1 See chap. 3, § 3. Compare II, chap. 22, and chap. 26, § 10.
IV, 6,3- THE PAVARAiVA CEREMONY. 335
four (as) in a (regular) chapter. If they do, they commit a dukka/a offence.
* Now, O Bhikkhus, where four Bhikkhus dwell
(together), they must not convey the Pavara^a of
one (to their assembly) and hold Pavara^a with
each other by three. If they do, they commit a
dukka/a offence.
' Now, O Bhikkhus, where three Bhikkhus (&c, as in the last clause).
1 Now, O Bhikkhus, where two Bhikkhus dwell,
one of them must not convey the Pavara/za of the
other one, and fix (only) his thoughts (upon the
Pavara^a). If he does, he commits a dukka/a
offence/
1. At that time a certain Bhikkhu was guilty of
an offence on the day of Pavara^a. Now this
Bhikkhu thought : 'The Blessed One has prescribed:
uPavara#a is not to be held by a Bhikkhu who
is guilty of an offence V Now I am guilty of an
offence. What am I to do ? '
They told this thing to the Blessed One.
' In case, O Bhikkhus, a certain Bhikkhu be guilty
of an offence on the day of Pavara/za (&c, as in
II, 27. 1, 2, down to :) " When I shall feel no doubt,
then I will atone for that offence." Having spoken
thus, let him hold Pavara/za. But in no case must
there any hindrance arise to holding Pa vara^a from
such a cause/
2-3. At that time a certain Bhikkhu remembered
1 See chap. 16, § 1.
336 MAHAVAGGA. IV, 7, 1.
an offence, while Pavara^a was being held (&c, see II, 27. 4-8).
End of the first Bha/zavara.
7. 1. At that time there assembled in a certain
residence (or district) on the day of Pavara^a a
number of resident Bhikkhus, five or more. They
did not know that there were other resident Bhikkhus
absent. Intending to act according to Dhamma and
Vinaya, thinking themselves to be complete while
(really) incomplete, they held Pavara/za. While they
were holding Pavara/d, other resident Bhikkhus, a
greater number (than the first ones), arrived.
They told this thing to the Blessed One.
2. 'In case there assemble, O Bhikkhus, in a
certain residence on the day of Pavara/za (&c, as
in § 1, down to) ... . they hold Pavara/za. While
they are holding Pavara^a, other resident Bhikkhus,
a greater number, arrive. Let (all) those Bhikkhus,
O Bhikkhus, hold Pavara^a again; they who have
held Pavara/za, are free from guilt.
3. 'In case there assemble, &c While they
are holding Pavara/za, other resident Bhikkhus,
exactly the same number (as the first ones), arrive.
Those who have held Pavara/za, have held it cor-
rectly; let the other ones hold Pavara/za; they
who have held Pavara/za, are free from guilt/
1 The following paragraphs and chapters exactly follow the course indicated by II, 28-35. The alterations to be made are
IV, 15,1. THE PAVARAiVA CEREMONY. 337
1-3. 'Let no one, O Bhikkhus, hold Pavara^a
in a seated assembly (of Bhikkhus) before a Bhik-
khuni, (&C.1)
4. ' Let no one, O Bhikkhus, hold Pavara^a by
(accepting) the Pavara^a declaration of a pariva-
sika2, except if the assembly has not yet risen (at
the time when the Pavara^a is declared). And
let no one, O Bhikkhus, hold Pavara^a on another
day than the Pavara^a day, except for the sake of
(preserving) concord among the Sa^gha V
1. At that time a certain residence (of Bhikkhus)
in the Kosala country was menaced on the day of
Pavara^a by savage people. The Bhikkhus were
not able to perform Pavara^^ with the threefold
formula.
They told this thing to the Blessed One.
obvious and sufficiently indicated by §§1-3; instead of, 'Let them proclaim their Parisuddhi' (II, 28, 4, &c), read here, 'Let them pronounce their Pavara«a.'
1 See II, 36, 1-3.
2 Comp. II, 36, 4, with the note.
8 See, for instance, the cases in chap. 17. Buddhaghosa's explanation is different ; he says : ' Concord among the Sangria is to be understood of such cases as that of Kosambi.' It is said in the account of the schism of Kosambi that, if concord has been re-established, the reconciled parties hold Uposatha together (X, 5, 14; comp. II, 36, 4); Buddhaghosa apparently extends this to holding Pavarawa also.
338 MAHAVAGGA. IV, 15, 2.
' I allow you, O Bhikkhus, to perform Pavara^a with the twofold formula1/
The danger from savage people became still more
urgent. The Bhikkhus were not able to perform
Pavara/za with the twofold formula.
They told this thing to the Blessed One.
' I allow you, O Bhikkhus, to perform Pavara^a with the onefold formula1.'
The danger from savage people became still more
urgent. The Bhikkhus were not able to perform
Pav&ra^a with the onefold formula.
They told this thing to the Blessed One.
' I allow, O Bhikkhus, that all the Bhikkhus who
have kept Vassa together, perform Pavara^a (by
one common declaration).'
2. At that time in a certain district on the day
of Pav&ra/za the greater part of the night had
passed away while (lay-) people were offering gifts
(to the Bhikkhus). Now the Bhikkhus thought:
' The greater part of the night has passed away
while the people were offering gifts. If the Sa^gha
performs Pavara^a with the threefold formula, it
will not have finished the Pavara^a when day
breaks. Well, what are we to do ?'
They told this thing to the Blessed One.
3. ' In case, O Bhikkhus, in a certain district on
the day of Pavara^a the greater part of the night
has passed away while people were offering gifts
(to the Bhikkhus). Now if those Bhikkhus think :
" The greater part (&c, down to :) when day breaks,"
1 This means apparently that the Bhikkhus were not obliged to pronounce the formula of Pavarawa (chap. 1, 14) thrice, but twice or once respectively.
Iv, 15, 3- the Pavaraata Ceremony. 339
let a learned, competent Bhikkhu proclaim the
following natti before the Sa^gha : " Let the Sam-
gha, reverend Sirs, hear me. While people were
offering gifts, the greater part of the night has passed
away. If the Sa^gha performs Pavara^a with
the threefold formula, it will not have finished the
Pav&ra^a when day breaks. If the Sa^gha is
ready, let the Sawgha hold Pavara/za with the
twofold formula, or with the onefold formula, or by
common declaration of all the Bhikkhus who have
kept Vassa together."
4. ' In case, O Bhikkhus, in a certain district on the
day ofPavara^a the greater part of the night has
passed away while the Bhikkhus were in confusion :
the Bhikkhus were reciting the Dhamma, those
versed in the Suttantas were propounding the Sut-
tantas, those versed in the Vinaya were discussing
the Vinaya, the Dhamma preachers were talking
about the Dhamma. Now if those Bhikkhus think :
" The greater part of the night has passed away
while the Bhikkhus were in confusion. If the Sa/^-
gha performs Pavara/za with the threefold formula,
it will not have finished the Pavara/za when day
breaks," let a learned, competent Bhikkhu proclaim
the following /zatti before the Sa^gha : " Let the
Sawgha, &c. The greater part of the night has
passed away while the Bhikkhus were in confusion.
If the Sa^gha performs Pavira^a (&c. as in § 3)."'
5. At that time in a certain district in the Kosala
country a great assembly of Bhikkhus had come
together on the day of Pavara^a, and there was
but a small place protected from rain, and a great
cloud was in the sky. Now the Bhikkhus thought :
' A great assembly of Bhikkhus has come together
340 MAHAVAGGA. IV, 15, 6.
here, and there is but a small place protected from
rain, and a great cloud is in the sky. If the Sa^gha
performs Pavara^a with the threefold formula, it
will not have finished the Pavara^a when this cloud
will begin to rain. Well, what are we to do ?'
They told this thing to the Blessed One.
6. 'In case, O Bhikkhus, in a certain district a
great assembly of Bhikkhus has come together on
the day of Pav&ra/za, and there is but a small place
protected from rain, and a great cloud is in the sky.
Now if those Bhikkhus think .... (&c, as in § 3
to the end).
7. 'In case, O Bhikkhus, in a certain district on
the day of Pavara^a danger arises from kings,
danger from robbers, danger from fire, danger from
water, danger from human beings, danger from non-
human beings, danger from beasts of prey, danger
from creeping things, danger of life, danger against
chastity. Now if those Bhikkhus think : " Here is
danger for our chastity. If the Sa^gha performs
Pavara?za with the threefold formula, it will not
have finished the Pavara^a when this danger for
chastity will arise," let a learned, competent Bhik-
khu . . . / (&c, as in § 3 to the end).
1. At that time the AT^abbaggiya Bhikkhus held Pavara^a being guilty of an offence.
They told this thing to the Blessed One.
' Let no one, O Bhikkhus, hold Pavara/za who is guilty of an offence. He who does, commits a
IV, 1 6, 3. THE PAVARAiVA CEREMONY. 34 1
dukka^a offence. I prescribe, O Bhikkhus, that
you ask a Bhikkhu who holds Pavara/za being
guilty of an offence, for his leave1 and reprove him
for that offence/
2. At that time the .A^abbaggiya Bhikkhus, when
asked for leave, were not willing to give leave (to
Bhikkhus who were going to reprove them for an
offence).
They told this thing to the Blessed One.
* I prescribe, O Bhikkhus, that you inhibit the
Pavara/za of a Bhikkhu who does not give leave.
And you ought to inhibit it, O Bhikkhus, in this
way : Let (a Bhikkhu) say on the day of P a va-
ra/2 &, on the fourteenth or on the fifteenth day (of
the half month), in presence of that person, before
the assembled Sa^gha : " Let the Sa^gha, reverend
Sirs, hear me. Such and such a person is guilty of
an offence; I inhibit his Pavara^a; Pavara^a
must not be held in his presence.,, Thus his Pava-
ra^a is inhibited/
3. At that time the A^abbaggiya Bhikkhus, who
thought : ' Otherwise good Bhikkhus might inhibit
our Pavara/za/ themselves inhibited beforehand,
without object and reason, the Pavara/za of pure
Bhikkhus who had committed no offence, and they
also inhibited the Pavara/za of Bhikkhus who had
already performed their Pavara/za.
They told this thing to the Blessed One.
' Let no one, O Bhikkhus, inhibit, without object
and reason, the Pavara/za of pure Bhikkhus who
have committed no offence. He who does, commits a
dukka/a offence. And further, O Bhikkhus, let no
1 Comp. II, 16, 1.
342 MAHAVAGGA. IV, 16, 4.
one inhibit the Pav&ra/Zct of Bhikkhus who have
already performed their Pavara^a. He who does,
commits a dukka/a offence.
4. ' And thus, O Bhikkhus, (you may discern
whether) the Pavara/2& is (duly) inhibited or not
inhibited.
' In what cases is the Pavara/za, O Bhikkhus,
not inhibited? When Pavara/za, O Bhikkhus,
is pronounced, declared, and finished with the
threefold formula, and if (a Bhikkhu then) in-
hibits the Pavara^a (of another Bhikkhu), the
Pavara^a is not inhibited. When Pavara^d, O
Bhikkhus, is pronounced, declared, and finished
with the twofold formula, with the onefold formula,
by common declaration of all Bhikkhus who have
kept Vassa together, and if (a Bhikkhu then) in-
hibits, .... (&c, as before). In these cases, O
Bhikkhus, the Pavara/za is not inhibited.
5. ' And in what cases, O Bhikkhus, is the Pava-
ra^a inhibited? When Pavara/za, O Bhikkhus,
is pronounced, declared, but not finished1 with the
threefold formula, and if (a Bhikkhu then) inhibits
the Pavara/za (of another Bhikkhu), the Pava-
ra^a is inhibited, .... (&c.2). In these cases, O
Bhikkhus, the Pavara/za is inhibited.
6. 'In case, O Bhikkhus, one Bhikkhu, on the day
of Pavara/za, inhibits the Pavara^a of another
Bhikkhu : then if the other Bhikkhus know with
regard to that (inhibiting) Bhikkhu : " This vene-
1 Correct in the Pali text pariyositaya into apariyositaya.
2 The paragraph is repeated with the phrases, ' With the two- fold formula/ 'with the onefold formula/ and 'by common declaration of all the Bhikkhus who have kept Vassa together/ respectively, instead of ' with the threefold formula/
IV, l6, II. THE PAVARAivA CEREMONY. 343
rable brother is not of a pure conduct in his deeds,
nor in his words, nor as regards his means of live-
lihood, he is ignorant, unlearned, unable to give
explanation when he is questioned," (let them say
to him) : " Nay, friend, let not quarrel arise, nor strife,
nor discord, nor dispute," and having thus put him
to silence, let the Sawgha hold Pavara^a.
7-9. ' In case, O Bhikkhus, &C.1
10. 'In case, O Bhikkhus, one Bhikkhu on the
day of Pavara^a inhibits the Pavara^a of another
Bhikkhu : then if the other Bhikkhus know with re-
gard to that (inhibiting) Bhikkhu : " This venerable
brother is of a pure conduct in his deeds and in his
words and with regard to his means of livelihood, he
is clever, learned, and able to give explanation when
he is questioned," let them say to him : " If you in-
hibit, friend, the Pavara^a of this Bhikkhu, on what
account do you inhibit it, on account of a moral trans-
gression, or on account of a transgression against the
rules of conduct, or on account of heresy ?"
11. 'If he replies : " I inhibit it on account of a
moral transgression, I inhibit it on account of a
transgression against the rules of conduct, I inhibit
it on account of heresy," let them say to him :
"Well, do you know, Sir, what a moral transgres-
sion is, what a transgression against the rules of
conduct is, what heresy is?" If he replies, "I