze! said to him, ‘Have you not heard how the perfect man deals with himself? He forgets that he has a liver and gall. He takes no thought of his ears and eyes. He seems lost and aimless beyond the dust and dirt of the world, and enjoys himself at ease in occupations untroubled by the affairs of business. He may be described as acting and yet not relying on what he does, as being superior and yet not using his superiority to exercise any control. But now you would make a display of your wisdom to astonish the ignorant; you would cultivate your person to make the inferiority of others more apparent; you seek to shine as if you were carrying the sun and moon in your hands. That you are complete in your bodily frame, and possess all its nine openings; that you have not met with any calamity in the middle of your course, such as deafness, blindness, or lameness, and can still take your place as a man among other men ;—in all this you are fortunate. What leisure have you to murmur against Heaven? Go away, Sir.’
Sun-3ze on this went out, and Pien-3ze went inside. Having sitten down, after a little time he looked up to heaven, and sighed. His disciples asked him why he sighed, and he said to them, ‘ Hsil came to me a little while ago, and I told him the characteristics of the perfect man. I am afraid he will be frightened, and get into a state of perplexity.’ His disciples said, “Not so. If what he said was right, and what you
1 This must have been a man of more note. We find him here with a school of disciples in his house, and sought out for counsel by men like Sun Hsifi.
p. 26
If what he said was right, and what you
1 This must have been a man of more note. We find him here with a school of disciples in his house, and sought out for counsel by men like Sun Hsifi.
p. 26
said was wrong, the wrong will certainly not be able to perplex the right. If what he said was wrong, and what you said was right, it was just because he was perplexed that he came to you. What was your fault in dealing with him as you did?’ Pien-sze said, ‘Not so. Formerly a bird came, and took up its seat in the suburbs of LQ4. The ruler of La was pleased with it, and provided an ox, a sheep, and a pig to feast it, causing also the Aif-sh4o to be performed to delight it. But the bird began to be sad, looked dazed, and did not venture to eat or drink. This was what is called “Nourishing a bird, as you would nourish yourself.” He who would nourish a bird as a bird should be nourished should let it perch in a deep forest, or let it float on a river or lake, or let it find its food naturally and undisturbed on the level dry ground. Now Hsifi (came to me), a man of slender intelligence, and slight information, and I told him of the characteristics of the perfect man, it was like using a carriage and horses to convey a mouse, or trying to delight a quail with the music of bells and drums ;— could the creatures help being frightened ?’
1 Compare par. 5, Bk. XVIII.
PT, Il. SECT. XIII. THE WRITINGS OF KWANG-8ZE. 27
BOOK XX.
Part II. Section XIII. Shan M4, or ‘The Tree on the Mountain *.’
1. Kwang-3ze was walking on a mountain, when he saw a great tree® with huge branches and luxuriant foliage. A wood-cutter was resting by its side, but he would not touch it, and, when asked the reason, said, that it was of no use for anything. Awang-jze then said to his disciples, ‘This tree, because its wood is good for nothing, will succeed in living out its natural term of years.’ Having left the mountain, the Master lodged in the house of an old friend, who was glad to see him, and ordered his waiting-lad to kill a goose and boil it. The lad said, ‘One of our geese can cackle, and the other cannot ;—which of them shall I kill?’ The host said, ‘ Kill the one that cannot cackle.’
Next day, his disciples asked Awang-sze, saying, ‘Yesterday the tree on the mountain (you said) would live out its years because of the uselessness of its wood, and now our host’s goose has died because of its want of power (to cackle) ;—which of these conditions, Master, would you prefer to be in?’ Awang-ze laughed and said, ‘(If I said that) I would prefer to be in a position between being fit to be useful and wanting that fitness, that would
* See vol. xxxix, p. 151. 2 Compare the accounts of great trees in I, par.6; IV, par.1; et al.
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xxxix, p. 151. 2 Compare the accounts of great trees in I, par.6; IV, par.1; et al.
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seem to be the right position, but it would not be so, for it would not put me beyond being involved in trouble ; whereas one who takes his seat on the T4o and its Attributes, and there finds his ease and enjoyment, is not exposed to such a contingency. He is above the reach both of praise and of detraction ; now he (mounts aloft) like a dragon, now he (keeps beneath) like a snake; he is transformed with the (changing) character of the time, and is not willing to addict himself to any one thing; now in a high position and now in a low, he is in harmony with all his surroundings; he enjoys himself at ease with the Author of all things; he treats things as things, and is not a thing to them :—where is his liability to be involved in trouble? This was the method of Shan Nang and Hwang-Ti. As to those who occupy themselves with the qualities of things, and with the teaching and practice of the human relations, it is not so with them. Union brings on separation; success, overthrow; sharp corners, the use of the file; honour, critical remarks ; active exertion, failure; wisdom, scheming ; inferiority, being despised :—where is the possibility of unchangeableness in any of these conditions ? Remember this, my disciples. Let your abode be here,—in the T4o and its Attributes’
2. {-lido’, an officer of Shih-nan®, having an in-
1 The T4o; called $8 4¢ 4, in Bk. XII, par. 5.
? But after all it comes to be the same thing in point of fact with those who ground themselves in the Tao, and with others.
® The f-lido here was a scion of the ruling House of AQ, and is mentioned fortunately in the Supplement to the 30-44wan, under the very year in which Confucius died (B.c. 479). His residence was in the south of the ‘Market Place’ of the city where he lived,
p. 29
479). His residence was in the south of the ‘Market Place’ of the city where he lived,p. 29 terview with the marquis of Lf, found him looking sad, and asked him why he was so. The marquis said, ‘I have studied the ways of the former kings, and cultivated the inheritance left me by my predecessors. I reverence the spirits of the departed and honour the men of worth, doing this with personal devotion, and without the slightest intermission. Notwithstanding, I do not avoid meeting with calamity, and this it is which makes me sad.’ The officer said, ‘The arts by which you try to remove calamity are shallow. Think of the close-furred fox and of the elegantly-spotted leopard. They lodge in the forests on the hills, and lurk in their holes among the rocks ;—keeping still. At night they go about, and during day remain in their lairs ;— so cautious are they. Even if they are suffering from hunger, thirst, and other distresses, they still keep aloof from men, seeking their food about the Kiang and the Ho;—so resolute are they. Still they are not able to escape the danger of the net or the trap; and what fault is it of theirs? It is their skins which occasion them the calamity.
‘And is not the state of Lf your lordship’s skin ? I wish your lordship to rip your skin from your body, to cleanse your heart, to put away your desires, and to enjoy yourself where you will be which is the meaning of the Shih-nan in the text. The description of his character is that no offer of gain could win him, and no threatening terrify him. We find him here at the court of LQ in friendly conference with the marquis, and trying to persuade him to adopt the ways of Taoism, which he presents to him under the figure of an allegory, an utopia called ‘the State of Established Virtue,’ in the south of Ytieh. . 1 Probably known to us as ‘ duke Ai.’
p. 30
without the presence of any one. In the southern state of Yiieh, there is a district called “the State of Established Virtue.” The people are ignorant and simple; their object is to minimise the thought of self and make their desires few; they labour but do not lay up their gains; they give but do not seek for any return; they do not know what righteousness is required of them in any particular case, nor by what ceremonies their performances should be signalised; acting in a wild and eccentric way as if they were mad, they yet keep to the grand rules of conduct. Their birth is an occasion for joy; their death is followed by the rites of burial. I should wish your lordship to leave your state; to give up your ordinary ways, and to proceed to that country by the directest course.’
Their birth is an occasion for joy; their death is followed by the rites of burial. I should wish your lordship to leave your state; to give up your ordinary ways, and to proceed to that country by the directest course.’
The ruler said, ‘The way to it is distant and difficult; there are rivers and hills; and as I have neither boat nor carriage, how am I to go?’ The officer from Shih-nan rejoined, ‘If your lordship abjure your personal state, and give up your wish to remain here, that will serve you for a carriage.’ The ruler rejoined, ‘The way to it is solitary and distant, and there are no people on it ;—whom shall I have as my companions? I have no provisions prepared, and how shall I get food ?—how shall I be able to get (to the country)?’ The officer said, ‘Minimise your lordship’s expenditure, and make your wants few, and though you have no provisions prepared, you will find you have enough. Wade through the rivers and float along on the sea, where however you look, you see not the shore, and, the farther you go, you do not see where your journey is to end ;—those who escorted you to the shore will
PT. Il. SECT. XII. THE WRITINGS OF KWANG-3ZE. 31 return, and after that you will feel yourself far away. Thus it is that he who owns men (as their ruler) is involved in troubles, and he who is owned by men (as their ruler) suffers from sadness; and hence YAo would neither own men, nor be owned by them. I wish to remove your trouble, and take away your sadness, and it is only (to be done by inducing you) to enjoy yourself with the T4o in the land of Great Vacuity.
‘If a man is crossing a river in a boat, and another empty vessel comes into collision with it, even though he be a man of a choleric temper, he will not be angry with it. If there be a person, however, in that boat, he will bawl out to him to haul out of the way. If his shout be not heard, he will repeat it; and if the other do not then hear, he will call out a third time, following up the shout with abusive terms. Formerly he was not angry, but now he is; formerly (he thought) the boat was empty, but now there is a person in it. If a man can empty himself of himself, during his time in the world, who can harm him ?’
3. Pei-kung Shé? was collecting taxes for duke Ling of Wei, to be employed in making (a peal of) bells. (In connexion with the work) he built an altar outside the gate of the suburban wall; and in three months the bells were completed, even to the suspending of the upper and lower (tiers). The king’s son Ahing-Ai? saw them, and asked what
1 Pei-kung, ‘Northern Palace,’ must have been the name of Shé’s residence, and appears here as if it were his surname.
2 A son, probably of king King of Kau (B.c. 544-529).—On the whole paragraph, seé par. 10 of the preceding Book.